Size and growth of viscer in the southern elephant seal, Mirounga leonina (L.)

1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Mirounga Leonina ◽  
Growth Phases ◽  
Elephant Seals

Relative size and relative growth of the viscera of elephant seals ranging in age from birth to 16 yr were studied. Individual organs were measured and weighed within an hour of death. The data were subjected to regression analyses, making use of the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation. Fat-free body weight was the independent variable in the analyses, to avoid apparent growth patterns which could be attributable to large fluctuations in the body fat only. The relative weight data established normal values for organ weight in elephant seals in different phases of growth, although it was recognized that relative weight did change within growth phases in some organs, i.e, those whose growth coefficient was significantly greater or less than 1.000. Changes of relative weight of some organs were particularly marked in phase 1 of growth (suckling phase), when very rapid body weight growth occurred. The relative size of most organs was similar to that in other mammals. The stomach was relatively smaller than other carnivore stomachs, and the liver was relatively larger than in terrestrial mammals but similar to that in cetaceans. The relative length and weight of the small intestine were very much greater than in other carnivores. The spleen was relatively very large. The possible reasons for the difference in relative size of these organs in elephant seals and other mammals are discussed. Growth gradients of most organs did not alter significantly between or within growth phases. Exceptions to this pattern were noted and illustrated for the stomach, liver, pancreas, heart, reproductive tract, and eyes. The interpretation of the growth patterns of different organs was that changes in growth gradients occurred in those organs whose functional significance changed during postnatal life. The functional significance of most organs did not alter markedly within or between growth phases, and in those organs no change in growth pattern occurred throughout postnatal life.

Relative growth of the major body componrnts of the southern elephant seal. Mirounga leonina (L.)

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Bryden
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Elephant Seal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Postnatal Life ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Mirounga Leonina ◽  
Suckling Period ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Body Components

Relative growth of the main body components (fat, muscle, bone, viscera, and skin) is dealt with in detail, particularly in animals which had not attained nutritional independence; a period of accelerated growth in these animals was followed by a complete fast of 5-7 weeks. Seal pups more than trebled their birth weight over the 23-day suckling period, a high percentage of this increase being attributed to deposition of the blubber. During the postweaning fast, muscle, fat, and viscera were lost at a rate similar to the rate of gain during the suckling period, whereas bone and skin did not alter significantly in weight during the fasting phase. After the pups attained nutritional independence, the main body components grew at the same rate as body weight, except that in males at puberty muscle weight increased relatively more quickly than the body weight, and at the expense of bone and viscera. Developmental patterns within the musculature were studied by dissecting the muscles individually, and grouping them according to anatomical location into 10 muscle groups. The development of the musculature during the suckling period tended to be reversed during the postweaning fast. During these two phases, elephant seal pups remained on land most of the time. Developmental changes in the musculature occurred after the seal entered the water, and were modified slightly in sexually mature bulls. These changes are associated with the ecology of this group of animals. Evidence is given that developmental changes within the musculature occurred in response to functional requirements, and it is proposed that this could be brought about by alteration of growth gradients, which are not necessarily reversible during body weight loss. Individually dissected bones were allotted to one of five major anatomical groups, and the weight of the bone groups expressed as a percentage of the total bone weight was used in assessing the results of the changes in bone weight distribution with age. The weight of the bone groups was compared with the corresponding groups in new-born animals. It was found that those bones which are most important structurally (enabling the seal to meet the demands placed on it by the force of gravity) grew most during postnatal life, and that developmental changes in the skeleton occurred in response to functional demands. The winter "rest" periods that immature animals spend ashore are apparently necessary to direct the development of the growing animal to meet these structural demands when it hauls out on land, which it must do later in life to moult and to breed.

scholarly journals Changing the relative size of the body parts of Drosophila by selection

1962 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forbes W. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
High Ratio ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mass Selection ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Thorax Length

1. Mass selection for both high- and low-ratio of wing to thorax length has been carried out on a population of Drosophila melanogaster. The response to selection was immediate and sustained. When the experiment was stopped after ten generations, the wing area in the two selected lines differed by about 30%. The heritability estimate worked out at 0·56 ± 0·08.2. Thorax length remained comparatively unchanged during selection nor was there any change in wing shape. There was some evidence of assymetry of response since there was a relatively greater change in favour of smaller rather than larger size.3. The tibia length of all pairs of legs showed correlated changes so that the lines with larger or smaller wing sizes had also larger and smaller legs.4. The normal allometric relation between wing and thorax length, associated with variation in body-size, apparently also changed, so that for a given change in thorax length there was a greater or smaller proportional change in wing size in the high- or low-ratio lines.5. The changes in relative wing size are due to changes in cell number.6. It is suggested that the genetic changes due to selection act in the early pupal period when the imaginal discs are undergoing differentiation and proliferation to form imaginal hypoderm and appendages.7. Tests of genetic behaviour failed to show any departure from additivity in crosses which involved the unselected population and the high-ratio line. But highly significant departures existed in the cross to the low-ratio line. Relatively smaller wing size behaves as largely recessive. Stability of the normal wing/thorax ratio involves dominance and probably also epistasis. The genetic properties of the relative size of the appendage are apparently similar to those which characterize body-size as a whole.8. It is suggested that selection provides a valuable tool for studying the constancy or lability of the growth patterns which determine morphology.

Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii (Miq.) Miq. stem bark in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
EL Lappa ◽  
◽  
C Bogning Zangueu ◽  
EL Nguemfo ◽  
JJ Kojom Wanche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats

Ficus vogelii is a medicinal plant mainly found in tropical Africa and reported to treat inflammatory complaints. This study aims to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii stem bark in wistar rats. For acute study, aqueous extract at a single dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight was administered to female rats and observed for 14 days. In the sub-chronic study, the extract was administered daily to both sex rats at the doses of 100, 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg body weight for 28 consecutive days. Body weight was measured weekly, while hematological, biochemical, and histopathological parameters were analyzed after euthanize. Aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii at all tested doses didn’t produced any mortality or significant change on the body weight and relative weight of rats on acute and sub-chronic studies. The lethal dose 50 was estimated greater than 5000 mg/kg (DL50˃5000 mg/kg). Hematological parameters were recorded non-significant in all treated rats. Aqueous extract at 600 mg/kg significantly changed transaminases and alkaline phosphatase activities, these changes were reversible in satellites. The concentrations of bilirubin was increased at 200 and 600 mg/kg in male rats, at 100, 400 mg/kg in female rats. The levels of lipids markers didn’t changed, except the significant decrease of LDL-cholesterol. Histological examination didn’t showed any change in the architecture of the liver and kidney of rats treated compared to control. Thus aqueous extract of Ficus vogelii stem bark didn’t produced adverse effects in rats after oral acute and sub-chronic treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of Salvia officinalis and S. sclarea on rats with a high-fat hypercaloric diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-563
Author(s):  
M. A. Lieshchova ◽  
A. A. Bohomaz ◽  
V. V. Brygadyrenko
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Excess Body Weight ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Hypercaloric Diet

Phytotherapy for the correction of excess body weight is widely used. However, a comprehensive study of herbal preparations on the organism of model animals has been carried out only for a few plant species. Supplementing the diet of rats with closely related sage species (Salvia officinalis L. and S. sclarea L.) against the background of high-fat hypercaloric diet triggered multidirectional changes in their metabolism. The addition of crushed dry shoots of S. officinalis to the diet of animals led to a sharp increase in their body weight (up to 130.8% of the initial one in 30 days of the experiment). The body weight of the rats treated with S. sclarea for 30 days increased only up to 103.8% of their initial weight and was lower than in the control group. Addition of S. officinalis caused an increase in daily weight gain up to 253.1% of the control group, and S. sclarea – its decrease to 27.8% of the daily weight gain in the control group. In the S. officinalis group, the relative weight of the brain, spleen, and thymus decreased, while in the S. sclarea group, the relative weight of the thymus decreased and that of the colon increased. Under the influence of S. officinalis, the concentration of urea, total bilirubin, and triglycerides in the blood plasma of male rats decreased and the concentration of total protein and the activity of alkaline phosphatase increased. While consuming S. sclarea shoots, there was an increase of alkaline phosphatase activity in the rats’ blood, but atherogenic index (23.1% of the level of the control group) sharply dropped due to an increase in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (286.9% of the control) and a decrease in the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (67.7% of control). In rats feeding on S. sclarea shoots, we observed a decrease in the concentration of triglycerides in the blood (39.9% of the control), a decrease in the activity of gamma-glutamyl transferase (62.8%), and an increase in the Ca/P ratio (132.5% of the control group). No significant changes were observed in CBC and WBC differential of male rats when eating S. officinalis and S. sclarea shoots. According to the results of the open field test, the physical and orientational activity of male rats under the influence of S. officinalis significantly decreased by the end of the experiment. Emotional status of rats, on the contrary, decreased when they ate dry crushed shoots of S. sclarea in the composition of the food. Thus, excess body weight of rats in the conditions of hypercaloric diet led to more pronounced deviations from the norm while consuming dry crushed shoots of S. officinalis. The addition of S. sclarea dry crushed shoots to the animals’ diet normalized the body weight in comparison with the control group, reduced the negative manifestations of obesity at the biochemical and organismal levels. In this regard, the substances that contains S. sclarea should be carefully studied for anti-atherosclerotic activity, and tea supplemented with S. sclarea shoots can be recommended as a corrective supplement in the diet of overweight people.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penambahan Enzim Fitase Pada Ransum terhadap Berat Relatif Organ Pencernaan Ayam Broiler

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-41
Author(s):  
Meisji Liana Sari ◽  
F. Gurki N Ginting
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poultry Feed ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Pancreas Weight

The effect of supplementation phytase enzyme into poultry feed on the relative weight of broiler's digestive organs ABSTRACT. The objective of this research was to know the effect of enzim phytase supplementation on relative organ digestion broiler. The research was done for weeks at Animal Fees and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University in Mei to Juni 2008 utilized. A Completely Randomized Design with 6 treatments {P0 (100% basal diet), P1 (100% basal diet + 500 FTU/kg), P2 (100% basal diet + 600 FTU/kg), P3 (100% basal diet + 700 FTU/kg), P4 (100% basal diet + 800 FTU/kg),P5 (100% basal diet + 900 FTU/kg)}. Each treatments was replicated for 3 times. The parameters are final body weight, (%) proventrikulus, (%) relatif intestine, (%) pancreas and (%) liver weigh broiler chickens . The research showed that adding enzim phytase has join no significant effect (P0.05) on the body, liver, proventrikulus, ventrikulus weight, bur it showed significant effect on relative intestines and pancreas weight (P0.05) of broiler chickens . the average weight of body weight was 1117.50-1873.00 gram, proventrikulus was 0,44-0,64% ventrikulus was 1.30-2.32%, intestine was 2.74-4.39%, pancreas was 0,21-0,32% and liver was 2,35-3.01%.

scholarly journals Influence of iron (IV) clathrochelate complexon quail blood parameters and weight characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-131
Author(s):  
V. B. Dukhnitsky ◽  
I. M. Derkach ◽  
S. S. Derkach ◽  
I. O. Fritsky ◽  
M. O. Plutenko
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Excessive Load ◽  
Physiological Values ◽  
Clathrochelate Complexes

We studied the chronic toxicity of the compounds of Iron(iv). We monitored the dynamics of the body weight, relative weight coefficients of the internal organs, the content of the hemoglobin, the morphological parameters of blood, and biochemical parameters of serum of blood of quails after use of Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes at the doses 1/10 and 1/5 DL50 them for 30 days. Daily drinking of quails of experimental groups of solution of Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes3 at the doses 76.43 and 152.86 mg/kg of body weight caused the reduction of body weight by 3 and 5% respectively on the thirtieth day. A tendency to increase the relative weight of the kidneys and to decrease the relative weight of the liver, heart and spleen showed an excessive load of Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes on the internal organs of quails. Hemoglobin in the blood of the quails of the experimental groups was less by 2-34% (P 0.05) than the control indicator but the indicator of the number of erythrocytes in the quails of the control and experimental groups for 30 days was within the physiological values. The use of Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes caused the development of hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and short-term hypoglycemia in the serum of the blood of the quails of the experimental groups. Changes in an activity of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase for 30 days were not expressed, but the activity of alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher compared to the control indicators during the experimental period. Drinking the solution of Iron(IV) clathrochelate complexes caused hypercreatinemia and hyperuricemia, which indicates a decrease in the filtration capacity of the kidney glomeruli. We have seen an increase in the levels total Calcium and inorganic Phosphorus.

Effect of microbial proteases on the performance and carcass traits in commercial broilers fed maize-soy bean meal -meat cum bone meal based diets

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Srilatha ◽  
V. Ravinder Reddy ◽  
V. Chinni Preetam ◽  
S. V. Rama Rao ◽  
Y. Ramana Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alkaline Proteases ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Low Protein

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effective combinations of proteases (acid, neutral and alkaline) and their concentrations on performance and carcass traits in commercial broilers fed on diets containing sub-optimal protein levels. A total of 320 broilers were used in completely randomized design with eight treatments with eight replicates in each treatment and 5chicks in each replicate. Maize-soybean meal (CD) and maize-soybean-meat cum bone meal (BD) based diets were formulated to contain 23, 21 and 19.5% crude protein (CP) and 19.5,18 and 17.5% CP, respectively during pre-starter (1-11 d), starter (12-28d) and finisher (29-42d) phases. All the diets were fed adlibitum from 1d to 42 d of age. The low protein BD were supplemented with two different combinations of proteases (1:1:1 and 2:1:1 acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases, respectively) with total activity of 2000, 4000 and 6000u/kg.The results revealed that the broilers fed CD had significantly higher body weight gain compared to those fed BD. Supplementation of proteases to the BD significantly (P LESS THAN 0.05) improved the body weight gain and feed efficiency during 21 d of age, but not during the latter phase ( 42 d of age) of growth. The broilers fed on CD had significantly (P less than 0.05) higher ready to cook and breast yields compared to those fed the BD or BD with protease supplementation. The relative weight of abdominal fat was significantly (P less than 0.05) reduced in broilers fed BD with 1:1:1 (acidic, neutral and alkaline proteases) at 4000 u protease / kg diet as compared to BD. It is suggested that addition of proteases to low protein diets had a significant positive effect in young chicken fed on maize-soybean meal and -meat and bone meal based diets.

scholarly journals Energy intake, physical activity and body weight: a simulation model

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Jeroen H. H. L. M. Donkers ◽  
Elisabeth W. H. M. Fredrix ◽  
Piet oekhoudt
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass

In adults, body mass (BM) and its components fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) are normally regulated at a constant level. Changes in FM and FFM are dependent on energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). The body defends itself against an imbalance between EI and EE by adjusting, within limits, the one to the other. When, at a given EI or EE, energy balance cannot be reached, FM and FFM will change, eventually resulting in an energy balance at a new value. A model is described which simulates changes in FM and FFM using EI and physical activity (PA) as input variables. EI can be set at a chosen value or calculated from dietary intake with a database on the net energy of foods. PA can be set at a chosen multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or calculated from the activity budget with a database on the energy cost of activities in multiples of BMR. BMR is calculated from FFM and FM and, if necessary, FFM is calculated from BM, height, sex and age, using empirical equations. The model uses existing knowledge on the adaptation of energy expenditure (EE) to an imbalance between EI and EE, and to resulting changes in FM and FFM. Mobilization and storage of energy as FM and FFM are functions of the relative size of the deficit (EI/EE) and of the body composition. The model was validated with three recent studies measuring EE at a fixed EI during an interval with energy restriction, overfeeding and exercise training respectively. Discrepancies between observed and simulated changes in energy stores were within the measurement precision of EI, EE and body composition. Thus the consequences of a change in dietary intake or a change in physical activity on body weight and body composition can be simulated.

scholarly journals CELECOXIB

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Sadia Sundus ◽  
Nazia Qamar ◽  
Raheela Adil ◽  
Muhammad Faisal Fahim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
General Architecture

Objective: To observe the absolute, relative weight of kidney and body weightof albino rats on celecoxib induced kidney with protection by lycopene. Study Design:Experimental study. Place and Duration of study: This study was conducted in BMSI (Anatomydepartment), JPMC, Karachi, from 4th May 2015 to 3rd June 2015. Materials and Methods: Fortyhealthy adult, male Albino rats, 90-120 days old, weighing 200-220gm was taken for the study.The rats were divided into 4 groups, Group A was control group, Group B receive Celecoxib 50mg/kg body weight orally, Group C receive Celecoxib 50 mg/kg body weight orally along withlycopene50 mg/kg body weight orally and Group D receive lycopene 50 mg/kg body weightorally for 30 days. At the end of study rats were sacrificed and renal tissue sections were stainedwith hematoxylin and eosin. Results: Markedly decreased weight was observed in rats takingcelecoxib. Slides which were stained with hematoxylin and eosinshowed general architecture ofrenal parenchyma, shape and arrangement of epithelial cells. Apoptosis, hemorrhage, necrosisand vacuolation seen in Celecoxib group, whereas renal architecture were ameliorated andreverted back in celecoxib along with lycopene receiving group. Conclusion: This studyconcludes that lycopene restored the body weight, absolute and relative kidney weight incelecoxib treated group.

scholarly journals A study of the Effect of Adding the Water of the Anise Seeds PimpinellaAnisuml to the Drinking Water on the Characteristics of the Body Weight and Some Carcass Characteristics of the Birds of Quail at the Age of Four and Six Weeks.

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hussein Khalil al-Hilali ◽  
Zahra Muhammad Najm al-Badri
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Carcass Cuts

This experiment has been conducted in agricultural research and experiences of the college of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna station for the period 07/22/2014 - 11/22/2015 in order to study the effect of adding the aquase dressing of anise seed to the drinking water on the body weight dressing percentages, relative weight of carcass cuts (Breast,thigh,hack ,wing and neck) in which 3males and 3females have been slaughterin all treatment . A total of 256 of one day old quails chicks were randomly allocated into four treatment groups. The Results show that the addition of aqueous extract of anise seeds with a significant effect (P <0.05) in vivo weight and carcass weight and percentages for weights Qtaiat carcass (chest, thighs, back, wings, neck) at the age of (6.4 weeks) . The results also show that gender has a significant effect on the studied traits

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