Behaviuoral changes associated with the population cycle of Antechinus stuartii (Marsupialia)

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
RW Braithwaite

The behaviour of field populations of A. stuartii was monitored in relation to their demography by diad testing. Marked and unmarked pairs were tested in a field observation cage. Two measures of activity and the frequency of 10 behaviour categories were recorded for each test. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed the sex of the animal and time of year to be the best predictors of aggression parameters. The frequencies of behaviour categories suggest that males and females behave quite differently. Males show a trend of increasing aggressiveness over the annual cycle whereas females do not. Repeated laboratory testing of males in 'mating condition' exacerbates aggression as their weight and general appearance deteriorate. It is suggested that the externally synchronized life cycle programs the aggression increase, and this causes physical deterioration, rather than the reverse.

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Lazenby-Cohen

Unrelated Antechinus stuartii spend a high proportion of their time in mixed-sex communal nests. Communal nesting starts early in the year, after females have weaned their young. It appears to be driven by the need for social interactions and familiarity between all the individuals in an area. The mixed communal nests persist into the mating season, when males and females often visit more than one communal nest each day. During the mating season, males spend no more than 8 hours in a communal nest, and travel extensively between communal nests, perhaps in an effort to improve their reproductive success. Lactating females nest solitarily. To meet the needs of their litter, they increase the number of foraging trips they undertake, but do not reduce the total amount of time spent within the nest at this energetically expensive time of year.


1999 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G Topping ◽  
John S Millar ◽  
James A Goddard

The nocturnal activity of bushy-tailed wood rats (Neotoma cinerea) was monitored for two breeding seasons (1993 and 1994) in the Canadian Rockies. Radiotelemetry was used under three levels of moonlight to assess two measures of nocturnal activity: (i) the proportion of animals crossing rocky outcrops and entering the surrounding forest to forage, search for mates, or both, and (ii) the distance moved from the den site while in the forest. Males and females exhibited significant differences among moonlight levels, with greater activity on nights of intermediate-level moonlight and less activity on nights with bright or dark moonlight. There was no difference in the proportions of males and females active at any moonlight level. The distances moved from the den did not differ among moonlight levels for either males or females. Having traversed the rocks and entered the forest, individuals moved similar distances regardless of light level. These results suggest that wood rats respond to moonlight only when making the decision to cross rocks and enter the forest. This behaviour presumably serves to counteract the increased risk of predation on bright nights.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319
Author(s):  
Martjan Lammertink

Abstract Grouping and associated behavior are poorly documented for the Great Slaty Woodpecker (Mulleripicus pulverulentus) of Southeast Asia. This woodpecker is thought to breed in pairs, although only three active nests have been superficially described. I present observations of group and breeding behavior of the Great Slaty Woodpecker from five regions in western Indonesia. Thirty-six independent units of Great Slaty Woodpeckers involved predominantly groups (81%), followed by pairs (17%), and one single bird. Mean size of groups larger than 2 was 4.2 ± 1.2 (range 3–6) individuals. Group size did not vary as a function of time of year, logging disturbance, or the number of sympatric woodpecker species. Individuals attended the same groups on consecutive days. Groups comprised several males and females. Roost holes, spaced >200 m apart, were occupied by single birds. In 65% of foraging groups, two to five members simultaneously exploited a single food source such as a stingless bee, termite, or ant nest; frequency of food-source sharing peaked at groups of four individuals. Within foraging groups, females spent more time climbing and searching; males did more hammering, pecking, and flaking. Grouping in this species is perhaps induced by cooperatively searching for and exploiting infrequent but highly profitable food sources. Two nests of Great Slaty Woodpeckers were found, one of which was attended by two males and one female. In 18% of occasions, Great Slaty Woodpecker groups associated temporarily with White-bellied Woodpeckers (Dryocopus javensis). In mixed flocks the two species exploited different food sources within 50 m from each other. Gregarismo y Cría Cooperativa en Mulleripicus pulverulentus Resumen. El gregarismo está documentado escasamente para la especie Mulleripicus pulverulentus del sureste asiático. Se cree que la especie cría en parejas, aunque sólo se han descrito superficialmente tres nidos activos. Se presentan observaciones de comportamiento gregario y de reproducción de este pícido procedentes de cinco regiones en el oeste de Indonesia. Treinta y seis unidades independientes de M. pulverulentus incluyeron predominantemente grupos (81%), seguidos de parejas (17%), y un ave solitaria. El tamaño medio de grupos mayores que 2 fue 4.2 ± 1.2 individuos (rango 3–6). El tamaño de los grupos no varió como función de la temporada del año, la perturbación por tala o el número de especies simpátricas de carpinteros. Los individuos integraron los mismos grupos en días consecutivos. Los grupos constaron de machos y hembras. Los agujeros dormidero, separados por más de 200 m, estuvieron ocupados por una sola ave. El 65% de los grupos de entre dos y cinco miembros explotaron simultáneamente una única fuente de alimento como nidos de abejas sin aguijón, termitas u hormigas; la frecuencia con que las fuentes de alimento fueron compartidas fue máxima en grupos de cuatro individuos. En los grupos de forrajeo, las hembras pasaron más tiempo trepando y buscando mientras que los machos pasaron más tiempo martilleando, picoteando y quitando cortezas. El gregarismo en esta especie quizás es inducido por la búsqueda cooperativa y la explotación de fuentes de alimento infrecuentes pero muy provechosas. Se encontraron dos nidos de M. pulverulentus, uno de los cuales salió adelante con la cooperación de dos machos y una hembra. El 18% de las veces los grupos de M. pulverulentus se asociaron temporalmente con la especie Dryocopus javensis. En grupos mixtos las dos especies explotaron fuentes de alimento diferentes en un radio de 50 m de distancia.


1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Cristina Landgraf Lee Manoel

O propósito deste estudo foi o de examinar: a. diferenças entre o sexo feminino e masculino nas dimensões de intensidade e direção da ansiedade-estado multidimensional competitiva: b. diferenças entre os sexos nos antecedentes situacionais da ansiedade-estado e da auto-confiança. Fizeram parte da amostra 25 homens e 25 mulheres praticantes do atletismo. Os sujeitos responderam a versão modificada do questionário CSAI-2, que incluiu a nova dimensão da direção, e mais 6 fatores antecedentes. Todos foram respondidos uma hora antes da competição. Os resultados foram analisados através da ANOVA e análises "Stepwise Multiple Regression" Os resultados não revelaram diferenças significativas entre os sexos tanto na intensidade quanto na direção dos componentes da ansiedade. Porém, os homens reportaram maiores índices de auto-confiança e perceberam seus sintomas como mais facilitativos para a “performance” do que as mulheres. Contrariamente às expectativas, nenhuma das variáveis situacionais anteciparam a ansiedade cognitiva. Por outro lado. o item "anos de experiência" foi um antecedente significante da ansiedade somática. Entretanto, muitos fatores emergiram como antecedentes da auto-confiança em ambos os grupos. São discutidas as possíveis razões para os resultados encontrados em diferenças entre os sexos, a importância da auto-confiança, a utilidade da versão modificada do CSAI-2 e as implicações práticas para ajudar os atletas nas suas preparações psicológicas


1983 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 969-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharla A. Kerner ◽  
Keith W. Jacobs

The Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale were administered to a stratified sample of 78 college students. The two measures of depression were significantly correlated .54. In addition, Beck scores were influenced by an interaction of year and college variables, and Zung scores were different for males and females. It is concluded that these two scales offer somewhat different measures of depression.


2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Hue

Purpose and methods: To determine which physiological variables accurately predict the race time of an Olympic-distance International Triathlon undertaken in drafted conditions, 8 elite triathletes underwent both maximal and submaximal laboratory and field physiological testing: a 400-m maximal swim test; an incremental treadmill test; an incremental cycling test; 30 min of cycling followed by 20 min of running (C-R); and 20 min of control running (R) at the exact same speed variations as in running in C-R. Blood samples were drawn to measure venous lactate concentration after the 400-m swim and the cycle and run segments of C-R. During the maximal cycling and running exercises, data were collected using an automated breath-by-breath system. Results: The only parameters correlated with the overall drafted-triathlon time were lactate concentration noted at the end of the cycle segment (r = 0.83, p < 0. 05) and the distance covered during the running part of the submaximal C-R test (r = -0.92, p < 0.01). Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed a highly significant (r = 0.96, p < 0.02) relationship between predicted race time (from laboratory measures) and actual race time, using the following calculation: Predicted Triathlon Time (s) = -1.128 (distance covered during R of C-R [m]) + 38.8 ([lactate] at the end of C in C-R) + 13,338. The high R2 value of 0.93 indicated that, taken together, these two laboratory measures could account for 93% of the variance in race times during a drafted triathlon. Conclusion: Complementing previous studies, this study demonstrates that different parameters seem to be reliable for predicting performance in drafted vs. nondrafted Olympic-triathlon races. It also demonstrates that, for elite triathletes competing in a drafted Olympic-distance triathlon, performance is accurately predicted from the results of submaximal laboratory measures. Key words: swimming, cycling, running, lactate, oxygen uptake


2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Blizard ◽  
Arimantas Lionikas ◽  
David J. Vandenbergh ◽  
Terrie Vasilopoulos ◽  
Glenn S. Gerhard ◽  
...  

A quantitative trait locus (QTL) approach was used to define the genetic architecture underlying variation in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR), measured indirectly on seven occasions by the tail cuff procedure. The tests were conducted in 395 F2 adult mice (197 males, 198 females) derived from a cross of the C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains and in 22 BXD recombinant-inbred (RI) strains. Interval mapping of F2 data for the first 5 days of measurement nominated one statistically significant and one suggestive QTL for SBP on chromosomes (Chr) 4 and 14, respectively, and two statistically significant QTL for HR on Chr 1 (which was specific to female mice) and Chr 5. New suggestive QTL emerged for SBP on Chr 3 (female-specific) and 8 and for HR on Chr 11 for measurements recorded several weeks after mice had undergone stressful blood sampling procedures. The two statistically significant HR QTL were confirmed by analyses of BXD RI strain means. Male and female F2 mice did not differ in SBP or HR but RI strain analyses showed pronounced strain-by-sex interactions and a negative genetic correlation between the two measures in both sexes. Evidence for a role for mitochondrial DNA was found for both HR and SBP. QTL for HR and SBP may differ in males and females and may be sensitive to different environmental contexts.


2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon C. Bleich ◽  
Jericho C. Whiting ◽  
John G. Kie ◽  
R. Terry Bowyer

Context Little is known about the consequences of sexual segregation (differential use of resources by the sexes outside of the mating season) for the conservation of large mammals. Roadways (i.e. the strip of land over which a road or route passes) are ubiquitous around the world, and are a major cause of wildlife mortality, as well as habitat loss and fragmentation. Many populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) occur at low densities and in a metapopulation structure. Roadways could affect movements of males and females differentially, an outcome that has not been considered previously. Aims We investigated the propensity of the sexes to cross a paved two-lane road and a single-lane, maintained dirt route and predicted that adult males, because of their life-history characteristics, would cross those roadways more often than females. Methods We investigated movements of male and female bighorn sheep from 1986 to 1990. We used a fixed-wing aircraft with an H-antenna on each wing strut to locate individuals each week from October 1986 to December 1990. We estimated the degree of overlap among 50% core areas of use by males and females with the utilisation distribution overlap index (UDOI). Key results We relocated male and female bighorn sheep on 948 occasions during sexual aggregation and on 1951 occasions during sexual segregation. More males than females were likely to cross both types of roadways during segregation, and the dirt route during aggregation. Propensity of males and females to cross roadways was strongly influenced by time of year (i.e. whether the period of sexual aggregation or sexual segregation). The lowest overlap in 50% core areas was between females and males during periods of segregation (UDOI = 0.1447). Conclusions More males than females crossed Kelbaker Road and the unnamed dirt route during segregation, as well as the unnamed route during aggregation. Both of those features could affect males more than females, and could result in reductions in the use of habitat or increased mortality of bighorn sheep from vehicle collisions as a result of spatial segregation of the sexes. Implications During environmental review, biologists should consider sexual segregation when assessing potential anthropogenic effects on movements of bighorn sheep. Biologists also should consider sexual segregation and how roadways, even lightly traveled routes, affect movements of male and female ungulates differently before manipulating habitat, translocating animals, or constructing or modifying roadways.


1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1576-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara L. Ridgway ◽  
François Chapleau

A reported case of stunting was examined in a population of yellow perch, Perca flavescens, from a monospecific lake (Lac du Printemps) in Gatineau Park, Quebec. In total, 516 specimens were sampled in early October 1992. Females grew significantly faster than males, and also attained a greater length and age (241 mm, 10 years) than males (172 mm, 7 years). Compared with other populations in Quebec, the growth rate of this population was well below average; age-classes converged towards a similar size at earlier ages; the maximum age attained by males was less than average for the species, and males and females reached sexual maturity at an earlier age (0+ and 1+, respectively). These results are consistent with those found in stunted populations. Males aged 0+ had an average gonadosomatic index of 9.3%, which is one of the highest ever reported for this species. The index decreased gradually with age. Fish were absent from the stomach contents of 300 specimens examined. Owing to their large size, young-of-the-year yellow perch were not preyed upon by older perch at that time of year. The lack of availability of fish prey may contribute to the stunted state of this population. Other contributing factors are intraspecific competition and the absence of top predators in the population. A comparison of the population in 1981 and 1992 indicated that it has been stunted for at least a decade.


Author(s):  
D.W. Sims ◽  
E.J. Southall ◽  
D.A. Merrett ◽  
J. Sanders

The surface-swimming duration of basking sharks (Cetorhinus maximus) was determined in the western English Channel from May to July over a five-year period. Surface duration showed marked variation from 0·17 to 1·45 h over the short time period from late May to mid-June. Stepwise multiple regression was used to identify any relationships between surface-swimming duration and time of day, daily sea surface temperature (SST), and zooplankton density. There was no support for any effects of SST or two measures of zooplankton density (median and maximum densities). However, there were significant relationships for surface duration with time of day and minimum zooplankton density (r2=0·50) indicating basking sharks respond to the abundance of prey and its temporal availability. This suggests that the probability of sighting sharks at the surface will vary depending on the diel period and the surface abundance of zooplankton.


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