Laboratory Biology of Phaenocarpa Persimilis Papp (Braconidae: Alysiinae), a Parasitoid of Drosophila.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Prince
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Adult Wasp

P. persimilis is a recently discovered Australian parasitoid of several cosmopolitan and native species of Drosophila. It can be reared in the laboratory, and has a life cycle similar to that of other Hymenopterous insect endoparasites. An egg is laid in the host larva, and the adult wasp emerges from the host puparium. Various aspects of the wasp's behaviour and physiology, especially those features which may affect its relationship with its host in the field, were investigated in laboratory experiments. The results indicate that P. persimilis has many attributes which (potentially) allow it to be a very efficient parasitoid.

Diversity of organisms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip James
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Native Species ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
The Common ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Diversity Of Life

The focus of this chapter is an examination of the diversity of living organisms found within urban environments, both inside and outside buildings. The discussion commences with prions and viruses before moving on to consider micro-organisms, plants, and animals. Prions and viruses cause disease in plants and animals, including humans. Micro-organisms are ubiquitous and are found in great numbers throughout urban environments. New technologies are providing new insights into their diversity. Plants may be found inside buildings as well as in gardens and other green spaces. The final sections of the chapter offer a discussion of the diversity of animals that live in urban areas for part or all of their life cycle. Examples of the diversity of life in urban environments are presented throughout, including native and non-native species, those that are benign and deadly, and the common and the rare.

Experimental Work with the Tsetse-fly, Glossina palpalis, in Uganda

1936 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 611-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Mellanby
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
East Africa ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
London School ◽  
East African ◽  
Laboratory Assistant ◽  
Glossina Palpalis

This is an account of laboratory experiments made with the tsetse Glossina palpalis. The results deal mainly with the effects of climatic conditions, temperature and humidity in particular, on the metabolism and life-cycle. Some work was also done on the activity and behaviour of the fly, but this is very incomplete, though it shows the importance of the problem and the need for further study.The work was done during a visit of just over a year to East Africa, in 1935-36, as Wandsworth Scholar of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. I spent most of the time at the Human Trypanosomiasis Institute, Entebbe, Uganda, and also visited tsetse areas in Kenya and Tanganyika. I am grateful to all those who helped to make my visit profitable. Among others, to the Directors of Medical Services of the East African territories, in particular the Hon. W. H. Kauntze of Uganda, and many members of their departments. To Mr. C. B. Symes, Medical Entomologist, Kenya, and to Mr. W. H. Potts, of the Department of Tsetse Research, Tanganyika. I am especially grateful to Dr. H. Lyndhurst Duke, Director of the Human Trypanosomiasis Institute, for many kindnesses. Considerable assistance was received from Mrs. Helen Mellanby, who was working on allied problems at Entebbe. And mention must be made of the intelligent and conscientious help of my laboratory assistant, Omw. Bonaventure Semalwadde.

scholarly journals Larval development of the plantainfeeding moth Scopula rubraria (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera Geometridae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 327-327
Author(s):  
B.A. Philip ◽  
C.M. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Australian Species ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Grass Sward

Tonic plantain has become a popular forage crop but several Lepidoptera species not traditionally considered pests have caused significant damage in some stands At least two species of looper caterpillars (Family Geometridae) commonly referred to as plantain moths Scopula rubraria and Epyaxa rosearia have been associated with serious defoliation Both are thought to be New Zealand native species with S rubraria also present in Australia Leafroller caterpillars (Family Tortricidae) Merophyas leucaniana (New Zealand native) and M divulsana (Australian species) have also been found damaging plant crowns Scopula rubraria were collected from a Manawatu plantain/grass sward A laboratory colony was Five larval instars for both sexes were observed; mean weights at the start of each instar were 004 032 164 460 and 995 mg Most larval growth occurred in the fifth instar with mean maximum weight being 3565 mg Mean durations of each instar were 54 48 35 42 and 101 days and the total larval stage was 280 days Pupal duration averaged 118 days Resultant adults began laying eggs 12 days after eclosion and these hatched in 7 days The total length of the life cycle was approximately 49 days

Diplocystis tipulaesp.nov. (Sporozoa: Eugregarinorida), a parasite ofTipula paludosaMeigen (Diptera: Tipulidae)

Parasitology ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Sherlock
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Midgut Epithelium ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A New Species

SUMMARYStages seen in the life-cycle ofDiplocystis tipulaesp.nov. parasitic inTipula paludosaMg., included a structure that was probably a trophozoite within the midgut epithelium of one host larva and gamonts that developed on the midgut wall in the haemocoele of the larvae. Syzygy occurred, usually in pairs, when the gamonts were about 200–300 μm in diameter. Initially, syzygous gamonts were bilobed but they quickly became spherical and were enclosed by a fine membrane to form a gametocyst 450–550 μm in diameter. Early stages of gametogony were seen in one pupa; sporogony occurred in pupae and adults. The mean size of the round–oval oocysts was 7·14 × 6·26 μm. Individuals ofTipula oleraceaL. are also susceptible to infection withD. tipulae. This gregarine is considered to be a new species, independent of the gregarines of the gut lumen.

Biology of the Afrotropical Sepedonella nana (Diptera: Sciomyzidae), whose larvae feed only on freshwater Aulophorus furcatus (Oligochaeta: Naididae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 3102 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
JEANCLAUDE VALA ◽  
LOUIS GHÉLUS GBEDJISSI
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Characteristic Distribution ◽  
Field Investigations ◽  
Physical Attributes

All studies during the last six decades have stated that sciomyzid larvae are strictly malacophagous. However, the Afrotropical sciomyzid Sepedonella nana species was found in this study to feed only on the small freshwater oligochaete, Aulophorus furcatus. The divergent oligophagous feeding behaviour of this species was investigated. The physical attributes of the egg, first-, secondand third-instar larvae, and the puparium are described. Four types of sensilla—coeloconicum, trichodeum, chaeticum, and styloconicum—are present with a characteristic distribution on each tagma. Each thoracic segment is distinguished by presence of a pair of Keilin’s organ on ventral surface. Each abdominal segment has eleven pairs of the same sensilla types; their variable locations are presented. Population dynamics of the adults are shown from our field investigations in permanent and temporary freshwater biotopes during 1996–2008. The life cycle of the species is presented from our field observations and laboratory experiments. Among the 62 species of Afrotropical Sciomyzidae, this is the eighth species for which life-cycle is entirely resolved.

Natural Enemies of Sirex cyaneus, Fabr., in England and their Life-history

1928 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. N. Chrystal ◽  
J. G. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Young Larva ◽  
Larval Feeding ◽  
One Year ◽  
Whole Life Cycle

Rhyssa persuasoria and Ibalia leucospoides, both parasitic on Sirex cyaneus, have been studied at Oxford.Rhyssa lays its eggs in the burrow of and near to the almost or quite full-fed host larva or the pupa, by piercing the solid wood with itsovipositor. Feeding is entirely ectoparasitic and takes only a few weeks, during which the host larva may burrow a little further. The winter is passed by Rhyssa as a resting larva. Pupation takes place in the spring, and the whole life-cycle normally occupies one year.Ibalia oviposits in the young larva just before ormore rarely just after hatching, utilising the oviposition-bores of the Sirex for this purpose. The first-stage larva is elongate, with sickle-shaped mandibles, and larval feeding seems wholly endoparasitic. Sirex larvae parasitised by Ibalia confine their boring largely to the outer portions of the trunk, and usually make their final cell just under and approximately parallel to the surface. The life-cycle of Ibalia requires at least two years.Owing to the very different instars which they attack, there seems no risk of superparasitism of Ibalia by Rhyssa or vice versa, and it is therefore suggested that both species be introduced into New Zealand as a measure against Sirex juvencus, which is there very destructive to plantations of Pinus radiata.

Variation in tolerance to low environmental pH by the crayfish Orconectes rusticus, O. propinquus, and Cambarus robustus

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 2586-2589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Berrill ◽  
Lois Hollett ◽  
Arlene Margosian ◽  
Jeff Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Soft Water ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Aluminum Concentration ◽  
Orconectes Rusticus ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Crayfish Species

We compared the tolerance of three common Ontario crayfish species to low pH under natural and laboratory conditions in water varying in aluminum concentration and hardness. Both transplant and laboratory experiments indicated that exposure to a pH range of 5.4–6.1 in soft water was toxic to attached juvenile stages of Orconectes rusticus and O. propinquus but not to females carrying the broods. In contrast, stage III juveniles of Cambarus robustus molted and survived in soft water at pH 4. Cambarus robustus is clearly far less sensitive to low pH stress than the two Orconectes species. No increased mortality due to the presence of elevated aluminum occurred among stage III juveniles of the three species exposed to pH 4.5–5.0 in soft water. Physiological differences, augmented by differences in life cycle, may account for the continued presence of C. robustus in acid-stressed lakes and streams.

scholarly journals The amount of environmental DNA increases with freshwater crayfish density and over time

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corinna Wallinger ◽  
Daniela Sint ◽  
Bernhard Kolp ◽  
Leopold Füreder ◽  
Michael Traugott
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Crayfish Population ◽  
The Relationship

eDNA analysis is ideally suited to monitor the occurrence of endangered or invasive species because of its non-invasive nature and high sensitivity. European freshwater crayfish are threatened across the whole continent. Classical crayfish monitoring is challenging and time consuming due to their nocturnal activity and hidden lifestyle. Therefore, eDNA-based monitoring of native as well as invasive species seems to be of great benefit for the conservation of the native species and it has indeed been increasingly applied in recent years. Nevertheless, comparably little is known on the relationship between eDNA concentration and crayfish population densities, a prerequisite for estimating population size based on eDNA measurements. Here, we performed laboratory experiments to investigate the relationship between the concentration of crayfish eDNA and population densities - measured as crayfish size and biomass. There was a strong correlation between the two measurements. Moreover, the amount of eDNA increased at least during the first three days after crayfish stocking in the aquarium. The experiments also indicate, that crayfish activity might have a strong influence on the eDNA signal strength. Our findings will significantly contribute to an optimization of the monitoring of freshwater crayfish via the analysis of eDNA and therefore be important for the conservation of these threatened species.

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