Passage of maternal immunoglobulins to the pouch young of a marsupial. Setonix brachyurus

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Yadav ◽  
M Eadie
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Milk Whey ◽  
Serum Immunoglobulins ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Uterine Fluid

Prenatal and precolostral newborn quokkas, S. brachyurus, had no immunoglobulins in their serum. Immunoglobulins were not detected in the yolk-sac fluid, the amniotic fluid, or the allantoic fluid, but were present in the uterine fluid, the colostrum, and milk whey. Immunoglobulins were present in the serum of neonatal quokkas that had suckled for at least 24 hr. Initial immunization of a female with Salmonella adelaide flagella and bacteriophage 0 x 174 antigen resulted in high titres of antibodies in her blood 1 week later, but there was a lag of less than 1 week before anti-S. adelaide agglutinins and a lag of 2 weeks before antiphage antibodies were detectable in the serum of the suckling pouch young. A further delay of 2 weeks occurred before serum antibody titres were as high in pouch young as they were in the mother. At no time in development did antibody titres in the sera of pouch young exceed those of the mother. The ability to absorb antibody in the gut ceased 2-3 weeks after the 6-month-old young left the pouch.

scholarly journals Virus-specific memory T cell responses unmasked by immune checkpoint blockade cause hepatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Hutchinson ◽  
Katharina Kronenberg ◽  
Paloma Riquelme ◽  
Jürgen J. Wenzel ◽  
Gunther Glehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Specific Memory ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
After Cancer

AbstractTreatment of advanced melanoma with combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade commonly causes serious immune-mediated complications. Here, we identify a subset of patients predisposed to immune checkpoint blockade-related hepatitis who are distinguished by chronic expansion of effector memory CD4+ T cells (TEM cells). Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM cell expansion occurs primarily during autumn or winter in patients with metastatic disease and high cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific serum antibody titres. These clinical features implicate metastasis-dependent, compartmentalised CMV reactivation as the cause of CD4+ TEM expansion. Pre-therapy CD4+ TEM expansion predicts hepatitis in CMV-seropositive patients, opening possibilities for avoidance or prevention. 3 of 4 patients with pre-treatment CD4+ TEM expansion who received αPD-1 monotherapy instead of αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. 4 of 4 patients with baseline CD4+ TEM expansion given prophylactic valganciclovir and αPD-1/αCTLA-4 therapy remained hepatitis-free. Our findings exemplify how pathogen exposure can shape clinical reactions after cancer therapy and how this insight leads to therapeutic innovations.

The Development of the Embryo and Membranes of the Humpback Whale, Megaptera nodosa (Bonnaterre)

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
CW Stump ◽  
JP Robins ◽  
ML Garde
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Uterine Cavity ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Chorionic Villi ◽  
Suspensory Ligament ◽  
Foetal Membranes ◽  
Uterine Fluid ◽  
Tubular Form

The material consists of 20 embryos (5-30 mm) and two foetuses (63 mm and 90 mm) collected at whaling stations on Moreton and Norfolk Islands (latitude 27� 11'S. and 29� 5' S. respectively) during late August, September, and early October in 1952-53-54 and 1956. The consecutive series permitted the study of membrane formation and organogenesis. Younger embryos are found in grooves between the folds of endometrium in a constant site in that uterine horn associated with the ovary containing the recent corpus luteum. Older embryos and the early foetus are adapted to lie freely in the uterine fluid, and are devoid of any mechanism for apposition or attachment to the endometrium. Variation in the sequence of the association of the components of the umbilical cord provides suspensory structures for the amnion and yolk sac, and for the embryo a bifid ligament, retained in the early foetus for attachment of the foetal membranes. In the younger foetus the allantoic duct drains the nephric secretion into the uterine cavity. In the older foetus chorionic villi are present. The bifid suspensory ligament forms the major part of the distal region of the umbilical cord. The allantoic duct is reunited with the allantoic sac. Amniogenesis is by folding. During the embryonic period the chorio-amniotic connection forms a suspensory ligament. The yolk sac, attached by a novel ligament to the amnion, is large and functional in the embryo. In the foetus vascular splanchnopleure is present in a tubular form. A rete system develops in the embryo.

scholarly journals QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS STRAINS

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Friedewald
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Cell Adsorption ◽  
Virus Strains

A study of the PR8, Christie, Talmey, W.S., and swine strains of influenza A virus by means of antibody absorption tests revealed the following findings: 1. Serum antibody could be specifically absorbed with allantoic fluid containing influenza virus or, more effectively, with concentrated suspensions of virus obtained from allantoic fluid by high-speed centrifugation or by the red cell adsorption and elution technique. Normal allantoic fluid, or the centrifugalized sediment therefrom, failed to absorb antibodies. Influenza B virus (Lee) caused no detectable absorption of antibody from antisera directed against influenza A virus strains, but it specifically absorbed antibody from Lee antisera. 2. The neutralizing, agglutination-inhibiting, and complement-fixing anti-bodies in ferret antisera were completely absorbed only by the homologous virus strain, even though 2 absorptions were carried out with large amounts of heterologous virus strains. 3. PR8 virus appeared to have the broadest range of specific antigenic components for it completely absorbed the heterologous antibodies in Christie and W.S. antisera and left only those antibodies which reacted with the respective homologous strains. The other virus strains (Christie, Talmey, W.S., swine) were more specific in the absorption of heterologous antibodies and completely removed only those antibodies which reacted with the absorbing virus. 4. The absorption tests revealed a higher degree of specificity and individuality of the virus strains than the various cross reactions previously reported. The strain specificity of PR8 virus was equally manifest in absorption tests with ferret sera and with human sera following vaccination. 5. The amount of homologous antibody remaining in a PR8 ferret serum after absorption with PR8 virus, obtained by the red cell adsorption and elution method, varied inversely as the concentration of virus used for absorption. A given concentration of virus, however, absorbed a greater percentage of neutralizing antibodies than either agglutination-inhibiting or complement-fixing antibodies.

Persistent seropositivity in oophorectomy-resistant anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. e241878
Author(s):  
Susmit Tripathi ◽  
Nara M Michaelson ◽  
Alan Segal
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Disease Patient ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
High Serum ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
Resistant Disease ◽  
Nmdar Encephalitis ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Case Basis

To discuss (1) the significance of seropositivity in anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis and (2) clinical decision making in oophorectomy resistant disease. Patient A (a 35-year-old woman) had high CSF and serum anti-NMDA antibody titres, a complicated hospital course, little improvement with first and second-line therapies, and remained with high CSF and serum antibody titres despite unilateral oophorectomy, requiring a nearly 13-month long hospitalisation. Conversely, patient B (a 29-year-old woman) had low CSF titres, seronegative disease and quickly recovered to her baseline with first line therapies and oophorectomy. Anti-NMDAR antibodies are themselves pathological, causing signalling dysfunction and internalisation of the NMDAR. Seropositivity with anti-NMDAR antibodies likely reflects leakage from the blood–brain barrier, with high serum titres being a downstream effect of high CSF titres. Empiric bilateral oophorectomies is controversial but appropriate on a case-by-case basis in extremely treatment-resistant NMDAR encephalitis given the possibility of antigenic microteratomas, which may not be detected on imaging or even bilateral ovarian biopsies.

Anti-NMDAR encephalitis presenting after immature teratoma resection

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e244637
Author(s):  
Deandra Kimberly Chetram ◽  
Kelsey Pan ◽  
Aisha Elfasi ◽  
Merry Markham
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Immature Teratoma ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Intravenous Methylprednisolone ◽  
Nmda Receptor Encephalitis ◽  
Positive Serum ◽  
Antibody Titres ◽  
Significant Clinical Improvement

This is a case of a young woman who developed neurological and psychiatric symptoms 3 days after resection of an immature teratoma. She was diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis via positive serum antibody titres, which was later confirmed with cerebrospinal fluid antibody titres. Given her cancer diagnosis, she underwent treatment with bleomycin, etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy in addition to 5 days of high-dose steroids (1 g of intravenous methylprednisolone) for the encephalitis. This treatment regimen led to significant clinical improvement 3 weeks after completion of one cycle of chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Uterine fluid composition of the dwarf ornate wobbegong shark (Orectolobus ornatus) during gestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan T. Ellis ◽  
Nicholas M. Otway
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Reproductive Strategies ◽  
Yolk Sac ◽  
Gestation Period ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Complex Composition ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Uterine Fluid ◽  
Low Levels

Low fecundity in chondrichthyans makes them extremely susceptible to fishing, so understanding the various reproductive strategies in this group is vital for management. Knowledge of the uterine fluid (UF) composition throughout gestation is fundamental to this understanding, yet is restricted to a few species. This study focussed on the UF composition of the wobbegong (Orectolobus ornatus), which inhabits coastal waters off eastern Australia. The UF was quantified throughout pregnancy. Fluids surrounding uterine eggs had a complex composition, with mean urea (98.48 mmol L–1), sodium (560.25 mmol L–1) and potassium (13.93 mmol L–1) concentrations significantly greater than those in seawater. A change in composition, from complex to simple, occurred after 3–4 months gestation. Major electrolyte concentrations then resembled seawater for the remainder of gestation, suggesting the flushing of the uteri with seawater and evidenced by fluctuating low levels of urea. The gestation period reflected the time for metabolism of yolk stores, osmotic and ionic adjustment, development of functioning immunological systems and prevention of external yolk sac damage. Our study is the first documentation of UF composition for a wobbegong shark and increases understanding of its reproductive biology.

Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine expressing the Neospora caninum surface protein NcSRS2 in mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhanzhong Zhao ◽  
Jun Ding ◽  
Qun Liu ◽  
Ming Wang ◽  
Jinshu Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dna Vaccine ◽  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mammalian Expression ◽  
Antibody Titres

The immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine expressing the surface protein NcSRS2 of Neospora caninum was studied in BALB/c mice. The NcSRS2-encoding DNA was obtained by PCR amplification of the NcSRS2 ORF gene from the p43 plasmid encoding the N. caninum surface protein NcSRS2, ligated to the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+) and propagated in E. coli DH5α to produce the N. caninum NcSRS2 DNA vaccine. BALB/c mice were immunised by two intramuscular injections of the DNA vaccine with or without complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA). Serum antibody titres and nitric oxide (NO) concentrations, and splenocyte proliferation and cytokine expression were measured after immunisation. The DNA vaccine induced T-cell-mediated immunity as shown by significantly increased NO concentrations, cytokine gene (IL-2 and IFN-γ) expression, and NcSRS2 protein-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in mice immunised with the DNA vaccine. The vaccine also induced weak humoral immunity. The immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine was slightly enhanced by CFA. The immune response was specific to NcSRS2. No immune response was observed in mice immunised with the pcDNA3.1/Zeo(+) vector alone.

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