Selection at the Dieldrin Resistance Locus in Overwintering Populations of Lucilia-Cuprina (Wiedemann)

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Mckenzie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
F2 Generation

Development was arrested in wandering L. cuprina larvae placed in the ground at Heidelberg, Victoria during May and June. During this overwintering period individuals resistant to the insecticide dieldrin were more severely selected against than at other times of the year. Over the 3 years of the study (1986-1988) the proportions of overwintering larvae that reached the adult stage of the life cycle were low (range 2.8-6.0%) compared to those at other times (52.8-80.0%). The rate of development was greatest during the late summer months. In laboratory controls the developmental times from egg to adult (13.0-14.0 days) and the proportions reaching the adult stage (78.0-96.0%) were consistent throughout the experiment. The larvae used in the experiment were of the F2 generation of an original cross between pure-breeding strains that were resistant (Rdl/Rdl) or susceptible (+ /+) to dieldrin. The frequency of the Rdl allele in adults emerging from the overwintering population was significantly lower (0.09-0.15) than at other times (0.44-0.52) when the result were similar to laboratory controls (0.43-0.53). Samples of pre-pupae placed in the ground in May 1988 were removed at 30-day intervals. A consistent decline in the proportion reaching the adult stage and in the Rdl frequency of these populations was observed with increasing time in the ground. Laboratory trials, in which pre-pupae were held at 8�C for periods of up to 11 weeks, showed similar trends to those observed in the field studies.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE LIFE-CYCLE OF ANAX JUNIUS (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE) IN CANADA

1971 ◽  
Vol 103 (12) ◽  
pp. 1671-1683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Trottier
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Migration Pattern ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Resident Population ◽  
Anax Junius

AbstractThe effect of temperature on the rate of development of Anax junius Drury was studied. Monthly larval samples were carried out for 2 years and laboratory experiments were conducted at constant temperatures. Field studies, at a eutrophic pond near Toronto, showed that in Canada populations of A. junius are not only maintained by migrants each year but also by residents. Two distinct populations were found, a summer (non-resident) population which developed from oviposition to emergence in approximately 3 months, from June to September, and an overwintering (resident) population which overwintered as half-grown larvae and developed in approximately 11 months from mid-July of one calendar year to the end of June of the next year. The former population was larger and comprised approximately 48% males and the latter was smaller and comprised approximately 41% males. A threshold temperature of development of 8.7° ± 0.1 °C was determined in the laboratory for the development of final-instar larvae of the summer population. The rate of development of final-instar larvae, reared at constant temperature, was similar to that of the entire summer aquatic stages which developed in fluctuating temperature. An average of 1332 degree-days ± 1% was required for development from the onset of oviposition to the onset of emergence of the summer population; whereas 20.5% more degree-days were required for the development of the overwintering population, employing the threshold temperature of 8.7 °C as determined for the summer population.It is recommended that correlation between degree-day totals and duration of larval development be used in further studies as a means for understanding the migration pattern and also the climatic limit of distribution for A. junius.

Developmental and biochemical characteristics of sterile cultures of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina

1974 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Leslie Williams ◽  
Susan Nurmi ◽  
L. M. Birt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Biochemical Characteristics ◽  
Sterile Culture ◽  
Large Numbers

A procedure is described for the routine sterile culture of large numbers (2000 per week) of blowflies, Lucilia cuprina, through all stages of the life cycle. Comparisons of the rate of development and basic chemical composition of the sterile and non-sterile insects revealed no significant differences.

scholarly journals Biological aspects of Hylesia metapyrrha (Lepidoptera; Saturniidae; Hemileucinae), in laboratory

2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Specht ◽  
AC. Formentini ◽  
E. Corseuil
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Average Period ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Behavioral Aspects ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Guava Leaves

The aim of this work was to study biological aspects and the life cycle of Hylesia Metapyrrha in a laboratory. Laboratorial breeding was made at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 10% UR and 14 hours of photophase, feeding the larvae with guava leaves (Psidium guayava L. - Myrtaceae). Time was evaluated on the days of all the development stages; morphometry was evaluated in millimeters and the pupa’s mass in grams. The eggs were disposed in groups and covered by urticating abdominal hair. The incubation period lasted 52 days. The larvae, with gregarious habits, presented background black coloration, yellowish scoli and two orange longitudinal lines above and below the spiracles, during the development which lasted an average period of 74.59 days and went through seven instars. The pre-pupa and the pupa stages lasted on average 8.82 and 50.56 days, respectively; the female pupae presented a duration, weight and size which was significantly bigger. The adult stage lasted on average 5.50 days with periods of pre, post and oviposition of 2.30, 1.90 and 1.00 days, respectively. This study broadens the knowledge of the immature stages, biological, morphological and behavioral aspects, until then restricted to the morphology and to registers of the occurrence of the adult forms.

Preliminary investigations into the life cycle of Ventruia inaequalis (Cooke) WINT. in South Australia.

1953 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
MW Jeffery
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
New Information ◽  
One Year

Investigation into the possible sources of primary infection by the fungus Ventruia inaequalis (Cooke) Wint. in spring has been carried out. The results present new information on the life cycle of the pathogen under South Australian conditions. Sources of primary infection, such 'as lesions on one-year-old wood or overwintering superficial conidia on the trees, do not appear important. Bud-scale infection of dormant buds has been shown, and its relative importance is discussed. Ascospores are the most important source of primary infection. Their period of discharge extends to a later date than previously reported for South Australia and is considered in relation to leader shoot and late summer spot infection.

THE IMMATURE STAGES OF PTYCHOPTERA LENIS LENIS (DIPTERA: PTYCHOPTERIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THEIR BIOLOGY

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (8) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. D. Hodkinson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Pharate Adult

AbstractThe four larval instars and the pupa of Ptychoptera lenis lenis Osten Sacken are described. Instars 2 to 4 are very similar morphologically but instar 1 is markedly different. Both a pharate pupal and a pharate adult stage were observed. Larvae are found in stagnant marginal areas of ponds where water depth does not exceed 4 cm and where benthic deposits of plant detritus exceed 8 cm. Fourth instar larvae, under experimental conditions, survived up to 45 days without contact with atmospheric oxygen but development was arrested. P. lenis has a 1 year life cycle with an extended adult emergence season from late May to the end of July.

scholarly journals Chironomidae: Biology, Ecology and Systematics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zerguine Karima
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Important Family ◽  
Theoretical Synthesis ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Holarctic Region

The family of Chironomidae is a group of Diptera insects belonging to the suborder of Nematocera, commonly called “non-biting midges” in the adult stage and “bloodworms” in the larval stage. The Chironomidae are often the most abundant group of macroinvertebrates, in number of species and individuals, encountered in all aquatic environments of freshwater, brackish, terrestrial and even the sea. Likewise, Chironomidae occur in all the continents. The Chironomidae family is divided into 11 sub-families that have diffrent ecological statues. Despite the wealth of data on Chironomidae in the Holarctic region, other parts of the world are poorly studied and few guides to identifying Chironomidae have been produced. This chapter includes a theoretical synthesis on the Chironomidae, it deals with the Biology (life cycle and description of different stages), description of all subfamilies and the ecology of this important family of Diptera.

scholarly journals Diazinon resistance, fluctuating asymmetry and fitness in the Australian sheep blowfly, lucilia cuprina.

Genetics ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A McKenzie ◽  
G M Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Fluctuating Asymmetry ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Lucilia Cuprina ◽  
Resistance Locus ◽  
Gene Complex ◽  
Subsequent Evolution ◽  
Genetic Analyses ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance ◽  
Australian Sheep ◽  
Chromosome Iii

Abstract Genetic evidence suggests that the evolution of resistance to the insecticide diazinon in Lucilia cuprina initially produced an increase in asymmetry. At that time resistant flies were presumed to be at a selective disadvantage in the absence of diazinon. Subsequent evolution in natural populations selected modifiers to ameliorate these effects. The fitness and fluctuating asymmetry levels of resistant flies are currently similar to those of susceptibles. Previous genetic analyses have shown the fitness modifier to co-segregate with the region of chromosome III marked by the white eyes, w, locus, unlinked to the diazinon resistance locus, Rop-1, on chromosome IV. This study maps the asymmetry modifier to the same region, shows, as in the case of the fitness modifier, its effect to be dominant and presents data consistent with the fitness/asymmetry modifier being the same gene (gene complex). These results suggest changes in fluctuating asymmetry reflect changes in fitness.

Studies on the biology of the life-cycle of Trichuris suis Schrank, 1788

Parasitology ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. S. Beer
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Colonic Mucosa ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Prepatent Period ◽  
Relationship Development ◽  
Body Region ◽  
Trichuris Suis ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Posterior Body Region

The biology of the life-cycle of Trichuris suis of the pig is described and discussed together with aspects of the hosi-parasite relationship. Development of the infective L. 1 larval stage within the egg was shown to be influenced by temperature. Following ingestion of infective ova by the pig, all subsequent larval development to the adult stage occurred in the mucosa of the caecum and colon. Eggs hatched in the distal region of the small intestine and throughout the large intestine. Larvae then penetrated the caecum and colonic mucosa via the crypts of Lieberkühn, where they entered the cells lining the crypts. The ensuing histotrophic phase lasted 13 days, during which time a gradual larval migration occurred from the deeper regions of the lamina propria to areas immediately beneath the surface mucosal epithelium. Luminal development was initially seen on day 16 when the posterior extremities of larvae were protruded into the gut lumen; from day 20 the entire posterior body region was exposed, while only the filamentous anterior region of the parasite remained embedded in the mucosal surface. The prepatent period varied from 41 to 47 days. Four moults were observed during development within the host and these occurred on days 10, 16, 20, 32 and 37 (to form the L. 2, L. 3, L. 4 and L. 5 or adult stage respectively). It is suggested that although T. suis may not be an important pathogen in its own right, its activities in the caecal and colonic mucosa may cause sufficient damage to enable secondary pathogenic invaders to become established.

Simulation of the Cooking Organic Aerosol Concentration Variability in an Urban Area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Siouti ◽  
Ksakousti Skyllakou ◽  
Ioannis Kioutsioukis ◽  
Giancarlo Ciarelli ◽  
Spyros N. Pandis
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Cooking Times ◽  
The City ◽  
Lunch Time

<p>Cooking operations can be an important fine PM source for urban areas. Cooking emissions are a source of pollution that has been often ignored and are not included or are seriously underestimated in urban emission inventories. However, several field studies in cities all over Europe suggest that cooking organic aerosol (COA) can be an important component of the total organic PM. In this study we propose and evaluate a methodology for the simulation of the COA concentration and its variability in space and time in an urban area. The city of Patras, the third biggest in Greece is used for this first application for a typical late summer period. The spatial distribution of COA emissions is based on the exact location of restaurants and grills, while the emissions on the meat consumption in Greece. We estimated COA emissions of 150 kg d<sup>-1</sup> that corresponds to 0.6 g d<sup>-1</sup> per person. The temporal distribution of COA was based on the known cooking times and the results of the past field studies in the area. Half of the daily COA is emitted during dinner time (21:00-0:00 LT), while approximately 25% during lunch time (13:00-16:00 LT). The COA is simulated using the Volatility Basis Set with a volatility distribution measured in the laboratory and is treated as semivolatile and reactive. The maximum average COA concentration during the simulation period is predicted to be 1.3 μg m<sup>-3</sup> in a mainly pedestrian area with a high density of restaurants. Peak hourly COA concentrations in this area exceed 10 μg m<sup>-3</sup> during several nights. The local production of secondary COA is predicted to be slow and it represents just a few percent of the total COA.</p><p> </p>

Ramularia leaf spot in barley

2021 ◽  
pp. 681-706
Author(s):  
Neil Havis ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Rate Of Development ◽  
Major Disease ◽  
Ramularia Leaf Spot ◽  
The World ◽  
Causal Pathogen ◽  
And Control

Ramularia leaf spot is an emerging pathogen across barley growing regions of the world. It's rise from minor to major disease has been rapid over the last twenty years. The causal pathogen, Ramularia collo-cygni is poorly understood but it has been shown to have a complex life cycle and the ability to exist on many hosts in an endophytic state. The rate of development of fungicide resistance in the fungus is also extremely fast and many of the major single site fungicides are no longer effective in many countries. With multisite fungicides having their approval or reconsidered and no consistent varietal resistance available, control of the disease is increasing challenging. This chapter reviews the latest research into Ramularia biology and control and highlights the areas where recent advances have been made.

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