Altitudinal Variation in, and Morphological Divergence between, Three Related Species of Grasshopper, Praxibulus sp., Kosciuscola cognatus and K. usitatus (Orthoptera:Acrididae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Campbell ◽  
JM Dearn
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Altitudinal Variation ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Parallel Change ◽  
Variable Character ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Approach ◽  
Species Specific

Morphological variation between and within the closely related species Praxibuius sp.. Kosciuscola cognatus and K. usiratus has been examined along three independent altitudinal transects, by a multivariate statistical approach. The analyses, which were restricted to males. show that there is complete morphological separation between the three species. Moreover. there are species-specific patterns of character correlation which are consistent and relatively invariant within species, and do not exhibit altitudinal variation. The results suggest that there exist both distinct invariant species-specific character patterns and variable character patterns showing intraspecific variation. It is concluded that speciation in these grasshoppers could have involved genetic changes quite distinct from those involved in local intraspecific adaptation. Two further results are: first. evidence has been obtained for character displacement between Kosciuscola cognaius and Praxibulus sp. in an area of extensive sympatry: second. populations of K. cognatus along one transect, with a karyotype intermediate between typical K. cognatus and X usiiatus, show a parallel change in morphology towards that characteristic of K. usiiatus.

scholarly journals Repeated evolution of asymmetric genitalia and right-sided mating behavior in theDrosophila nannopteraspecies group

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Acurio ◽  
Flor T. Rhebergen ◽  
Sarah Paulus ◽  
Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo ◽  
Michael Lang
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Drosophila Pachea ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Group Species

AbstractBackgroundMale genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. TheDrosophila nannopteragroup contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species,Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown.ResultsTo assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position inD. pacheaand closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species exceptD. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, andD. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except inD. pacheaandD. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased innannopteragroup species compared to closely related outgroup species.ConclusionOur study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in thenannopteragroup. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.

scholarly journals Host shifts result in parallel genetic changes when viruses evolve in closely related species

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. e1006951 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Longdon ◽  
Jonathan P. Day ◽  
Joel M. Alves ◽  
Sophia C. L. Smith ◽  
Thomas M. Houslay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Host Shifts

Phenological displacement is uncommon among sympatric angiosperms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Park ◽  
Ian K. Breckheimer ◽  
Aaron M. Ellison ◽  
Goia M. Lyra ◽  
Charles C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Reproductive Character Displacement ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Species Pairs

AbstractInteractions between species can influence access to resources and successful reproduction. One possible outcome of such interactions is reproductive character displacement. Here, the similarity of reproductive traits – such as flowering time – among close relatives growing in sympatry differ more so than when growing apart. However, evidence for the overall prevalence and direction of this phenomenon, or the stability of such differences under environmental change, remains untested across large taxonomic and spatial scales. We apply data from tens of thousands of herbarium specimens to examine character displacement in flowering time across 110 animal-pollinated angiosperm species in the eastern USA. We demonstrate that the degree and direction of phenological displacement among co-occurring closely related species pairs varies tremendously. Overall, flowering time displacement in sympatry is not common. However, displacement is generally greater among species pairs that flower close in time, regardless of direction. We additionally identify that future climate change may alter the nature of phenological displacement among many of these species pairs. On average, flowering times of closely related species were predicted to shift further apart by the mid-21st century, which may have significant future consequences for species interactions and gene flow.

A model for character displacement based on competition between species

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
M. G. Bulmer
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Displacement Based

When two closely-related species have a partially-overlapping geographical range, it sometimes happens that populations of the two species are very similar in the non-overlapping parts of the range where only one species is present, but that they diverge and are easily distinguishable in the area of overlap where both species occur together. This phenomenon is known as character displacement. One of the best known examples occurs in two species of Rock Nuthatches (Sitta neumayer and S. tephronota) in their area of overlap in Iran (Vaurie (1951)). A plausible explanation of this phenomenon is that it is due to competition between the two species. The purpose of this paper is to construct a model for character displacement based on this idea. A full account of this work will be published elsewhere (Bulmer (1973)).

Review of the leafhopper genus Anaceratagallia Zachvatkin, 1946 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae: Agalliini) from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4821 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-276
Author(s):  
DMITRI YU. TISHECHKIN
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Allopatric Speciation ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Male Calling ◽  
Species Specific

In Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia the genus Anaceratagallia includes 14 species from two subgenera; all species except one belong to the nominotypical subgenus and can be classified into four groups according to the structure of male genitalia. The illustrated descriptions for all species are given, with male calling signal oscillograms provided for nine species. Ten new synonyms are established. Comparative investigation of morphological and acoustic characters of Anaceratagallia species showed that small differences in the structure of male genitalia and 2nd abdominal apodemes are not species-specific traits. All species studied in nature appeared to be polyphagous feeding on different species of herbaceous dicotyledons. It is assumed that closely related species within each group of the subgenus Anaceratagallia arose as a result of allopatric speciation and became secondarily sympatric due to subsequent range expansions.

scholarly journals Different functions for homologous serotonergic interneurons and serotonin in species-specific rhythmic behaviours

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1654) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Newcomb ◽  
Paul S Katz
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Serotonin Antagonist ◽  
Tritonia Diomedea ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Closely related species can exhibit different behaviours despite homologous neural substrates. The nudibranch molluscs Tritonia diomedea and Melibe leonina swim differently, yet their nervous systems contain homologous serotonergic neurons. In Tritonia , the dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) are members of the swim central pattern generator (CPG) and their neurotransmitter serotonin is both necessary and sufficient to elicit a swim motor pattern. Here it is shown that the DSI homologues in Melibe , the cerebral serotonergic posterior-A neurons ( Ce SP-As), are extrinsic to the swim CPG, and that neither the Ce SP-As nor their neurotransmitter serotonin is necessary for swim motor pattern initiation, which occurred when the Ce SP-As were inactive. Furthermore, the serotonin antagonist methysergide blocked the effects of both the serotonin and Ce SP-As but did not prevent the production of a swim motor pattern. However, the Ce SP-As and serotonin could influence the Melibe swim circuit; depolarization of a cerebral serotonergic posterior-A was sufficient to initiate a swim motor pattern and hyperpolarization of a Ce SP-A temporarily halted an ongoing swim motor pattern. Serotonin itself was sufficient to initiate a swim motor pattern or make an ongoing swim motor pattern more regular. Thus, evolution of species-specific behaviour involved alterations in the functions of identified homologous neurons and their neurotransmitter.

A model for character displacement based on competition between species

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
M. G. Bulmer
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Displacement Based

When two closely-related species have a partially-overlapping geographical range, it sometimes happens that populations of the two species are very similar in the non-overlapping parts of the range where only one species is present, but that they diverge and are easily distinguishable in the area of overlap where both species occur together. This phenomenon is known as character displacement. One of the best known examples occurs in two species of Rock Nuthatches (Sitta neumayer and S. tephronota) in their area of overlap in Iran (Vaurie (1951)). A plausible explanation of this phenomenon is that it is due to competition between the two species. The purpose of this paper is to construct a model for character displacement based on this idea. A full account of this work will be published elsewhere (Bulmer (1973)).

scholarly journals Identification of CITES-Listed Euphorbia royleana through DNA Barcoding Technology: A New Facet in Wildlife Forensics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-272
Author(s):  
Mukesh Thakar ◽  
Tina Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Wildlife Forensics ◽  
Interspecific Genetic Distance ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Endangered Status ◽  
Discrimination Method

Disorganized and chaotic collection of the Euphorbia plant species from the wild is one of the major reasons for its endangered status. According to CITES, the trade in Euphorbia royleana species is prohibited under Appendix II. However, the trade continues unabated as current identification methods do not discriminate between closely related species.  In the present study, a DNA barcoding method has been used to establish inter- and intra-specific divergences of both matK and rbcL regions by using pairwise genetic distance measurement methods for evaluating the maximum barcoding gap. The matk and rbcL yielded a 100% amplification and sequencing success rate to distinguish closely related species of Euphorbia royleana unambiguously. The matk and rbcL showed average interspecific genetic distance divergence values of 0.031and 0.015, respectively. The maximum number of species-specific SNPs was observed in matK sequences at seven consecutive sites, which could distinguish Euphorbia royleana from closely related species.  The best candidate barcoding region to identify Euphorbia royleana was found to be matK with a single-locus barcoding approach. Furthermore, the species discrimination method was developed with the help of species-specific SNPs derived from the matK barcoding region to accurately authenticate Euphorbia royleana, and it provided 100% species resolution

scholarly journals Host shifts result in parallel genetic changes when viruses evolve in closely related species

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Longdon ◽  
Jonathan P Day ◽  
Joel M Alves ◽  
Sophia CL Smith ◽  
Thomas M Houslay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
New Host ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
Novel Host

AbstractHost shifts, where a pathogen invades and establishes in a new host species, are a major source of emerging infectious diseases. They frequently occur between related host species and often rely on the pathogen evolving adaptations that increase their fitness in the novel host species. To investigate genetic changes in novel hosts, we experimentally evolved replicate lineages of an RNA virus (Drosophila C Virus) in 19 different species of Drosophilidae and deep sequenced the viral genomes. We found a strong pattern of parallel evolution, where viral lineages from the same host were genetically more similar to each other than to lineages from other host species. When we compared viruses that had evolved in different host species, we found that parallel genetic changes were more likely to occur if the two host species were closely related. This suggests that when a virus adapts to one host it might also become better adapted to closely related host species. This may explain in part why host shifts tend to occur between related species, and may mean that when a new pathogen appears in a given species, closely related species may become vulnerable to the new disease.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of circular RNAs in primates

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Santos-Rodriguez ◽  
Irina Voineagu ◽  
Robert James Weatheritt
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Organ Type ◽  
Species Specific

Many primate genes produce circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the extent of circRNA conservation between closely related species remains unclear. By comparing tissue-specific transcriptomes across over 70 million years of primate evolution, we identify that within 3 million years circRNA expression profiles diverged such that they are more related to species identity than organ type. However, our analysis also revealed a subset of circRNAs with conserved neural expression across tens of millions of years of evolution. By comparing to species-specific circRNAs, we identified that the downstream intron of the conserved circRNAs display a dramatic lengthening during evolution due to the insertion of novel retrotransposons. Our work provides comparative analyses of the mechanisms promoting circRNAs to generate increased transcriptomic complexity in primates.

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