The fate of residual bodies and denegrating germ cells and the lipid cycle in sertoli cells in the bandicoot Perameles nasuta Geoffroy (Marsupialia)

1969 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 729 ◽  
Author(s):  
CS Sapsford ◽  
CA Rae ◽  
KW Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Dense Structure ◽  
Main Mass ◽  
Residual Bodies ◽  
New Generation

After separation from mature spermatids, the residual bodies of the bandicoot move within Sertoli cell cytoplasm towards the basement membrane of the tubule. As the result of a reduction in volume and a condensation of its contents, the residual body is transformed into a rather dense structure, the most obvious constituents of which are tightly packed membranous whorls. The particulate lipid of such a body then increases quite markedly, presumably as a consequence of the degradation of the membranous whorls. Surface projections, some of which consist almost exclusively of particulate lipid, develop and subsequently appear to break away from the main mass of the body. Residual bodies of diminishing size and number persist throughout the rest of the seminiferous cycle, conceivably to give rise to lysosome-like organelles which could be utilized in the digestion of a new generation of residual bodies. A characteristic lamellar inclusion present in spermatogonia and spermatocytes permits a distinction to be made between degenerating forms of these cells and most forms of residual bodies. The initiation of the lipid cycle in bandicoot Sertoli cells does not appear to be strictly correlated with the release of lipid from residual bodies.

scholarly journals Morphogenesis of the residual body of the mouse testis

1965 ◽  
Vol s3-106 (73) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
CASIMIR F. FIRLIT ◽  
JOSEPH R. DAVIS
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubule ◽  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Mouse Testis ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Cytoplasmic Body ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Residual Bodies

A histochemical study of the detached cytoplasm of the maturing spermatid has been carried out. The detached cytoplasm has been designated as the cytoplasmic body and 4 distinct phases in its morphogenesis have been reported. The cytoplasmic tag of stage 11 of spermiogenesis has been designated as phase CB-I in the morphogenesis of the cytoplasmic body. It was found to contain numerous granules of RNA, poly-saccharides, and lipid. During phase CB-2 and CB-3, coalescence and fusion of these granules occurs, which result in a centrally-oriented plaque of RNA and glycogen, peripheral satellites containing polysaccharides, and large globules of lipid. During phase CB-4, the cytoplasmic body membrane becomes approximated to the plaque and at this stage of development the cytoplasmic body can be compared to the ‘residual bodies’ of Regaud. Peripheral migration towards the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubule now occurs. Some of the residual bodies undergo phagocytosis by Sertoli cells, while others eventually occupy a position at the level of the spermatogonia.

The development of the testis of the Merino ram, with special reference to the orgin of the adult stem cells

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
CS Sapsford
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Adult Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Striking Change

In the ram, as in other mammals, the sex cords are made up of two types of cell: indifferent cells (derivatives of the coelomic epithelium) and primordial germ cells. In the cords, each type pursues a separate and independent line of development to become respectively the Sertoli cells and the stem cells (type A spermatogonia) of the adult testis. The principal changes taking place in the primordial germ cells (gonocytes) are a reduction in the size and number of the Feulgen-positive particles in the nuclei, the appearance and subsequent fusion of the nucleoli, and, finally, an increase in the size of the nuclei. While these changes are taking place, the cytoplasm increases in volume and inclusions become more numerous. Cells which have undergone all these transformations have been called prospermatogonia. The cells of the germ line are at first more centrally placed in the sex cords than the indifferent cells. Just before spermatogenesis begins, they migrate to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules. All germ cells in tubules in which spermatogenesis has been initiated are seen as prospermatogonia. These cells become flattened against the basement membrane, and their nuclei become more oval in shape. They thus become identical with the stem cells of the adult. Little change is evident in the nuclei of the indifferent cells until puberty. Feulgen-positive material is found in the form of coarse granules at earlier stages of development. At puberty, these granules become dispersed to give a much more homogeneous nucleus. Concurrently, nuclei increase in size, and single or double true nucleoli can be identified. During development, increases in cytoplasmic volume take place. Although cell boundaries between indifferent cells cannot be seen in fixed material, phase contrast observations of fresh material have demonstrated that some forms exist as mononucleate units. It could not be determined whether the same was true in the case of Sertoli cells. No striking change in the relative numbers of glandular interstitial cells could be observed at different stages of development.

scholarly journals Effect of Cryptorchidism on the Histomorphometry, Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy in Boar Testes

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1379
Author(s):  
Xiaorui Fan ◽  
Yihui Liu ◽  
Meishan Yue ◽  
Weidong Yue ◽  
Gaoya Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inguinal Canal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Proliferating Cell

Spontaneous unilateral cryptorchid boars have one testis in the abdomen or inguinal canal, causing its temperature to be at or near the body temperature, which impairs spermatogenesis, although the histomorphometry and molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to determine the histomorphometry, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy alterations in spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in unilateral cryptorchid, scrotal (contrascrotal), and preweaning piglet (preweaning) testes. Histomorphometrical analysis of cryptorchid testes showed that the seminiferous tubules contained only Sertoli cells and a few spermatogonia, but did not contain post-meiotic germ cells. The number of spermatogonia markedly decreased, and the number of Sertoli cells did not change remarkably in cryptorchid testes. TUNEL assay results showed that apoptosis signals were predominantly observed in spermatogonia. In cryptorchid and contrascrotal testes, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and LC3 were located in spermatogonia. The number of PCNA-positive, TUNEL-positive, and LC3-positive germ cells was low, and the protein and mRNA levels of PCNA and LC3 were significantly decreased in cryptorchid testes. Taken together, the number of Sertoli cells did not change remarkably, whereas the number of germ cells decreased in the cryptorchid testes, compared with that in the contrascrotal testes. Insufficient proliferation, excessive apoptosis, and autophagy were involved in the regulation of the decrease in spermatogonia in cryptorchid boar testes.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis of dead end knockout testis reveals germ cell and gonadal somatic factors in Atlantic salmon

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lene Kleppe ◽  
Rolf Brudvik Edvardsen ◽  
Tomasz Furmanek ◽  
Eva Andersson ◽  
Kai Ove Skaftnesmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Introgression ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Testis Tissue

Abstract Background Sustainability challenges are currently hampering an increase in salmon production. Using sterile salmon can solve problems with precocious puberty and genetic introgression from farmed escapees to wild populations. Recently sterile salmon was produced by knocking out the germ cell-specific dead end (dnd). Several approaches may be applied to inhibit Dnd function, including gene knockout, knockdown or immunization. Since it is challenging to develop a successful treatment against a gene product already existing in the body, alternative targets are being explored. Germ cells are surrounded by, and dependent on, gonadal somatic cells. Targeting genes essential for the survival of gonadal somatic cells may be good alternative targets for sterility treatments. Our aim was to identify and characterize novel germ cell and gonadal somatic factors in Atlantic salmon. Results We have for the first time analysed RNA-sequencing data from germ cell-free (GCF)/dnd knockout and wild type (WT) salmon testis and searched for genes preferentially expressed in either germ cells or gonadal somatic cells. To exclude genes with extra-gonadal expression, our dataset was merged with available multi-tissue transcriptome data. We identified 389 gonad specific genes, of which 194 were preferentially expressed within germ cells, and 11 were confined to gonadal somatic cells. Interestingly, 5 of the 11 gonadal somatic transcripts represented genes encoding secreted TGF-β factors; gsdf, inha, nodal and two bmp6-like genes, all representative vaccine targets. Of these, gsdf and inha had the highest transcript levels. Expression of gsdf and inha was further confirmed to be gonad specific, and their spatial expression was restricted to granulosa and Sertoli cells of the ovary and testis, respectively. Finally, we show that inha expression increases with puberty in both ovary and testis tissue, while gsdf expression does not change or decreases during puberty in ovary and testis tissue, respectively. Conclusions This study contributes with transcriptome data on salmon testis tissue with and without germ cells. We provide a list of novel and known germ cell- and gonad somatic specific transcripts, and show that the expression of two highly active gonadal somatic secreted TGF-β factors, gsdf and inha, are located within granulosa and Sertoli cells.

scholarly journals МОНГОЛ ҮҮЛДРИЙН АЗАРГАНЫ ТӨМСӨГНИЙ МОРФО-ГИСТОЛОГИЙН СУДАЛГААНЫ ЗАРИМ ҮР ДҮН

2016 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Г Бадамханд ◽  
Д Самданжамц
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubule ◽  
Primordial Germ Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Tubule Diameter

The present study aimed to investigate correlation between testicle and body weights, cross section of seminiferous tubule and relationship between the Sertoli cells and matured sperms in stallion of Mongolian breed. It was found that there is significant difference (p<0.001) in testicle weights depending on ages of stallions (121.1 g at 36 months old age and 169.2 g at 48 months old). Changes in the body and testicle weights of stallions to be used for breeding are significantly different at two age classes. There were moderate (r=0.59) and strong (r=0.72) correlations at the ages of 36 and 48 months respectively. Both the testicle weight and diameter of seminiferous tubule increases in mutually related ways and tubule diameter was 72.6 µm and 94.8 µm at 36 and 48 months of stallions age respectively. Sertoli cells play key role in production of sperms from primordial germ cells in the testicle. Interrelationship between Sertol cells and mature sperms in seminiferous tubule is moderate (R2=0.316) and satisfactory (R²=0.445) correlations at 36 and 48 months of ages and it demonstrates differences between the ages are stable.

288 THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF ACETYLATED ALPHA-TUBULIN IS CONSERVED IN PORCINE AND MURINE SPERMATOGONIAL STEM CELLS

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
J. Luo ◽  
S. Megee ◽  
I. Dobrinski
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Spermatogonial Stem Cells ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Histone Deacetylase 6 ◽  
Pgp 9.5

During mammalian spermatogenesis, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) reside in the stem cell niche on the basement membrane where they undergo self-renewing divisions. Differentiating daughter cells are located progressively more toward the tubular lumen where they ultimately form spermatozoa. The mechanisms responsible for maintenance of SSCs at the basement membrane are unclear. Microtubules consisting of α/β-tubulin heterodimers are associated with many cellular functions. Reversible acetylation of α-tubulin at Lys40 has been implicated in regulating microtubule stability and function. Acetylation of α-tubulin is abundant in stable microtubules but absent from dynamic cellular structures. Deacetylation of α-tubulin is controlled by histone deacetylase 6 which is predominantly expressed in mouse testis. Here, we tested the hypothesis that differential acetylation of α-tubulin might be involved in maintenance of SSCs. Immunohistochemistry for acetylated α-tubulin (Ac-α-Tu) and the spermatogonia specific proteins PGP 9.5, DAZL, and PLZF were used to characterize the expression pattern of Ac-α-Tu in porcine and murine germ cells at different stages of testis development. In immature boar testes, Ac-α-Tu was present exclusively in gonocytes but not in other testicular cells at 1 week of age, and in a subset of spermatogonia at 10 weeks of age. At this age, spermatogonia are migrating to the basement membrane of the seminiferous tubules, and Ac-α-Tu appeared to be polarized toward the basement membrane. In immature mouse testes, Ac-α-Tu was present in germ cells and Sertoli cells at 6 days of age, whereas at 2 weeks of age, Ac-α-Tu expression was stronger in spermatogonia co-expressing PGP 9.5 and in spermatocytes than in Sertoli cells or PGP 9.5-negative spermatogonia. In adult boar and mouse testes, Ac-α-Tu was detected in a few single or paired spermatogonia expressing PGP 9.5 localized on the basement membrane as well as in spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa. Spermatogonia with high levels of Ac-α-Tu expressed PLZF but did not express DAZL, suggesting that only undifferentiated spermatogonia maintain a high level of Ac-α-Tu. When seminiferous tubules from 1-week-old and adult boar testes were maintained in vitro for 1–2 days, high levels of Ac-α-Tu were detected in single or paired round spermatogonia with a large nucleus, compared to low levels in elongated paired and aligned spermatogonia. The unique expression pattern of Ac-α-Tu in undifferentiated germ cells during postnatal development appears to be conserved in mammalian testes. Since Ac-α-Tu is a component of long-lived stable microtubules and reducing acetylation of α-tubulin enhances cell motility, these results suggest that stabilization of microtubules might contribute to the maintenance of spermatogonial stem cells. This work was supported by 1R01 RR 17359-05.

020. HORMONAL REGULATION OF SPERMATOGENESIS

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
D. Handelsman
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Cell Cytoplasm ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
Receptor Knockout Mouse ◽  
Protein Receptors ◽  
Pituitary Secretion ◽  
The Individual

Spermatogenesis is a spatially and temporally co-ordinated proliferation of the germinal epithelium in the semeniferous tubules. The germ cells are embedded in a scafolding formed by adjacent Sertoli cells linked tightly by intercellular junctions and with each germ cell enshrouded by elongations of Sertoli cell cytoplasm. Spermatogenesis comprises serial stages from the mitotic replication of the stem and early germ cells, followed by meiosis, the reductive division producing haploid, amorphous gametes which subsequently undergo spermiogenesis, the metamorphosis into terminally differentiated and functional spermatozoa. Although long known that all but the earliest stages are hormonally regulated by pituitary secretion of LH and FSH, it has remained difficult to separate gonadotrophin effects by classical endocrine ablate-replace methods as these two heterodimeric hormones have identical α and homologous β subunits, are secreted from the same pituitary gonadotrophs to target cognate receptors expressed on adjacent testicular cells as equally homologous, heptahelical G-coupled protein receptors. Over two decades our laboratory has developed a variety of complementary genetic and pharmacological approaches to dissect the individual and co-operative effects of LH, its main effector testosterone and FSH on spermatogenesis. Using the gonadotrophin and testosterone deficient hpg mouse, double transgenic human FSH secreting mouse and the androgen receptor knockout mouse lines together with steroidal depot homone delivery, we have explored systematically annd defined the individual primary actions of FSH and testosterone and their interactions in the regulation of testis growth, spermatogenesis and ultimately male fertility.

scholarly journals Extracellular matrix regulates Sertoli cell differentiation, testicular cord formation, and germ cell development in vitro.

1985 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1511-1522 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Hadley ◽  
S W Byers ◽  
C A Suárez-Quian ◽  
H K Kleinman ◽  
M Dym
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Matrix ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Germ Cell ◽  
Sertoli Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components

Sertoli cell preparations isolated from 10-day-old rats were cultured on three different substrates: plastic, a matrix deposited by co-culture of Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells, and a reconstituted basement membrane gel from the EHS tumor. When grown on plastic, Sertoli cells formed a squamous monolayer that did not retain contaminating germ cells. Grown on the matrix deposited by Sertoli-myoid cell co-cultures, Sertoli cells were more cuboidal and supported some germ cells but did not allow them to differentiate. After 3 wk however, the Sertoli cells flattened to resemble those grown on plastic. In contrast, the Sertoli cells grown on top of the reconstituted basement membrane formed polarized monolayers virtually identical to Sertoli cells in vivo. They were columnar with an elaborate cytoskeleton. In addition, they had characteristic basally located tight junctions and maintained germ cells for at least 5 wk in the basal aspect of the monolayer. However, germ cells did not differentiate. Total protein, androgen binding protein, transferrin, and type I collagen secretion were markedly greater when Sertoli cells were grown on the extracellular matrices than when they were grown on plastic. When Sertoli cells were cultured within rather than on top of reconstituted basement membrane gels they reorganized into cords. After one week, tight junctional complexes formed between adjacent Sertoli cells, functionally compartmentalizing the cords into central (adluminal) and peripheral (basal) compartments. Germ cells within the cords continued to differentiate. Thus, Sertoli cells cultured on top of extracellular matrix components assume a phenotype and morphology more characteristic of the in vivo, differentiated cells. Growing Sertoli cells within reconstituted basement membrane gels induces a morphogenesis of the cells into cords, which closely resemble the organ from which the cells were dissociated and which provide an environment permissive for germ cell differentiation.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis of dead end knockout testis reveals germ cell and gonadal somatic factors in Atlantic salmon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lene Kleppe ◽  
Rolf Brudvik Edvardsen ◽  
Tomasz Furmanek ◽  
Eva Andersson ◽  
Kai Ove Skaftnesmo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Genetic Introgression ◽  
Transcriptome Data ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Testis Tissue

Abstract Background Sustainability challenges are currently hampering an increase in salmon production. Using sterile salmon can solve problems with precocious puberty and genetic introgression from farmed escapees to wild populations. Recently sterile salmon was produced by knocking out the germ cell-specific dead end (dnd). Several approaches may be applied to inhibit Dnd function, including gene knockout, knockdown or immunization. Since it is challenging to develop a successful treatment against a gene product already existing in the body, alternative targets are being explored. Germ cells are surrounded by, and dependent on, gonadal somatic cells. Targeting genes essential for the survival of gonadal somatic cells may be good alternative targets for sterility treatments. Our aim was to identify and characterize novel germ cell and gonadal somatic factors in Atlantic salmon.Results We have for the first time analysed RNA-sequencing data from germ cell-free (GCF)/dnd knockout and wild type (WT) salmon testis and searched for genes preferentially expressed in either germ cells or gonadal somatic cells. To exclude genes with extra-gonadal expression, our dataset was merged with available multi-tissue transcriptome data. We identified 389 gonad specific genes, of which 194 were preferentially expressed within germ cells, and 11 were confined to gonadal somatic cells. Interestingly, 5 of the 11 gonadal somatic transcripts represented genes encoding secreted TGF-β factors; gsdf, inha, nodal and two bmp6-like genes, all representative vaccine targets. Of these, gsdf and inha had the highest transcript levels. Expression of gsdf and inha was further confirmed to be gonad specific, and their spatial expression was restricted to granulosa and Sertoli cells of the ovary and testis, respectively. Finally, we show that inha expression increases with puberty in both ovary and testis tissue, while gsdf expression does not change or decreases during puberty in ovary and testis tissue, respectively.Conclusions This study contributes with transcriptome data on salmon testis tissue with and without germ cells. We provide a list of novel and known germ cell- and gonad somatic specific transcripts, and show that the expression of two highly active gonadal somatic secreted TGF-β factors, gsdf and inha, are located within granulosa and Sertoli cells.

scholarly journals A Canine Testicular Tumor Resembling Gonadoblastoma

1981 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Turk ◽  
M. A. M. Turk ◽  
A. M. Gallina
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Testicular Tumor ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Left Testicle

A tumor of the left testicle resembling a gonadoblastoma was an incidental finding at necropsy in a 15-year-old male Shetland Sheepdog. This neoplasm was characterized by discrete intratubular aggregates of intimately mixed germ cells and smaller cells resembling Sertoli cells. The latter small cells often formed a single cell layer surrounding the margin of eosinophilic, PAS-positive Call-Exner-like bodies. Electron microscopy showed these bodies to be composed of whorled laminae resembling basement membrane.

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