Body Weight: its Relationship to Tissue Composition, Segmental Distribution of Mass, and Motor Function III.* The Didelphidae of French Guyana

1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
TI Grand
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Tissue Composition ◽  
Large Head ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
French Guyana ◽  
Total Muscle

Two sets of anatomical data are presented for six marsupial genera from French Guyana: tissue (skin, muscle, bone) and organ (alimentary tract, brain, eyes) proportions, and segmental distribution of mass (head, tail, thighs, etc.). As a percentage of total weight, skin is about equal in all genera, but the percentage of muscle is low in Caluromys and Didelphis (32%) and exceptionally high in Metachirus (45%); the percentage of viscera is low in Marmosa (6%) and high in Caluromys (10%). Philander, Caluromys, and Marmosa are similar in the segmental distribution of weight: large head, moderately sized thighs, and heavy, prehensile tail. Caluromys and Philander differ in the percentage of total muscle, size of the eyes, and weight of the alimentary tract. Only Monodelphis and Metachirus strongly diverge from the group, and Metachirus possesses many characteristics of high-speed terrestrial cursors such as Dolichotis and Lepus: high percentage of muscle in the body; muscular arms and thighs; elongated and lightened feet; and heavy lumbar extensor muscles. Basically, however, the Didelphidae remain small, prehensile-tailed, scampering and climbing omnivores with only moderate hindlimb dominance. They have not differentiated structurally as much as the prosimians in comparable niches in West Africa or Madagascar. Certain forces have acted conservatively upon body size and locomotor tissues.

The development of the lamb with particular reference to the alimentary tract

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. V. Large
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Root Transformation ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Gut Fill ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

1. Thirty Suffolk × Half bred lambs were slaughtered at the following ages: two twin lambs at birth and two singles and two twins at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 16 weeks of age.2. The following weights were recorded: live-weight immediately before slaughter; and carcass, head, skin, feet, alimentary tract, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs and trachea, and blood immediately afterwards.3. The alimentary tract was emptied and weighed in four separate parts; reticulo-rumen, omasum-abomasum, small intestine, large intestine.4. The volumes of the reticulo-rumen and the omasum-abomasum were measured by immersing in water and filling the organs with water to 2 cm. pressure.5. The in vitro digestive efficiency of rumen liquor from lambs of 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age was assessed.6. Empty body weight was considered to be valuable in comparing animals of different ages or from different feeding regimes or at different times of the year because variations in gut ‘fill’ were eliminated.7. There were no differences between singles and twins in the relationship of the fresh weights of the parts of the body to empty body weight, except that development of the liver and the blood was rather slower for singles.8. Little evidence was found of a difference in rate of development of the alimentary tract between singles an d twins, although the log an d square root transformation suggested a possible difference in reticulo-rumen size in favour of twins, significant at the 5% level.

The Hydraulic Mechanism of the Predatory Strike in Dragonfly Larvae

1980 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOSHITAKA TANAKA ◽  
MITUHIKO HISADA
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Angular Acceleration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Flexor Muscles ◽  
Electrophysiological Measurements ◽  
Hydraulic Mechanism ◽  
Great Acceleration ◽  
Internal Body

1. Aeschna larvae catch prey with a fast-moving elongated labium. The mechanism of this movement was analysed by high-speed cinematographs and by hydrostatic and electrophysiological measurements. 2. The strike movement consists of an initial, mid and late phase. The angular acceleration of the joints of the labium is 2·6 × 105 and 7·8 × 105 deg·s−2 during the initial and mid phase respectively. The torque necessary for the acceleration was calculated to be 1·3 × 10−5 and 4·0 × 10−5 N.m for the initial and mid-phases respectively. 3. The relation between the pressure applied to the labium and the extension torque at the joints has been established. No torque develops about the postmentum-prementum joint as long as the click of the flexed labium is engaged. 4. The power production of the extensor muscles is less than the power output of the mid phase. The power for the mid phase is derived from the internal body pressure developed by the contraction of the abdominal dorsoventral muscles. The required pressure for the mid phase is about 60 cmH2O if the resistance is neglected and 80 cmH2O when the resistance is considered. 5. Abdominal dorso-ventral muscles contract 110–500 ms before the onset of the strike and the body pressure of the animal increases to a peak of 40–120 cmH2O at the onset of the strike. 6. The geometry of the labial joints gives the primary flexor muscles of the labium a large mechanical advantage over the extensor muscles in the fully flexed labium, and allows the extensor muscles to contract almost isometrically. 7. The extensor muscles and the primary flexor muscles co-contract for 75–100 ms before the strike. The strike movement begins when the flexor muscles relax. The stored energy in the extensor system is released suddenly and disengages the click producing the initial phase. Once the click is disengaged the internal pressure produces the large torque to move the labium with great acceleration during the mid phase.

Effect of insulin on dexamethasone-induced ultrastructural changes in skeletal and cardiac muscle

Biologia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Qin ◽  
Rong Du ◽  
Yaqun Yang ◽  
Hongqiang Zhang ◽  
Ying Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Cardiac Muscle ◽  
Muscle Atrophy ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Size ◽  
Ultrastructural Changes ◽  
High Dose ◽  
High Dose Dexamethasone

AbstractGlucocorticoids help animals respond to stressors but excessive glucocorticoids cause muscle atrophy, while insulin can promote anabolism and growth. In order to compare the glucocorticoids-induced ultrastructural changes between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, and investigate the preventive effects of insulin on the changes, eighteen male chicks with similar initial weight were randomly divided into three groups. The two test groups were respectively treated with high-dose dexamethasone alone or together with low-dose insulin by intraperitoneal injection, and the control group was treated with an equal volume of saline solution. The experiment lasted for ten days, and then the body weight, muscle size and ultrastructure in skeletal and cardiac muscles of twelve chicks were qualitatively or quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that high-dose dexamethasone induced obvious skeletal and cardiac muscle atrophy. The differences of ultrastructural changes between skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle (such as for the former or the latter, the intermyofibrillar-and-interfilamentary spaces reducing or enlarging, the mitochondria swelling seriously or enlarging lightly, the myofibril filaments compacting or loosing) suggested that dexamethasone induced skeletal and cardiac muscle atrophy by different mechanisms. Low-dose insulin did not affect the dexamethasone-induced decreases of body weight and skeletal muscle size, but alleviated lightly the dexamethasone-induced ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle. Different from skeletal muscle, low-dose insulin almost resisted the dexamethasone-induced ultrastructural changes in cardiac muscle.

Allometric changes during growth in rabbits

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Deltoro ◽  
Ana M. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Total Fat

SUMMARYDifferential growth from 1 to 20 weeks of age was studied on 320 rabbits from two lines (New Zealand White and California) and both sexes by means of the allometric equation log y = log a + b log x. Regression lines were fitted to the evolution of organs (blood, skin, thymus, heart–lungs, liver, kidneys and alimentary tract), carcass, tissues (bone, lean and fat) and anatomic components (head, breast and ribs, loin, abdominal wall, fore and hind legs) relative to empty body weight; stomach, caecum and intestines relative to alimentary tract; bone and lean groups relative to total bone and lean and fat depots relative to total fat.The convenience for a correct description of relative growth of determining both the quantitative growth, in order to apply the allometric equation only to the real growth period of each component, and the possible existence of allometric changes, is discussed.The results for each component are presented and discussed. There were no significant differences due to line, and sex had a significant influence (P < 0·001) only on the relative growths of total fat, lean content in the loin and hypodermic fat. All the components, with the exception only of thymus, presented a change in their allometric coefficients. These changes for most components, except fat depots, were concentrated in a small interval of time (4–8 weeks of age) between weaning and the inflexion point of the body weight growth curve.

The effect of three different growth rates on some offal components of cattle

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
W. H. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Body Weight Changes ◽  
Angus Cattle ◽  
Reverse Situation

SummaryThis paper describes the effect of three different growth rates on some offal components of Angus cattle. The growth rates were: high (H, 0·8 kg/day), low (L, 0·4 kg/day) and high-maintenance (HM, 0·8 kg/day followed by a period during which body weight was held constant).Equations are presented which enable the weights of the offal components to be calculated within the body weight range 300–440 kg.For most tissues, weights in the H group were greater than in the L and HM groups and included: liver, rumen-reticulum, small intestine and the total alimentary tract. Weight of fat trimmed from the rumen-reticulum, omasum, large intestine and total alimentary tract was also greater in the H than in the L and HM groups. The reverse situation held for head, feet and tail and the spleen.In spite of these differences between groups in weights and composition of offals, the carcass composition in all groups was similar (Murray, Tulloh & Winter, 1974). It appears that, at a given body weight, changes in the offals may buffer the carcass against change in composition when cattle are exposed to different growth patterns.

scholarly journals A cockroach that jumps

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 390-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Picker ◽  
Jonathan F. Colville ◽  
Malcolm Burrows
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Power Output ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Locomotory Activity ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Elastic Protein

We report on a newly discovered cockroach ( Saltoblattella montistabularis ) from South Africa, which jumps and therefore differs from all other extant cockroaches that have a scuttling locomotion. In its natural shrubland habitat, jumping and hopping accounted for 71 per cent of locomotory activity. Jumps are powered by rapid and synchronous extension of the hind legs that are twice the length of the other legs and make up 10 per cent of the body weight. In high-speed images of the best jumps the body was accelerated in 10 ms to a take-off velocity of 2.1 m s −1 so that the cockroach experienced the equivalent of 23 times gravity while leaping a forward distance of 48 times its body length. Such jumps required 38 µJ of energy, a power output of 3.4 mW and exerted a ground reaction force through both hind legs of 4 mN. The large hind legs have grooved femora into which the tibiae engage fully in advance of a jump, and have resilin, an elastic protein, at the femoro-tibial joint. The extensor tibiae muscles contracted for 224 ms before the hind legs moved, indicating that energy must be stored and then released suddenly in a catapult action to propel a jump. Overall, the jumping mechanisms and anatomical features show remarkable convergence with those of grasshoppers with whom they share their habitat and which they rival in jumping performance.

Forces in the Knee Joint Whilst Rising from Normal and Motorized Chairs

1979 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
M I Ellis ◽  
B B Seedhom ◽  
A A Amis ◽  
D Dowson ◽  
V Wright
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Knee Joint ◽  
High Speed ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Speed Camera ◽  
Joint Forces

Knee joint forces were determined by kinesiological techniques using a high speed camera and force platforms so that a comparison could be made for rising from a normal chair without the aid of arms and with the aid of a motorized chair. For rising from a normal chair, the knee joint forces parallel to the long axis of the tibia at the point of contact between the tibia and femur, were found to be up to seven times body weight at about the time when the body left contact with the chair. Using a motorized chair the knee joint forces were reduced to less than body weight until normal standing was achieved.

Kinematics and mechanics of ground take-off in the starling Sturnis vulgaris and the quail Coturnix coturnix

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.D. Earls
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Columba Livia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Wing Movement ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Starting Point

The mechanics of avian take-off are central to hypotheses about flight evolution, but have not been quantified in terms of whole-body movements for any species. In this study, I use a combination of high-speed video analysis and force plate recording to measure the kinematics and mechanics of ground take-off in the European starling Sturnis vulgaris and the European migratory quail Coturnix coturnix. Counter to hypotheses based on the habits and morphology of each species, S. vulgaris and C. coturnix both produce 80–90 % of the velocity of take-off with the hindlimbs. S. vulgaris performs a countermovement jump (peak vertical force four times body weight) followed by wing movement, while C. coturnix performs a squat jump (peak vertical force 7.8 times body weight) with simultaneous wing movement. The wings, while necessary for continuing the movement initiated by the hindlimbs and thereafter supporting the body weight, are not the primary take-off accelerator. Comparison with one other avian species in which take-off kinematics have been recorded (Columba livia) suggests that this could be a common pattern for living birds. Given these data and the fact that running take-offs such as those suggested for an evolving proto-flier are limited to large or highly specialized living taxa, a jumping model of take-off is proposed as a more logical starting point for the evolution of avian powered flight.

scholarly journals Comparative characteristics of bioimpedanceometry indices dynamics in young men with normal and insufficient body weight in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
I N Gayvoronsky ◽  
Yu Sh Khalimov ◽  
I G Pashkova
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
The Body ◽  
Total Water Content ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Normal Body ◽  
Normal Body Weight ◽  
Total Muscle

The component composition of the body of men with normal body weight and insufficient body weight in the age from 18 to 44, patients with community-acquired pneumonia of non-severe course, was studied. Its changes at various periods of treatment are revealed. These changes were expressed in the statistically significant dynamics of indicators of total water content, total muscle mass with water and total fat content in men with normal body weight, as well as significant changes in the total water content and total muscle mass with water in men with insufficient body weight. At the same time, all examinees showed slight changes in body mass, body mass index and stability of the total defat-dehydrated bone mass. At the same time, the total water content and total muscle mass with water were lower at the 3rd, 7th and 15th days of treatment compared to the day of hospitalization. The lowest values of these parameters were recorded on the 3rd day of treatment. In addition, in men with normal body weight, significant changes in the total fat content on the 3rd and 15th days of treatment were noted, compared with 1 day of treatment. It was found that the total water content of men with insufficient body weight was not normal even by the 15th day of treatment. This fact indicates the need for medical rehabilitation after completion of treatment in order to normalize the body composition and prevent recurrence of the disease.

A note on the body composition of a double-muscled female and a normal female from a linebred Aberdeen Angus herd

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Rollins ◽  
L. M. Julian ◽  
F. D. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Muscular Hypertrophy ◽  
Body Components ◽  
Total Muscle

SUMMARYBody composition of a pair of related double-muscled and normal Aberdeen Angus females was analysed. The following ratios of weights of body components of the double-muscled individual to the normal were found: empty body, 1·0; carcass, 1·1; total muscle, 1·4; carcass fat, 0·7; offal fat, 0·9; viscera, 0·9; hide, 0·8; ash (in carcass), 1·0. The data supported an hypothesis of generalized muscular hypertrophy. The empty body weight of the normal female was 474 kg.

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