Novel Protonephridial Filtration Apparatus in Cylindrostoma fingalianum, Allostoma sp. and Pseudostomum quadrioculatum (Platyhelminthes: Prolecithophora)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki A. Watson ◽  
Klaus Rohde
Keyword(s):  
Septate Junction ◽  
Terminal Cell ◽  
Cylinder Wall ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Cell Column ◽  
Longitudinal Ribs ◽  
The Family ◽  
Filtration Apparatus ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution

The diverse types of protonephridial filtration apparatus in the Platyhelminthes provide valuable characters for phylogenetic resolution, yet only one species from the order Prolecithophora has previously been studied. We examined three further species, two belonging to the family Cylindrostomidae and one from the Pseudostomidae, and found a novel arrangement consisting of scattered, short filtration slits in the cytoplasmic cylinder of the terminal cell surrounding the flame of cilia. In these species there are no regular, longitudinal ‘ribs’, such as are found in many other platyhelminth taxa, nor bundles of supporting microtubules in the cylinder wall, and cilia arise at various levels throughout the long terminal cell column rather than in a group at the base of the flame, as is found in most other taxa. The perikaryon lies adjacent to the flame, the wall surrounding the lumen is strengthened by long, cross-striated ciliary rootlets, and the terminal cell is joined to the proximal canal by a septate junction. This simple type of filtration structure bears some resemblance to that found in Tricladida, but is distinctly different from that described in another prolecithophoran, Archimonotresis limophila (Protomonotresidae). This suggests that there may be a fundamental division within the Prolecithophora with regard to protonephridial filtration structures.

Genetic and morphological data support placement of Myrmotherula gularis (Spix) in the monotypic genus Rhopias Cabanis and Heine (Aves: Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3451 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RICARDO BELMONTE-LOPES ◽  
GUSTAVO A. BRAVO ◽  
MARCOS R. BORNSCHEIN ◽  
GIOVANNI N. MAURÍCIO ◽  
MARCIO R. PIE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Character State ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Ancestral Reconstruction ◽  
The Family ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities

Recent DNA-based phylogenetic analyses of the family Thamnophilidae have shown that the genus Myrmotherula is polyphyletic. Traditional plumage-based taxonomy has been misleading in terms of identifying independently evolving lineages within the complex. Here, we integrate a molecular phylogeny with morphometric information and ancestral reconstruction of syringeal character states of the Musculi vocales ventrales, to investigate the taxonomic position of M. gularis, a species for which phylogenetic affinities have long been uncertain. We show that M. gularis represents a long branch in the tribe Thamnophilini that is not closely related to any other member of the Myrmotherula complex. Its relationships within the tribe remain uncertain because of the lack of phylogenetic resolution at the base of the tribe. M. gularis shares a derived character state of the M. vocalis ventralis with Taraba, Hypoedaleus, and Mackenziaena, which supports a close relationship between M. gularis and the large antshrikes. M. gularis can be diagnosed from Myrmotherula and Epinecrophylla by this condition of its M. vocalis ventralis, and from Isleria by plumage and other morphological traits. The phylogenetic and morphological distinctiveness of M. gularis does not warrant merging it into any other genus. We propose that this species be placed in a monotypic genus, for which the available name Rhopias applies.

Enzyme electrophoresis, 18S rRNA sequences, and levels of phylogenetic resolution among several species of freshwater planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Paludicola)

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1425-1439 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Riutort ◽  
K. G. Field ◽  
J. M. Turbeville ◽  
R. A. Raff ◽  
J. Baguña
Keyword(s):  
18S Rrna ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Enzyme Polymorphism ◽  
The Other ◽  
Enzyme Electrophoresis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
Rrna Sequences

Enzyme polymorphism and 18S rRNA sequences have been used to measure genetic distances between several species of Platyhelminthes belonging to different taxa including freshwater and parasitic forms. We have used these data to address unresolved phylogenetic and taxonomic problems with this group at several different levels ranging from phylum to subgenus. The main conclusions supported by the data seem to be the following: (i) 18S rRNA data strongly suggest that the Platyhelminthes are monophyletic, being a sister-group to the other Eubilateria; a similar conclusion applies to the Paludicola as to the rest of Platyhelminthes studied; (ii) 18S rRNA and enzyme data indicate that the family Dugesiidae of the Paludicola is monophyletic with respect to the other two families, Planariidae and Dendrocoelidae; and (iii) the subgenus Schmidtea of the genus Dugesia is monophyletic with respect to the other two subgenera of Dugesia, Dugesia and Girardia. Other aspects of the relationships of subgenera and families could not be satisfactorily resolved, but point to new problems that should be addressed in future studies, namely the taxonomic status of the family Planariidae and the relationships between the genera and subgenera of the family Dugesiidae.

Ultrastructure of the Protonephridia of Syndisyrinx-Punicea (Hickman, 1956) (Rhabdocoela, Umagillidae) and Pterastericola-Pellucida Jondelius, 1989 (Rhabdocoela, Pterastericolidae)

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Rohde ◽  
NA Watson ◽  
U Jondelius
Keyword(s):  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Septate Junction ◽  
Variable Size ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Similar Morphology ◽  
Longitudinal Ribs ◽  
Surface Cell

Many flame bulbs of Syndisyrinx punicea (Rhabdocoela: Umagillidae) are formed by one perikaryon containing many mitochondria and a reticulum of membranes mainly in its periphery. Large liquid-filled lacunae were seen in the perikaryon and adjacent to it. Flame bulbs are without junctions, without external and internal leptotriches; the weir consists of some indistinct longitudinal ribs of variable size arranged in a single row, and bundles of microtubules extend along the flame bulb. Cilia are tightly packed, with microtubules oriented identically. Many flame bulbs open into one capillary with a long convoluted, partly septate junction extending to the surface cell membrane, with many microtubules running parallel with the capillary, and lateral flames. In Pterastericola pellucida (Rhabdocoela: Pterastericolidae), flame bulbs and capillaries have a similar structure, but the reticulum is more extensive, and the ribs of the weir are more distinct. The structure of the flame bulbs supports the view (based on similar morphology and hosts) that the Umagillidae and the Pterastericolidae are closely related to each other, and are typical 'turbellarian' Rhabdocoela. Many flame bulbs connected to a single perikaryon, flame bulbs with a single row of longitudinal ribs and bundles of microtubules but lacking internal leptotriches and a septate junction are synapomorphic for the Rhabdocoela (excluding the Neodermata).

scholarly journals Exploration of Plastid Phylogenomic Conflict Yields New Insights into the Deep Relationships of Leguminosae

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Zhang ◽  
Yin-Huan Wang ◽  
Jian-Jun Jin ◽  
Gregory W Stull ◽  
Anne Bruneau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Plastome Evolution ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Phylogenomic analyses have helped resolve many recalcitrant relationships in the angiosperm tree of life, yet phylogenetic resolution of the backbone of the Leguminosae, one of the largest and most economically and ecologically important families, remains poor due to generally limited molecular data and incomplete taxon sampling of previous studies. Here, we resolve many of the Leguminosae’s thorniest nodes through comprehensive analysis of plastome-scale data using multiple modified coding and noncoding data sets of 187 species representing almost all major clades of the family. Additionally, we thoroughly characterize conflicting phylogenomic signal across the plastome in light of the family’s complex history of plastome evolution. Most analyses produced largely congruent topologies with strong statistical support and provided strong support for resolution of some long-controversial deep relationships among the early diverging lineages of the subfamilies Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae. The robust phylogenetic backbone reconstructed in this study establishes a framework for future studies on legume classification, evolution, and diversification. However, conflicting phylogenetic signal was detected and quantified at several key nodes that prevent the confident resolution of these nodes using plastome data alone. [Leguminosae; maximum likelihood; phylogenetic conflict; plastome; recalcitrant relationships; stochasticity; systematic error.]

Homoplasy and extinction: the phylogeny of cassidulid echinoids (Echinodermata)

2019 ◽  
Vol 187 (3) ◽  
pp. 622-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Souto ◽  
Rich Mooi ◽  
Luciana Martins ◽  
Carla Menegola ◽  
Charles R Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Novel Traits ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recent Species ◽  
Taxonomic Implications ◽  
High Diversity

Abstract Inclusion of fossils can be crucial to address evolutionary questions, because their unique morphology, often drastically modified in recent species, can improve phylogenetic resolution. We performed a cladistic analysis of 45 cassidulids with 98 characters, which resulted in 24 most parsimonious trees. The strict consensus recovers three major cassiduloid clades, and the monophyly of the family Cassidulidae is not supported. Ancillary analyses to determine the sensitivity of the phylogeny to missing data do not result in significantly different topologies. The taxonomic implications of these results, including the description of a new cassiduloid family and the evolution of some morphological features, are discussed. Cassiduloids (as defined here) most probably originated in the Early Cretaceous, and their evolutionary history has been dominated by high levels of homoplasy and a dearth of unique, novel traits. Despite their high diversity during the Palaeogene, there are only seven extant cassiduloid species, and three of these are relicts of lineages dating back to the Eocene. Future studies of the biology of these poorly known species, some of which brood their young, will yield further insights into the evolutionary history of this group.

scholarly journals Kolente virus, a rhabdovirus species isolated from ticks and bats in the Republic of Guinea

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
pp. 2609-2615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elodie Ghedin ◽  
Matthew B. Rogers ◽  
Steven G. Widen ◽  
Hilda Guzman ◽  
Amelia P. A. Travassos da Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Complete Genome Sequence ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Prototype Strain ◽  
Structural Proteins ◽  
Antigenic Relationship ◽  
Republic Of Guinea ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
The Republic

Kolente virus (KOLEV) is a rhabdovirus originally isolated from ticks and a bat in Guinea, West Africa, in 1985. Although tests at the time of isolation suggested that KOLEV is a novel rhabdovirus, it has remained largely uncharacterized. We assembled the complete genome sequence of the prototype strain DakAr K7292, which was found to encode the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with alternative ORFs (>180 nt) in the P and L genes. Serologically, KOLEV exhibited a weak antigenic relationship with Barur and Fukuoka viruses in the Kern Canyon group. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that KOLEV represents a distinct and divergent lineage that shows no clear relationship to any rhabdovirus except Oita virus, although with limited phylogenetic resolution. In summary, KOLEV represents a novel species in the family Rhabdoviridae.

Phylogenetic Relationships within Theinvertebrata in Relation to Thestructure of Septate Junctions and the development of ‘Occluding’ Junctional Types

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN R. GREEN ◽  
PATRICIA R. BERGQUIST
Keyword(s):  
Tight Junction ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Septate Junction ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Septate Junctions ◽  
Exterior Surface ◽  
Lanthanum Tracer ◽  
To Come

The structures of 13 variants of invertebrate septate junction are reviewed on the basis offreeze-fracture, lanthanum tracer and thin-section studies. In addition, a simple type ofoccluding junction in the phylum Porifera, a variation of tight junction in the phylum Tunicateand the vertebrate tight junction are covered. All the junctions considered form a belt around the apical circumference of cells lining a lumen or an exterior surface. The large number of these junctions now recognized permits discussion relating to invertebrate classification and suggested phylogenetic relationships, and to the development of intercellular junctions. The relationships revealed are discussed under three headings: Coelenterates and lower invertebrates, Proterostomia (the annelid, molluscan and arthropod lineage) and the Deuterostomia(the echinoderm and chordate lineage). It is proposed that the pleated septate junction of the lower invertebrates resembles that of the hydrozoan rather than anthozoan Coelenterates. This lower invertebrate pleated septate junction occurs in several lower invertebrate phyla including the Annelida (of the proterostome lineage), but also occurs in the Sipunculoidea, a group supposedly on the deuterostome lineage.The proterostome line includes the molluscs and the arthropods, which have the molluscarthropodpleated septate junction. Several variations of the smooth septate junction are alsoseen in Arthropoda. Among the deuterostomes the Chaetognatha have both a paired septatejunction and a pleated junction and are therefore considered to be not very far removed fromthe Sipunculoidea. The echinoderms and hemichordates also have double-septum septatejunctions. In addition however, these two phyla have anastomosing septate junctions thatare very similar, varying only in their final configuration. Of the two, the echinoderm anastomosingseptate junction most closely resembles the tight junction seen in the tunicates, and the Hemichordata are therefore considered to be a lateral development from the main lineof chordate evolution. The tunicates have a tight junction similar to that seen in vertebrates;it is however more ‘leaky’ and has distinctive freeze-fracture characteristics.In the phylum Porifera a form of simple parallel membrane junction appears to serve anoccluding function. This junction has regular intercellular spacing in the absence of any septaand it is suggested that the spacing in septate junctions is probably not dictated by the septa.This interpretation is reasonable particularly when the diversity of septal types in conjunctionwith stable intercellular spacing is considered. Finally, a theory is put forward suggesting thatin evolution a change from the septate to the tight junction could simply involve a modificationof a ‘membrane spacing factor’, which allows the membranes of adjacent cells to come together at intervals, in the normal tight junction pattern.

scholarly journals Novel gene rearrangement in the mitochondrial genome of Siliqua minima (Bivalvia, Adapedonta) and phylogenetic implications for Imparidentia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0249446
Author(s):  
Jiantong Feng ◽  
Yahong Guo ◽  
Chengrui Yan ◽  
Yingying Ye ◽  
Xiaojun Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Gene Rearrangement ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genome ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Sinonovacula Constricta ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Resolution ◽  
Rna Genes

Siliqua minima (Gmelin, 1791) is an important economic shellfish species belonging to the family Pharidae. To date, the complete mitochondrial genome of only one species in this family (Sinonovacula constricta) has been sequenced. Research on the Pharidae family is very limited; to improve the evolution of this bivalve family, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of S. minima by next-generation sequencing. The genome is 17,064 bp in length, consisting of 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNA), and two ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA). From the rearrangement analysis of bivalves, we found that the gene sequences of bivalves greatly variable among species, and with closer genetic relationship, the more consistent of the gene arrangement is higher among the species. Moreover, according to the gene arrangement of seven species from Adapedonta, we found that gene rearrangement among families is particularly obvious, while the gene order within families is relatively conservative. The phylogenetic analysis between species of the superorder Imparidentia using 12 conserved PCGs. The S. minima mitogenome was provided and will improve the phylogenetic resolution of Pharidae species.

Discussion of the systematic placement of the Ordovician brachiopod genera Cooperea and Craspedelia by Cocks and Rong (1989)

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 742-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Potter
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Cardinal Process ◽  
The Family ◽  
Three New Species ◽  
First Time

Cocks and Rong (1989) subdivided the species of the Ordovician brachiopod genus Bimuria into two groups, those with a simple, or not undercut, cardinal process and those with an undercut cardinal process. They placed the second group in a new genus, Cooperea, and grouped Cooperea with Craspedelia in the new subfamily Craspedeliinae of the family Sowerbyellidae. However, the cardinal process of Bimuria ranges from not undercut to undercut within at least two species. Cooperea is therefore placed in synonymy with Bimuria, and Craspedelia is returned to the Bimuriidae.Cocks and Rong (1989) inferred that, with rare exceptions, the cardinal process of the Plectambonitacea evolved from simple to trifid to undercut. The evidence from Bimuria indicates, however, that the undercut process developed more than once and, in Bimuria, directly from the simple type.As an adjunct to the above discussion three new species are described: Bimuria gilbertella, Craspedelia intonsa, and Craspedelia sp. 1. Craspedelia is a rarely reported genus documented here for the first time in western North America (northern California). Additional evidence is introduced that the ratio Lmusbv/Lebv decreased from middle to late Ordovician species of Bimuria.

scholarly journals The anatomy and functional morphology of Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus (Orbigny, 1835) (Mollusca Bivalvia, Hyriidae)

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1153-1163 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEP. Avelar ◽  
AD. Cunha
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
South America ◽  
Functional Morphology ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Simple Type ◽  
Visceral Mass ◽  
Type D ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
The Family

Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus (Orbigny, 1835), belongs to the family Hyriidae Swainson 1840, the distribution of which is restricted to South America and Australasia. This species, endemic to Brazil, occurs in the central-southern geographical region, Upper Paraná Basin and Atlantic Microbasins Espirito Santo to Paraná states. The mollusk lives buried in muddy substrata, has similar sized adductor muscles, and is dioecious, lacking sexual dimorphism. The apertures are simple (type AII of Yonge, 1948, 1957) as in Diplodon rotundus gratus, Castalia undosa martensi, Castalia undosa undosa and mantle fusion is present only in the base of the exalant aperture. The inhalant aperture exhibits tentacles originating from the inner fold while the exhalant aperture has no tentacles. The ctenidia are type D (of Atkins, 1937). A well-developed marsupium is present in the inner demibranch. The association between the ctenidia and the labial palps belongs to category I (of Stasek, 1963). The stomach constitutes a type IV structure (of Purchon, 1958). The posterior sorting area (psa) presents two pouches in Diplodon rhombeus fontainianus. Among the Hyriidae, the presence of these pouches has also been described in several species of Hyriidae from South America. The organization of the gut in the visceral mass follows the same pattern seen in the Hyriidae already studied: Castalia undosa martensi, Castalia undosa undosa, Diplodon.rotundus gratus,Diplodon charruanus and Diplodon pilsbryi.

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