Genetic-Evidence for Sympatric Differentiation Between 2 Color Morphs of the Skink Egernia-Whitii

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
DA Milton
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Mate Recognition ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Linkage Disequilibria ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
The Status ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Colour Morphs ◽  
Granite Rocks ◽  
Two Populations

The viviparous skink Egernia whitii is dimorphic for dorsal colour pattern. Both patterned and plain morphs coexist throughout the species' range. Adults live in family groups beneath exfoliating granite rocks. The closely related E. modesta also coexists in similar habitats in the northern part of the range of E. whitii. The plain E. whitii morph is intermediate in colour pattern between patterned E. whitii and E. modesta. Three populations of E. whitii and two populations of E. modesta were examined electrophoretically to assess the status of the plain morph of E. whitii. There were no fixed differences between the two morphs of E. whitii at any of the 55 loci examined, and loci polymorphic in both rnorphs of E. whitii showed no evidence of linkage disequilibria. Although heterozygosity values (H=0.017�0.002) and the level of polymorphism (P 0.95=0.015) were low, there were highly significant allele frequency differences between sympatric samples of the two morphs of E. whitii. This indicated that the two morphs were conspecific, yet they were not interbreeding at random. The established frequency of gene exchange between the two colour morphs in the three populations sampled varied from 3.6 to 6 individuals per generation. Reproductive data confirmed that both colour morphs of E. whitii produced young of the same dorsal colour pattern as their own in much greater frequency than random. However, females of both colours can and do breed with males of the other colour in very low frequency. Analysis of the lateral colour pattern of the two E. whitii morphs and E. modesta suggests that the colour patterns of the two E. whitii morphs are very similar, yet differ slightly from the colour pattern of E. modesta in the region of geographic overlap of these species. These results suggest that behavioural or microhabit differences between the two morphs may be involved in mate recognition.

scholarly journals Colour pattern as a single trait driving speciation in Hypoplectrus coral reef fishes?

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1615) ◽  
pp. 1265-1271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Puebla ◽  
Eldredge Bermingham ◽  
Frédéric Guichard ◽  
Elizabeth Whiteman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Reef Fishes ◽  
Coral Reef Fishes ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Disruptive Selection ◽  
Reef Fish Species ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Colour Morphs

Theory shows that speciation in the presence of gene flow occurs only under narrow conditions. One of the most favourable scenarios for speciation with gene flow is established when a single trait is both under disruptive natural selection and used to cue assortative mating. Here, we demonstrate the potential for a single trait, colour pattern, to drive incipient speciation in the genus Hypoplectrus (Serranidae), coral reef fishes known for their striking colour polymorphism. We provide data demonstrating that sympatric Hypoplectrus colour morphs mate assortatively and are genetically distinct. Furthermore, we identify ecological conditions conducive to disruptive selection on colour pattern by presenting behavioural evidence of aggressive mimicry, whereby predatory Hypoplectrus colour morphs mimic the colour patterns of non-predatory reef fish species to increase their success approaching and attacking prey. We propose that colour-based assortative mating, combined with disruptive selection on colour pattern, is driving speciation in Hypoplectrus coral reef fishes.

Image analysis of the ventral colour pattern discriminates between Spectacled salamanders, Salamandrina perspicillata and S. terdigitata (Amphibia, Salamandridae)

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Angelini ◽  
Carlo Utzeri ◽  
Corrado Costa ◽  
Paolo Menesatti ◽  
Stefano Raimondi
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Pectoral Girdle ◽  
Correct Classification ◽  
Anova Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Two Populations

AbstractIn the present study, we applied statistical methods to quantitative image analysis of the persistent and individual ventral colour pattern of Salamandrina salamanders, in order to discriminate between individuals of the two species belonging to this genus. Pictures of 238 individuals from three populations of S. perspicillata and pictures of 95 S. terdigitata from two populations were analysed. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) classified 98.78% of individuals into the correct species. PLSDA reaches lower percentages of correct classification when applied to discriminate individuals from different populations of the same species (74.14% for S. perspicillata, 78.26% for S. terdigitata). An ANOVA analysis of colour abundances in different body sectors reveals significant differences between species. The results show that colour pattern has a specific basis, the most discriminant areas being the head and the pectoral girdle. We discuss these results in the light of the proposed evolutionary scenarios of the species, and suggest that ventral colour patterns were driven by founder effect.

scholarly journals Dog colour patterns explained by modular promoters of ancient canid origin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danika L. Bannasch ◽  
Christopher B. Kaelin ◽  
Anna Letko ◽  
Robert Loechel ◽  
Petra Hug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Hair Cycle ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Distribution ◽  
Multiple Alleles ◽  
Haplotype Combination ◽  
Regulatory Modules ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Colour Patterns

AbstractDistinctive colour patterns in dogs are an integral component of canine diversity. Colour pattern differences are thought to have arisen from mutation and artificial selection during and after domestication from wolves but important gaps remain in understanding how these patterns evolved and are genetically controlled. In other mammals, variation at the ASIP gene controls both the temporal and spatial distribution of yellow and black pigments. Here, we identify independent regulatory modules for ventral and hair cycle ASIP expression, and we characterize their action and evolutionary origin. Structural variants define multiple alleles for each regulatory module and are combined in different ways to explain five distinctive dog colour patterns. Phylogenetic analysis reveals that the haplotype combination for one of these patterns is shared with Arctic white wolves and that its hair cycle-specific module probably originated from an extinct canid that diverged from grey wolves more than 2 million years ago. Natural selection for a lighter coat during the Pleistocene provided the genetic framework for widespread colour variation in dogs and wolves.

Two new annual fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) unexpectedly discovered in the highlands of southern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4949 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-520
Author(s):  
LUIS ESTEBAN KRAUSE LANÉS ◽  
MATHEUS VIEIRA VOLCAN ◽  
LEONARDO MALTCHIK
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Body Depth ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Natural Grassland ◽  
Two Populations

Two new species of Austrolebias are described based on specimens collected from temporary pools located in natural grassland landscape within the Araucaria Forest domain at exceptionally high altitudes (~1000 meters a.s.l.). Austrolebias botocudo sp. n. and Austrolebias nubium sp. n. occur, respectively, in drainages of upper rio Apuaê-Inhandava (upper rio Uruguay basin) and upper rio Taquari-Antas (upper rio Jacuí, Laguna dos Patos basin), in the Meridional Plateau of southern Brazil. Despite an intensive survey conducted in the area, only two populations of each species were recorded. Both new species occurs at altitudes that are among the higher recorded for species of the genus, and both are assigned to the subgenus Acrolebias. The new species described herein are easily distinguished for its congeners by the colour pattern of males, by presence of melanophores irregularly distributed in different parts of the body, contact organs cover the body and anal fins, position of fins related with vertebrae, by preopercular and mandibular series of neuromasts united, by a series of morphometric features and by larger maximum standard length. Austrolebias botocudo and A. nubium are distinguished from each other by colour pattern of males, length of contact organs in the flank and number of contact organs in scales of lateral line, dorsal profile of head, number of neuromasts in the preopercular + mandibular series, body depth in females, and by basihyal cartilage length. Additionally, we discuss the conservation status of the new species, and provided an identification key for the species of the subgenus Acrolebias. 

scholarly journals Expansion of the marbled crayfish in Slovakia: beginning of an invasion in the Danube catchment?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Lipták ◽  
Agata Mrugała ◽  
Ladislav Pekárik ◽  
Anton Mutkovič ◽  
Daniel Gruľa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Exotic Fish ◽  
The Danube River ◽  
Procambarus Fallax ◽  
Danube Catchment ◽  
The Status ◽  
Marbled Crayfish ◽  
Two Populations

The marbled crayfish, <em>Procambarus fallax</em> f. <em>virginalis</em>, is a taxon widely available in the aquarium pet trade, which has been introduced to open waters in several European countries and in Madagascar. Recent studies confirmed this parthenogenetically reproducing crayfish as a high-risk invasive species, and vector of the crayfish plague pathogen, <em>Aphanomyces</em> <em>astaci</em>. It has been first discovered in Slovakia in 2010, but the status of the local population was not studied since then. Due to enlarged sampling area around the first report and one locality, where we presupposed the crayfish occurrence, we identified new marbled crayfish populations. Here, we report presence of three newly established marbled crayfish populations in Slovakia. Two populations are located critically close to the Váh River, a major tributary of the Danube River; one of them being directly connected to the Váh River <em>via</em> a side channel during occasional floods. The third established marbled crayfish population was found at the mouth of a thermal stream flowing into the Nitra River, a tributary of the Váh River. In this stream, crayfish coexist with other exotic fish and gastropod species of aquarium origin. We presume that the reported localities may serve as a source for further expansion of the marbled crayfish in the mid-part of the Danube catchment. Floods, active dispersal (including overland), passive dispersal by zoochory or anthropogenic translocations are among the major drivers facilitating the marbled crayfish colonization. We have not detected the crayfish plague pathogen in any of the studied populations. However, if spreading further, the marbled crayfish will encounter established populations of crayfish plague carriers in the Danube River, in which case they may acquire the pathogen by horizontal transmission and contribute to spread of this disease to indigenous European crayfish species.

Molecular phylogeny of Clibanarius Dana, 1852 from the Indo-West Pacific: evolution of pereopod colour pattern and habitat adaptation

Crustaceana ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (7) ◽  
pp. 799-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Yoshikawa ◽  
Kazuho Ikeo ◽  
Junichi Imoto ◽  
Wachirah Jaingam ◽  
Lily Surayya Eka Putri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Histone H3 ◽  
Hermit Crabs ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Habitat Adaptation ◽  
Soft Sediments ◽  
Mitochondrial 12S Rrna ◽  
Nuclear Histone ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Hard Substrates

Abstract Species of hermit crabs in the genus Clibanarius Dana, 1852 have adapted to various environments in the intertidal areas, including hard substrates and soft sediments. These species often bear a close morphological resemblance to each other, therefore, the colouration on the pereopods can be one of the reliable characteristics to distinguish the species. However, the evolutionary relationships among species with different colour patterns and relationships between colour patterns and habitat adaptation have not previously been investigated. Therefore, we reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships among 19 species of Clibanarius based on mitochondrial [12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I] and nuclear [histone H3] DNA markers. The results suggest that the striped and solid colour elements have evolved multiple times independently, with the ancestral colour pattern potentially being scattered, bright colour spots with a bright colour band. Our findings also suggest that evolutionary adaptation from hard substrates to mudflats and soft sediments may have occurred at least twice.

scholarly journals Sexually dimorphic dorsal coloration in a jumping spider: testing a potential case of sex-specific mimicry

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 210308
Author(s):  
Collette Cook ◽  
Erin C. Powell ◽  
Kevin J. McGraw ◽  
Lisa A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Sham Control ◽  
Jumping Spider ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Potential Case ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Hymenopteran Insects ◽  
Predation Rates

To avoid predation, many animals mimic behaviours and/or coloration of dangerous prey. Here we examine potential sex-specific mimicry in the jumping spider Habronattus pyrrithrix . Previous work proposed that males' conspicuous dorsal coloration paired with characteristic leg-waving (i.e. false antennation) imperfectly mimics hymenopteran insects (e.g. wasps and bees), affording protection to males during mate-searching and courtship. By contrast, less active females are cryptic and display less leg-waving. Here we test the hypothesis that sexually dimorphic dorsal colour patterns in H. pyrrithrix are most effective when paired with sex-specific behaviours. We manipulated spider dorsal coloration with makeup to model the opposite sex and exposed them to a larger salticid predator ( Phidippus californicus ). We predicted that males painted like females should suffer higher predation rates than sham-control males. Likewise, females painted like males should suffer higher predation rates than sham-control females. Contrary to expectations, spiders with male-like coloration were attacked more than those with female-like coloration, regardless of their actual sex. Moreover, males were more likely to be captured, and were captured sooner, than females (regardless of colour pattern). With these unexpected negative results, we discuss alternative functional hypotheses for H. pyrrithrix colours, as well as the evolution of defensive coloration generally.

scholarly journals Scrapie-resistant sheep show certain coat colour characteristics

2009 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. SAWALHA ◽  
L. BELL ◽  
S. BROTHERSTONE ◽  
I. WHITE ◽  
A. J. WILSON ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Coat Colour ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
The Relationship

SummarySusceptibility to scrapie is known to be associated with polymorphisms at the prion protein (PrP) gene, and this association is the basis of current selective programmes implemented to control scrapie in many countries. However, these programmes might have unintended consequences for other traits that might be associated withPrPgenotype. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship betweenPrPgenotype and coat colour characteristics in two UK native sheep breeds valued for their distinctive coat colour patterns. Coat colour pattern, darkness and spotting andPrPgenotype records were available for 11 674 Badgerfaced Welsh Mountain and 2338 Shetland sheep. The data were analysed with a log–linear model using maximum likelihood. Results showed a strong significant association ofPrPgenotype with coat colour pattern in Badgerfaced Welsh Mountain and Shetland sheep and with the presence of white spotting in Shetland sheep. Animals with the ARR/ARR genotype (the most scrapie resistant) had higher odds of having a light dorsum and a dark abdomen than the reverse pattern. The implication of these associations is that selection to increase resistance to scrapie based only onPrPgenotype could result in change in morphological diversity and affect other associated traits such as fitness.

Cautery-induced colour patterns in Precis coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-203
Author(s):  
H. F. Nijhout
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
Pattern Determination ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Precis Coenia

Cautery of the dorsal hind wing in the butterfly, Precis coenia, induces the formation of a concentric colour pattern around the site of injury. The induced pattern is identical in pigmentation to the eyespots that normally develop on this wing surface. This response to cautery also occurs, though much less dramatically, on the ventral forewing. In addition to the peculiar response to cautery, the dorsal hindwing of Precis also develops a series of unique pattern aberrations in response to coldshock. These consist of irregular elongation of the anterior eyespot along the proximodistal axis of the wing. In the most dramatic aberrations the eyespot field covers the entire anterior half of the wing surface. An analysis is presented that attempts to reconcile the effects of cautery on the Precis hindwing with the very different morphological effects of cautery on the colour pattern of Ephestia kühniella, described by Kühn & Von Engelhardt. Computer simulations reveal that the finding presented in this paper, as well as the classical work on Ephestia, can both be explained by assuming that the site of cautery becomes a sink for one of the morphogens involved in colour pattern determination. The experimental findings furthermore indicate that minor perturbations of the wing epidermis can evoke the physiological conditions that attend normal eyespot determination. It is shown that this interpretation also helps to explain the unusual pattern modifications following coldshock.

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