The Symbiosis of Acarid Mites, Genus Ctenocolletacarus (Acarina, Acariformes), and Stenotritid Bees, Genus Ctenocolletes (Insecta, Hymenoptera)

1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 459 ◽  
Author(s):  
TF Houston
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Brood Cell ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
History Of

Details of the life history of acarid mites of the genus Ctenocolletacarus have emerged from studies of nests of their hosts, Ctenocolletes albomarginatus and Ce. nicholsoni, and from rearing mites in the laboratory. The mites are closely associated with their hosts at all stages and their complete breeding cycle occurs in the hosts' sealed brood cells. Only the phoretic deutonymph leaves the cells. The mites, like their hosts, are univoltine. One to a few hypopi dismount from nesting females into each new brood cell and rapidly transform through non-mobile tritonymphs to adults of both sexes. Female mites oviposit on the ceiling of the cell during the host larva's early instars, giving rise to hundreds of larvae and then protonymphs by the time the host larva has completed feeding. Protonymphs metamorphose to hypopi once the host larva has defaecated and entered the prepupal phase. Hypopi remain with the dormant prepupa until the following season when they secrete themselves beneath the terga of the newly emerged adult bee. Circumstantial evidence, suggesting that hypopi are transmitted venereally between adult bees, is discussed. Adult, larval and protonymphal mites ingest pollen and the late protonymphal stage invades the faeces of the larval host. Sanitary control is a possible pay-off for the hosts.

scholarly journals Life history of Parnips and the evolutionary origin of gall wasps

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 91-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredrik Ronquist ◽  
Johan A. A. Nylander ◽  
Hege Vårdal ◽  
José Luis Nieves-Aldrey
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
The Family ◽  
Gall Wasps ◽  
History Of

By mechanisms that are still unknown, gall wasps (Cynipidae) induce plants to form complex galls, inside which their larvae develop. The family also includes inquilines (phytophagous forms that live inside the galls of other gall inducers) and possibly also parasitoids of gall inducers. The origin of cynipids is shrouded in mystery, but it has been clear for some time that a key group in making progress on this question is the ‘figitoid inquilines’. They are gall-associated relatives of cynipids, whose biology is poorly known. Here, we report the first detailed data on the life history of a figitoid inquiline, the genusParnips. Dissections of mature galls show thatParnipsnigripesis a parasitoid ofBarbotiniaoraniensis, a cynipid that induces single-chambered galls inside the seed capsules of annual poppies (PapaverrhoeasandP.dubium). Galls with pupae ofParnipsnigripesalways contain the remains of a terminal-instar larva ofB.oraniensis. The mandibles of the terminal-instar larva ofP.nigripesare small and equipped with a single sharp tooth, a shape that is characteristic of carnivorous larvae. The weight ofP.nigripespupae closely match that of the same sex ofB.oraniensispupae, indicating thatParnipsmakes efficient use of its host and suggesting that ovipositingParnipsfemales lay eggs that match the sex of the host larva. Dissection of young galls show that another species ofParnips, hitherto undescribed, spends its late larval life as an ectoparasitoid ofIraellahispanica, a cynipid that induces galls in flowers of annual poppies. These and other observations suggest thatParnipsshares the early endoparasitic-late ectoparasitic life history described for all other cynipoid parasitoids. Our findings imply that gall wasps evolved from parasitoids of gall insects. The original hosts could not have been cynipids but possibly chalcidoids, which appear to be the hosts of several extant figitoid inquilines. It is still unclear whether the gall inducers evolved rapidly from these ancestral parasitoids, or whether they were preceded by a long series of intermediate forms that were phytophagous inquilines.

Observations on the Life History of Onthophagous depressus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71
Author(s):  
J. S. Hunter ◽  
G. T. Fincher ◽  
D. C. Sheppard
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Embryonic Development ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Brood Cell ◽  
Pupal Development ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Georgia

Adult Onthophagus depressus Harold constructed brood cells of cattle dung 15 to 30 cm below the soil surface. These brood cells averaged 23.1 mm long and 16.1 mm wide. Adult females deposited a single egg in the egg chamber of each brood cell. Eggs were 2.3 to 2.5 mm long and 1.1 to 1.4 mm wide. Embryonic development required 2.5 to 4.3 d; larval development (three instars) 27 d, and pupal development about 12 d. Development from egg to adult averaged 46.3 d at 25–27°C. Adult beetles were captured in all months except February with peak flight activity between 2000 and 2100 h (EST). Overwintering occurred in the adult and/or pupal stage in southern Georgia.

Life history of Parastacoides tasmanicus tasmanicus Clark, a burrowing freshwater crayfish from south-western Tasmania

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 455 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Hamr ◽  
A Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Breeding Cycle ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cold Water Temperature ◽  
Reproductive Females

The life history of the semi-terrestrial burrowing freshwater crayfish Parastacoides tasmanicus tasmanicus was studied in the wet heathlands of south-western Tasmania. Data on seasonal reproduction, fecundity and growth were obtained from regular monthly sampling over a period of two years. The development of gonads, size at maturity, sexual dimorphism and reproductive condition were determined by detailed examination of changes in reproductive morphology and gonad condition. P. t, tasmanicus attains maturity at a relatively late age (3-5 years) and large size (25-30 mm carapace length) and has a long life span (< 10 years) and a slow and variable growth rate. The growth rate appears to be a function of cold water temperature and low-nutrient diets. Males reach sexual maturity at a smaller size than do females. Mating and spawning, which closely follow the female moult, occur in early autumn when males and reproductive females pair within their burrow systems; eggs are carried over winter and hatch early the following summer, and young remain attached to their mothers until mid summer. Mature females appear to exhibit a biennial moulting and breeding cycle, an apparently unique strategy among parastacid crayfish, which is probably a result of the cooler climate conditions in Tasmania.

On the Excretory System and Life History of Lecithodendrium chilostomum (Mehl.) and other Bat Trematodes, with a Note on the Life History of Dicrocoelium dendriticum (Rudolphi)

Parasitology ◽  
1933 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Body Cavity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Excretory System ◽  
Dicrocoelium Dendriticum ◽  
Larval Host ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Intermediate Host

1. The life history of Lecithodendrium chilostomum has been established; C. Lecithodendrii chilostomi penetrates a second intermediate host, the larva of Phryganea grandis, and unlike other stylet cercariae does not encyst, but feeds and grows in the host tissue as a mobile metacercaria. During pupation of the host in the following year these mobile forms migrate from the abdominal segments of the larva to the thorax, where they then encyst in the thoracic muscles in which they are also found in the imago. The largest metacercariae and the excysted worms are typical early adult Lecithodendrium chilostomum. No case of progenesis in the metacercaria was found.2. It is estimated that the maximum swarming of the cercariae probably occurs during July, when first penetration of the intermediate host takes place. Subsequent diminished swarming and penetration proceed until November. The life of the larval trematode as a mobile metacercaria is approximately 8 months; the imagines of Phryganea grandis emerge during May and June, the infective period for the final host.3. The metacercariae are not distributed throughout the body cavity of their larval host, but the majority are confined to the three posterior segments.4. Limnophilus rhombicus may also serve as a second intermediate host, but the infection is very light and the metacercariae do not encyst during pupation of this host.5. The excretory system has been determined in all stages of Lecithodendrium chilostomum; it is of the 2 (6 × 2) type. The occurrence of this type of system in other groups of cercariae is reviewed and since it is found in several widely separated families, it is suggested that its presence does not necessarily imply relationship, but is due to convergence.6. The life histories of the following bat trematodes are indicated: Lecitho-dendrium lagena, Plagiorchis vespertilionis and Crepidostomum moeticus.7. The life history of Dicrocoelium dendriticum is discussed.

Experimental life history of Echinostoma cinetorchis

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
S H Lee ◽  
J Y Chai ◽  
S T Hong ◽  
W M Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
History Of
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