Blood respiratory properties in a sea snake and a land snake

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
RS Seymore
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Sea Snake ◽  
Plasma Bicarbonate ◽  
Sea Snakes ◽  
Oxygen Capacity ◽  
Snake Blood ◽  
Laticauda Colubrina

Haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration, oxygen capacity, haemoglobin-oxygen affinity (Hb-O2) and buffer capacity of whole blood are examined in the banded sea snake, Laticauda colubrina, and the terrestrial black snake, Pseudechis porphyriacus, two ecologically divergent, but phylogenetically close, species. Oxygen capacity is indistinguishable between both snakes and, in general, there is no distinct trend toward high values in diving reptiles. Hb-O2 affinity is slightly higher in the sea snake. The Bohr effect is smaller in sea snake blood but haem-haem interaction is similar in both species. However, it is proposed that moderate differences in the Bohr shift and haem-haem interaction are of little importance to oxygen transport in most reptiles. Plasma bicarbonate is moderately high in both snakes and there is no difference in non-carbonic buffer capacity. In general, the respiratory properties of the blood of sea snakes are not greatly different from those of terrestrial snakes and lizards.

Oviparity in a Sea-Snake (Laticauda colubrina)

Nature ◽  
1930 ◽  
Vol 126 (3174) ◽  
pp. 312-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
NORMAN SMEDLEY
Keyword(s):  
Sea Snake ◽  
Laticauda Colubrina

Erythrocyte Metabolism in Patients on Haemodialysis and Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. P. Summerfield ◽  
A. J. Bellingham ◽  
L. Manlove ◽  
A. M. Forbes ◽  
H. J. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Base Excess ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Glucose Consumption ◽  
Plasma Phosphate ◽  
Glycolytic Intermediates ◽  
Erythrocyte Metabolism ◽  
2,3 Dpg

1. Erythrocyte metabolism was investigated and glycolytic intermediates were measured in nine patients with chronic renal failure who were subsequently treated with haemodialysis. The same' investigations were performed in nine patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) who had previously been treated with intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD) (eight patients) or dietary restriction (one patient). 2. The patients who received haemodialysis had a partially compensated metabolic acidosis before treatment. With haemodialysis, plasma phosphate (Pi) fell and base excess, erythrocyte 2,3–diphosphoglycerate (2,3–DPG), glucose consumption and lactate production rose significantly. In this group the most important influence on erythrocyte metabolism was base excess. The pattern of erythrocyte glycolytic intermediates showed that the rise in 2,3–DPG with haemodialysis was brought about within the Rapoport—Luebering shunt; there was no statistically significant decrease in haemoglobin—oxygen affinity. 3. The patients who received CAPD were not acidotic before starting this form of treatment. With CAPD, there was a significant increase in haemoglobin and fall in plasma phosphate, erythrocyte 2,3–DPG and glucose consumption. The major factors influencing erythrocyte metabolism in this group were plasma phosphate and haemoglobin concentration. The fall in 2,3–DPG was produced by inhibition of 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11); despite this fall, haemoglobin-oxygen affinity was not affected.

scholarly journals Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport Characteristics of the Blood of the Nile Monitor Lizard (Varanus Niloticus)

1987 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
JAMES W. HICKS ◽  
ATSUSHI ISHIMATSU ◽  
NORBERT HEISLER
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Transport ◽  
Monitor Lizard ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dissociation Curves

Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissociation curves were constructed for the blood of the Nile monitor lizard, Varanus niloticus, acclimated for 12h at 25 and 35°C. The oxygen affinity of Varanus blood was low when Pco2 w a s in the range of in vivo values (25°C: P50 = 34.3 at PCOCO2 = 21 mmHg; 35°C: P50 = 46.2 mmHg at PCOCO2 = 35 mmHg; 1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa), and the oxygen dissociation curves were highly sigmoidal (Hill's n = 2.97 at 25°C and 3.40 at 35°C). The position of the O2 curves was relatively insensitive to temperature change with an apparent enthalpy of oxygenation (ΔH) of −9.2kJ mol−1. The carbon dioxide dissociation curves were shifted to the right with increasing temperature by decreasing total CCOCO2 at fixed PCOCO2, whereas the state of oxygenation had little effect on total blood CO2 content. The in vitro buffer value of true plasma (Δ[HCO3−]pl/-ΔpHpl) rose from 12.0 mequiv pH−1−1 at 25°C to 17.5 mequiv pH−11−1 at 35°C, reflecting a reversible increase of about 30% in haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit levels during resting conditions in vivo.

Incidental capture of sea-snakes (Hydrophiidae) by prawn trawlers in the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
TJ Wassenberg ◽  
JP Salini ◽  
H Heatwole ◽  
JD Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Catch Per Unit Effort ◽  
Sea Snake ◽  
Incidental Capture ◽  
Seasonal Movement ◽  
Sea Snakes ◽  
Breeding Cycles ◽  
Shallow Coastal Waters

Sea-snakes were collected from research trawlers and commercial prawn trawlers in the Gulf of Carpentaria during the period from April 1976 to December 1991. The data were analysed on the basis of CPUE (catch per unit effort) for depth, latitude and season. The research trawlers, operating in the eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, and the commercial prawn trawlers, operating in the south-western Gulf of Carpentaria, caught sea-snakes at a rate of 0.028 and 0.026 sea-snakes per metre of headrope length per hour, respectively. Lapemis hardwickii was the sea-snake most commonly caught by the research trawlers-53% of all snakes-and Hydrophis elegans was the sea-snake most commonly caught by commercial trawlers-25% of all snakes. Depth was the most significant factor affecting CPUE, with more than 70% of all sea-snakes being caught in waters less than 15 m deep. When catches of all species were combined, a significant interaction (P<0.05) existed between depth and season. L. hardwickii specimens were caught more frequently in shallow coastal waters (< 15 m deep) in spring but in deeper water further offshore in autumn. A significant interaction between latitude and depth was found for Astrotia stokesii; specimens were caught more frequently in deeper water at 14% Enhydrina schistosa is generally coastal, with 8800 of specimens being caught in water less than 10 m deep. Seasonal movement of sea-snakes between inshore and offshore waters may be linked to their breeding cycles. The estimated number of sea-snakes captured in the Gulf of Carpentaria for the 1991 prawning season ranged from 73 583 to 165 559, with a mean of 119 571. The survival rate of sea-snakes from commercial prawn trawls was about 60% and hence between 29 801 and 67 051 sea-snakes are estimated to have died.

Hydrophis donaldi (Elapidae, Hydrophiinae), a highly distinctive new species of sea snake from northern Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3201 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
KANISHKA D.B. UKUWELA ◽  
KATE L. SANDERS ◽  
BRYAN G. FRY
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Sea Snake ◽  
Sea Snakes ◽  
Morphological Diagnosis ◽  
By Catch

A new species of viviparous sea snake, Hydrophis donaldi sp. nov. (Hydrophiinae), is described from the Gulf of Carpen-taria, northern Australia. Molecular analyses reveal this species as a deeply divergent lineage within the Hydrophis sub-group, and separate it from all other sampled taxa by fixed nucleotide substitutions at three independent mitochondrial andnuclear loci. The new species is assigned to Hydrophis based on the current morphological diagnosis of this large but pa-raphyletic genus, and is distinguished from all other Hydrophis species and closely allied genera by a combination of mor-phological characters relating to scalation, colour pattern and osteology. Using current keys for sea snakes, H. donaldi sp.nov. might be mistaken for H. coggeri, H. sibauensis or H. torquatus diadema but it is readily distinguished from thesespecies by a higher number of bands on the body and tail, lower ventral count, strongly spinous body scales, and a wider,more rounded head. Sea snakes have been sampled intensively in the Gulf of Carpentaria due to their vulnerability to by-catch in the region’s commercial prawn-trawl fisheries. That this highly distinctive new species has evaded discovery inthe region until now is surprising, but might be explained by its habitat preferences. All known specimens of H. donaldi sp. nov. were found in estuarine habitats that are relatively poorly surveyed and are not targeted by commercial fisheries.

scholarly journals Hb Potomac (101 Glu replaced by Asp): speculations on placental oxygen transport in carriers of high-affinity hemoglobins

Blood ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Charache ◽  
R Jacobson ◽  
B Brimhall ◽  
EA Murphy ◽  
P Hathaway ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Normal Children ◽  
Tryptic Peptides ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Female Carriers

Abstract Blood from a woman with unexplained erythrocytosis had increased oxygen affinity, but no abnormality could be detected by electrophoresis or chromatography of her hemolysate. Separation of the tryptic peptides of her beta chains disclosed two half-sized peaks in the regions of beta T- 11. The faster of these was abnormal, with the structure beta 101 Glu replaced by Asp. The new hemoglobin was called “Potomac.” Three of the proband's four surviving siblings and both of her children were carriers. Differences in the ratio of carrier: normal children born to male of female carriers of 23 other high-affinity hemoglobins were not significant. The high proportion of carriers in this kindred was probably due to chance alone, and not because high maternal oxygen affinity interfered with oxygen transport to fetuses with normal hemoglobin.

scholarly journals Novel vascular plexus in the head of a sea snake (Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) revealed by high-resolution computed tomography and histology

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 191099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Palci ◽  
Roger S. Seymour ◽  
Cao Van Nguyen ◽  
Mark N. Hutchinson ◽  
Michael S. Y. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Bone ◽  
Vascular Network ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
High Resolution Computed Tomography ◽  
Sea Snake ◽  
Sea Snakes ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Large Vein ◽  
Microct Imaging ◽  
The Brain

Novel phenotypes are often linked to major ecological transitions during evolution. Here, we describe for the first time an unusual network of large blood vessels in the head of the sea snake Hydrophis cyanocinctus . MicroCT imaging and histology reveal an intricate modified cephalic vascular network (MCVN) that underlies a broad area of skin between the snout and the roof of the head. It is mostly composed of large veins and sinuses and converges posterodorsally into a large vein (sometimes paired) that penetrates the skull through the parietal bone. Endocranially, this blood vessel leads into the dorsal cerebral sinus, and from there, a pair of large veins depart ventrally to enter the brain. We compare the condition observed in H. cyanocinctus with that of other elapids and discuss the possible functions of this unusual vascular network. Sea snakes have low oxygen partial pressure in their arterial blood that facilitates cutaneous respiration, potentially limiting the availability of oxygen to the brain. We conclude that this novel vascular structure draining directly to the brain is a further elaboration of the sea snakes' cutaneous respiratory anatomy, the most likely function of which is to provide the brain with an additional supply of oxygen.

scholarly journals INVENTARISASI JENIS – JENIS ULAR YANG DITEMUKAN DI SEKITAR PANTAI MERTA SARI DAN PADANG GALAK

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
I Gusti Putu Ayunda Pratiska ◽  
Ida Bagus Made Suaskara ◽  
Joko Wiryatno ◽  
I Gede Agus Pradana Putra
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Snake Species ◽  
Venomous Snakes ◽  
Sea Snakes ◽  
Water Snake ◽  
Laticauda Colubrina

Sea snakes have a strong venom and when they bite can be fatal for humans, whereas snakes found in mangrove areas are weak venomous snakes and non-venomous snakes (McKay, 2006). The low understanding public aboutthe snakes has led to the assumption that any snakes found are dangerous, so research needs to be done in order to provide information on the types of venomous and non-venomous snakes present in coastal areas and around mangrove forest areas. This research was conducted from early January to the end of January located around Merta Sari Beach to Padang Galak. The method used is the method of cruising method is done by determining the habitat that is likely suitable for snake habitat (Asad et al., 2011). Data collected in the morning and at night, by capturing and identifying snakes found in situ refers to the snake identification titled '107+ Ular Indonesia' (Riza Marlon, 2014), and the book 'Reptiles and Amphibians in Bali 'By Mckay (2006). Based on the results of the study, snakes found around Merta Sari Beach and Padang Galak Beach numbered 61 individual snakes with two different families namely Colubridae and Elapidae. Snake species of the Colubridae family found are Dog-faced Water Snake (Cerberus rynchops) and the Elapidae family is the Erabu/Yellow-lipped Sea Krait (Laticauda colubrina) snake

Growth, sexual dimorphism, and population biology of the olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis, on the Great Barrier Reef of Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glen Burns ◽  
Harold Heatwole
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Great Barrier Reef ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Barrier Reef ◽  
Sea Snake ◽  
Sea Snakes ◽  
Equivalent Length ◽  
Reef Edge

AbstractThe olive sea snake, Aipysurus laevis (Lacépède) grows at a rate of 0.22-0.95 cm/month, with young animals growing faster than older ones. Males reach sexual maturity in their third year and females in their fourth or fifth year. There is sexual dimorphism in size, with females larger than males; at snout-vent lengths greater than 80 cm, females are heavier than males of equivalent length. Small snakes were uncommon. Apparent sexratio favours males in winter but moves toward equality or even a preponderance of females in summer, probably reflecting changes in reproductive behaviour. Numbers of snakes are approximately 0.70-0.86 snakes per metre of reef edge. Olive sea snakes live to about 15 years or older.

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