Biochemical Systematics of the Australian Cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuinae)

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Adams ◽  
PR Baverstock ◽  
DA Saunders ◽  
R Schodde ◽  
GT Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Isozyme Electrophoresis ◽  
Nymphicus Hollandicus ◽  
Electrophoretic Data ◽  
Limited Application

The genetic and evolutionary relationships of the Australian cockatoos (excluding Probosciger) and of the cockatiel, Nymphicus hollandicus, were examined by the technique of isozyme electrophoresis. A cladistic analysis of data from 28 loci showed that Nymphicus is more closely related to cockatoos than to any ofthe non-cockatoos; accordingly Nymphicus should be included within the Cacatuinae, but in a monotypic tribe. The other genera form two well defined groupings. One comprises all of the white cockatoos (Cacatua) and the gang gang Callocephalon fimbriatum, and the other, the black cockatoos (Calyptorhynchus). Within the white cacatuine cockatoos there seem to be at least two minor groups. One, clearly indicated by the electrophoretic data, comprises the galah Cacatua roseicapilla and Australo-Papuan corellas, all of which have short plain crests and usually coloured periophthalmic skin. The other, neither denied nor confirmed biochemically, is a looser assemblage characterized by coloured up-curving crests and plain periophthalmic skin; it included the sulphur-crested cockatoo Cacatua galerita and the pink cockatoo Cacatua leadbeateri, and their allospecies on islands north of Australia. Isozyme electrophoresis of the loci examined in this study could not differentiate members of the Calyptorhynchus funereus superspecies, nor of the Cacatua tenuirostris-pastinator group of corellas. The results are therefore in accord with other studies that show that isozyme electrophoresis has limited application in elucidating species boundaries in birds.

scholarly journals Resolving Phylogenetic Relationships within Passeriformes Based on Mitochondrial Genes and Inferring the Evolution of Their Mitogenomes in Terms of Duplications

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2824-2849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Mackiewicz ◽  
Adam Dawid Urantówka ◽  
Aleksandra Kroczak ◽  
Dorota Mackiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Mitochondrial Genes ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Mitochondrial Genomes ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Phylogenetic Information ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tree Topologies

Abstract Mitochondrial genes are placed on one molecule, which implies that they should carry consistent phylogenetic information. Following this advantage, we present a well-supported phylogeny based on mitochondrial genomes from almost 300 representatives of Passeriformes, the most numerous and differentiated Aves order. The analyses resolved the phylogenetic position of paraphyletic Basal and Transitional Oscines. Passerida occurred divided into two groups, one containing Paroidea and Sylvioidea, whereas the other, Passeroidea and Muscicapoidea. Analyses of mitogenomes showed four types of rearrangements including a duplicated control region (CR) with adjacent genes. Mapping the presence and absence of duplications onto the phylogenetic tree revealed that the duplication was the ancestral state for passerines and was maintained in early diverged lineages. Next, the duplication could be lost and occurred independently at least four times according to the most parsimonious scenario. In some lineages, two CR copies have been inherited from an ancient duplication and highly diverged, whereas in others, the second copy became similar to the first one due to concerted evolution. The second CR copies accumulated over twice as many substitutions as the first ones. However, the second CRs were not completely eliminated and were retained for a long time, which suggests that both regions can fulfill an important role in mitogenomes. Phylogenetic analyses based on CR sequences subjected to the complex evolution can produce tree topologies inconsistent with real evolutionary relationships between species. Passerines with two CRs showed a higher metabolic rate in relation to their body mass.

The Use of Protein Electrophoresis for Determining Species Boundaries in Amphipods

Crustaceana ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara A. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Protein Electrophoresis ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
A Value ◽  
Electrophoretic Data

AbstractThe use of protein electrophoretic data for determining species boundaries in amphipods is addressed. Analysis of published literature on genetic differentiation in amphipods showed that pairs of allopatric populations which have genetic identities (I) above a value of 0.85 probably represent intraspecific populations, whereas pairs of populations which have genetic identities below about 0.45 probably represent different species. It was recommended that if I values fall between 0.45 and 0.85, additional factors such as evidence of a lack of gene flow between the populations, and concordant morphological variation should be considered.

Systematic position and cladistic analysis of Gyrasida Koch, a remarkable genus of Praocini (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) from Chile

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 1978 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUSTAVO E. FLORES ◽  
PEDRO VIDAL
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
The Other ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Generic Status ◽  
Coleoptera Tenebrionidae

Gyrasida Koch (Pimeliinae: Praocini), distributed in central Chile is elevated to generic status and transferred from Asidini to Praocini on the basis of constant tribal level characters. Prior to this study Gyrasida was considered a subgenus of the South African Afrasida Wilke. Character states of Gyrasida shared with the other genera of Praocini and not shared with genera of Asidini are discussed. A cladistic analysis of the six species of the genus is presented including: G. propensa (Wilke) (type species), G. lucianoi Flores & Vidal, G. fernandoi Flores & Vidal, G. tomasi Vidal, G. franciscae Vidal, and G. camilae Vidal. This article includes a redescription of the genus, habitus photographs, illustrations of external morphology and genitalic features, a cladogram, and a distribution map.

Phylogeny and re-definition of the genus Melanophora (Diptera: Rhinophoridae), with description of a new species from Sardinia

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2318 (1) ◽  
pp. 552-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIERFILIPPO CERRETTI ◽  
THOMAS PAPE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Generic Delimitation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
A New Species

A cladistic analysis of the genus Melanophora Meigen, 1803 (type-species: Musca grossificationis Linnaeus, 1758 [= Musca roralis Linnaeus, 1758]) is presented and the generic delimitation is critically redefined. The nominal genus-group taxon Bequaertiana Curran, 1929 (type-species: Bequaertiana argyriventris Curran, 1929) is synonymised with Melanophora Meigen syn. nov. The following new combinations are proposed: Melanophora argyriventris (Curran, 1929) comb. nov. and Melanophora basilewskyi (Peris, 1957) comb. nov. Melanophora chia sp. nov. from SW Sardinia is described, illustrated and compared with the other known species of the genus. The male of Melanophora asetosa Kugler, 1978 is described for the first time. Melanophora basilewskyi (Peris, 1957) is recorded from Kenya for the first time.

A new species of Tabularia (Kützing) Williams & Round from Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Province, China, with a cladistic analysis of the genus and their relatives

Phytotaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (3) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUE CAO ◽  
PAN YU ◽  
QINGMIN YOU ◽  
REX L. LOWE ◽  
DAVID M. WILLIAMS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
New Species ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Poyang Lake ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jiangxi Province ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Scanning Electron

A new species of Tabularia, Tabularia sinensis, is described from the inland Poyang Lake (Jiangxi Province), the largest lake in China. The description is based on light and scanning electron microscope observations of valve and girdle elements. Given the diversity of forms in the genus, the relationships and status of the genus was investigated in the context of the other known species in the genus and to ascertain if Tabularia, as originally circumscribed, remains monophyletic.

Revision of the Australian ants of the genus Monomorium (Hymenoptera : Formicidae)

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian E. Heterick
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Arid Zone ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
South American ◽  
Species Status ◽  
Incertae Sedis ◽  
Species Inquirenda ◽  
Species Groups

The Australian ants of the genus Monomorium are revised. Fifty-nine species are recognised. Of these, 41 are described as new: Monomorium aithoderum, M. albipes, M. anderseni, M. anthracinum, M. arenarium, M. bifidum, M. bihamatum, M. brachythrix, M. burchera, M. capito, M. carinatum, M. castaneum, M. crinitum, M. decuria, M. disetigerum, M. draculai, M. durokoppinense, M. elegantulum, M. eremophilum, M. euryodon, M. flavonigrum, M. lacunosum, M. legulus, M. longinode, M. macarthuri, M. majeri, M. megalops, M. micula, M. nanum, M. nightcapense, M. nigriceps, M. parantarcticum, M. petiolatum, M. pubescens, M. ravenshoense, M. rufonigrum, M. shattucki, M. silaceum, M. stictonotum, M. striatifrons, and M. xantheklemma. Thirteen species pass into synonymy: M. armstrongi with M. whitei, M. broomense and M. ilia with M. laeve, M. donisthorpeiand M. fraterculus with M. fieldi, M. flavipes and M. insularis with M. leae, M. foreli with M. sordidum, M. howense with M. tambourinense, M. macareaveyi with M. bicorne, M. sanguinolentum with M. rubriceps, M. subapterum with M. rothsteini, and M. turneri withM. gilberti. Sixteen infraspecific forms are also synonymised: M. kilianii obscurelluminto M. kilianii, M. laeve nigriusand M. laeve fraterculus into M. fieldi, M. ilia lamingtonensisinto M. laeve, M. rothsteini humilior, M. rothsteini leda, M. rothsteini doddi and M. subapterum bogischi into M. rothsteini, M. rothsteini squamigena, M. rothsteini tostum and M. sordidum nigriventris into M. sordidum, M. fraterculus barretti and M. sydneyense nigella into M. sydneyense, M. gilberti mediorubra into M. gilberti, and M. rubriceps cinctumand M. rubriceps rubrum into M. rubriceps. Seventeen species and one subspecies are unchanged. Monomorium kiliani reverts to M. kilianii, M. kilianii tambourinenseis raised to species status, M. occidaneus is here treated as a species inquirenda, and M. flavigaster is removed from the genus Monomorium. Since the generic status of the latter taxon is uncertain, M. flavigaster is here regarded as incertae sedis. The supposedly extralimitalMonomorium talpa is synonymised under Monomorium australicum. At a higher taxonomic level the South American genus Antichthonidris is synonymised under Monomorium. Seven species-groups are proposed for the Australian fauna, (the bicorne-, falcatum-, insolescens-, kilianii-, longinode-, monomorium-, and rubriceps-groups). A cladistic analysis was undertaken of species for which all castes were examined (identifiable males and/or queens were lacking for all members of the falcatum-, insolescens- and longinode-groups). In all, fifteen species of Australian Monomorium were examined (M. bicorne, M. whitei, M. striatifrons and M. rufonigrum from the bicorne-group, M. crinitumand M. kilianii from the kilianii-group, M. fieldi, M. laeve, M. rothsteini, M. sordidum and M. sydneyense from the monomorium-group, and M. centrale, M. leae, M. euryodon and M. rubriceps from the rubriceps-group), together with Monomorium antarcticum(from New Zealand) and the Neotropical Antichthonidris denticulatus. The taxon used for the outgroup was the Neotropical ant Megalomyrmex modestus. Using the PAUP program, 37 characters for worker, queen and male castes were analysed. The clade incorporating the tiny generalists (M. fieldi, M. laeve, M. sordidum, and M. sydneyense), together with M. rothsteini, was found to be the clade most strongly supported as a monophyletic grouping. In this analysis M. euryodon was the sister taxon to the above clade. These ants were shown on this analysis to share a common ancestor with the other members of the rubriceps-group, with M. antarcticum and A. denticulatus, and with thekilianii-group. The relationships between these latter four sets of species were left unresolved, except that M. crinitum was shown to be the sister taxon to M. kilianii. The large, arid zone species in thebicorne-group were also shown as ancestral to the other Australian Monomorium. A key is provided to enable researchers to identify the workers of all Australian Monomorium, as well as extralimital species established in Australia.

A new genus and species of Coenosiini from Bolivia (Diptera: Muscidae: Coenosiinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1879 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
MÁRCIA SOUTO COURI
Keyword(s):  
Equilateral Triangle ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Hind Tibia ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Genus And Species ◽  
Apical Seta ◽  
Old World

The Coenosiini include 16 genera and 223 species according to the last Neotropical catalogue (Carvalho et al. 2005).  Couri and Pont (2000) confirmed the monophyly of this tribe on the basis of one synapormorphy: position of the three katepisternal setae, equidistant from each other and placed at the points of an imaginary equilateral triangle. In their cladistic analysis, the Coenosiini genera were divided into two groups. One was basal and defined by the presence of a posterodorsal apical seta on the hind tibia, presence of both arms on male sternite 6 (but not forming a ring) and a short female ovipositor. Nine valid genera were included in this group, mainly distributed throughout the Old World.  The second group was defined by the presence of a well developed epiproct and narrow sternites 6 and 7 in the female ovipositor. The other seven genera of the tribe were included in this clade.

scholarly journals Diversification history and hybridisation of Dacrydium (Podocarpaceae) in remote Oceania

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunnar Keppel ◽  
Peter Prentis ◽  
Ed Biffin ◽  
Paul Hodgskiss ◽  
Susana Tuisese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cpdna Sequence ◽  
Relaxed Molecular Clock

We examined evolutionary relationships, hybridisation and genetic diversity in species of Dacrydium (Podocarpaceae) in Remote Oceania, where it is restricted to New Caledonia and Fiji. We used cpDNA sequence (trnL–trnF) data to construct a phylogeny and estimate taxon divergence by using a relaxed molecular clock approach. The phylogeny was verified using allozymes, which were also used to investigate genetic diversity of all species and the hybridisation dynamics of two endangered species, D. guillauminii and D. nidulum. Our results suggested that Dacrydium species in Remote Oceania form a monophyletic group that arose and diversified within the last 20 million years through long-distance dispersal and a range of speciation mechanisms. Whereas we detected no hybridisation between the Fijian species D. nausoriense and D. nidulum, we confirmed hybridisation between D. guillauminii and D. araucarioides in New Caledonia and determined introgression to be assymetric from the widespread D. araucarioides into the rare, restricted-range species D. guillauminii. In addition, D. guillauminii had lower genetic diversity than did the other species of Dacrydium studied, which had genetic diversity similar to that of other gymnosperms. Our results provided evidence for the recent and complex diversification of Dacrydium in Remote Oceania. In addition, low genetic diversity of and introgression from D. araucarioides, are of grave concern for the conservation of D. guillauminii.

The 5S rRNA gene in sea barley (Hordeum marinum Hudson sensu lato): sequence variation among repeat units and relationship to the X haplome in barley (Hordeum)

Genome ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 652-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard R Baum ◽  
Douglas A Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
5S Rdna ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Repeat Units ◽  
Unit Classes ◽  
Unit Class ◽  
5S Rrna Gene

We have investigated the molecular diversity of the 5S rDNA units in sea barley, comprising Hordeum marinum and Hordeum geniculatum. Although we were unable to detect "short" units after screening of 639 clones, we found two unit classes, one 602-607 bp long and the other 507-512 bp long. We classify the shortest unit class of the two as belonging to the "long H1" unit class, identified in previous papers. The longest unit class is not similar to any unit class so far identified, and is therefore unique. It was coined by us as the "long X1," to reflect the X haplome. We present a summary of all the unit classes so far described in Hordeum. We carried out a cladistic analysis, based on the "long H1" (orthologous) sequences, that included H. vulgare, H. spontaneum, H. bulbosum, H. marinum, H. geniculatum, and H. bogdanii. As a result, the first three grouped in one clade, and the other three in the other clade, with the latter clade being more isolated. These results reflect current knowledge of relationships based on morphology, cytology, and genome analysis. Furthermore, the sequences from the 5S unit classes may be potentially useful as DNA probes for genomic identification and genetic transfer in the Triticeae.Key words: 5S rDNA, genomes, X haplome, sea barley, Triticeae.

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