Studies in Australian amphibia II..Taxonomy, ecology and evolution of the genus Heleioporus Gray (Anura : Leptodactylidae)

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
AK Lee
Keyword(s):  
Species Status ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Ephemeral Ponds ◽  
Mating Call ◽  
The Status ◽  
Water Courses ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Western Australian ◽  
Winter Rain

The status of the five existing species of the genus Heleioporus Gray, H. albopunctatus Gray, H. australiacus (Shaw), H. eyrei (Gray), H. inornatus Lee & Main, and H. psammophilus Lee & Main are confirmed on the basis of morphological and behavioural criteria and the results of interpopulation in vitro crosses. The Western Australian population, formerly included under H. australiacus, is raised to species status on the basis of consistent differences in morphology and mating call. Each species is redescribed, and descriptions of the larvae and juveniles are included. The results of in vitro crosses support the recognition of two species groups, a bassian group comprising H. australiacus, the H. australiacus-like frog, and H. inornatus, and an eyrean group comprising H. albopunctatus, H. eyrei, and H. psammophilus. The breeding biology of all of the western species appears closely tied to the Mediterranean climate of south-western Australia. All species breed in April and May. Rain sufficient to moisten the soil, and declining temperatures are the two most obvious environmental factors influencing the timing of breeding. Breeding sites include ephemeral ponds and water courses, and the edges of coastal lakes. Breeding occurs before these are covered by water, in winter. Males call from burrows, and copulation, oviposition, and embryonic development all occur at the bottom of these burrows. Where they occur together, the burrows of H. albopunctatus, H. eyrei, and H. psammophilus are found scattered through the centre of a swamp and those of H. inornatus, around the periphery. The eggs are laid in froth, and development to hatching takes between 1 and 3 weeks. Hatching may be delayed by withholding the eggs from water. The period between the onset of calling and hatching of the embryos roughly corresponds to the period between the onset of winter rain and the flooding of larval sites. The larvae of H. albopunctatus, H. eyrei, and H, psammophilus are found in ponds, those of H. inornatus in collapsed, flooded breeding burrows, and those of H. australiacus and the H. australiacus-like frog in creeks.

scholarly journals A novel PET tracer 18F-deoxy-thiamine: synthesis, metabolic kinetics, and evaluation on cerebral thiamine metabolism status

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Changpeng Wang ◽  
Siwei Zhang ◽  
Yuefei Zou ◽  
Hongzhao Ma ◽  
Donglang Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
High Accumulation ◽  
Metabolic Kinetics ◽  
Thiamine Metabolism ◽  
Pet Tracer ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Some neuropsychological diseases are associated with abnormal thiamine metabolism, including Korsakoff–Wernicke syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease. However, in vivo detection of the status of brain thiamine metabolism is still unavailable and needs to be developed. Methods A novel PET tracer of 18F-deoxy-thiamine was synthesized using an automated module via a two-step route. The main quality control parameters, such as specific activity and radiochemical purity, were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Radiochemical concentration was determined by radioactivity calibrator. Metabolic kinetics and the level of 18F-deoxy-thiamine in brains of mice and marmosets were studied by micro-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). In vivo stability, renal excretion rate, and biodistribution of 18F-deoxy-thiamine in the mice were assayed using HPLC and γ-counter, respectively. Also, the correlation between the retention of cerebral 18F-deoxy-thiamine in 60 min after injection as represented by the area under the curve (AUC) and blood thiamine levels was investigated. Results The 18F-deoxy-thiamine was stable both in vitro and in vivo. The uptake and clearance of 18F-deoxy-thiamine were quick in the mice. It reached the max standard uptake value (SUVmax) of 4.61 ± 0.53 in the liver within 1 min, 18.67 ± 7.04 in the kidney within half a minute. The SUV dropped to 0.72 ± 0.05 and 0.77 ± 0.35 after 60 min of injection in the liver and kidney, respectively. After injection, kidney, liver, and pancreas exhibited high accumulation level of 18F-deoxy-thiamine, while brain, muscle, fat, and gonad showed low accumulation concentration, consistent with previous reports on thiamine distribution in mice. Within 90 min after injection, the level of 18F-deoxy-thiamine in the brain of C57BL/6 mice with thiamine deficiency (TD) was 1.9 times higher than that in control mice, and was 3.1 times higher in ICR mice with TD than that in control mice. The AUC of the tracer in the brain of marmosets within 60 min was 29.33 ± 5.15 and negatively correlated with blood thiamine diphosphate levels (r = − 0.985, p = 0.015). Conclusion The 18F-deoxy-thiamine meets the requirements for ideal PET tracer for in vivo detecting the status of cerebral thiamine metabolism.

Sweetpotato genetic resources: today and tomorrow

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L. Jarret ◽  
◽  
Noelle L. Anglin ◽  
David Ellis ◽  
Arthur Villordon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Germplasm Storage ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Generation Sequencing

The sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) is the sixth most important food crop on a global scale. While China accounts for about 80% of global production, Nigeria, Uganda, Indonesia and Tanzania are also large producers of sweetpotato. The chapter examines the origin and dispersal of sweetpotato, including archaeological data for the early distribution of the crop, before moving on to considering its general botany. The chapter considers in vitro germplasm storage in sweetpotato genebanks, as well as issues of quality control. The chapter looks at the importance of managing sweetpotato crop wild relatives (CWR) and examines plant quarantine and phytosanitary issues and the status of genebanks under international treaties. The chapter considers a number of specific issues associated with sweetpotato germplasm. Finally, the chapter looks at the application of next-generation sequencing to sweetpotato and its CWR, before looking ahead to future trends in this area.

scholarly journals Circulating antibody to transcobalamin II causing retention of vitamin B12 in the blood

Blood ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 987-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Carmel ◽  
B Tatsis ◽  
L Baril
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Megaloblastic Anemia ◽  
Serum Vitamin ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
High Serum ◽  
The Status ◽  
B12 Deficiency ◽  
Long Acting

A patient with recurrent pulmonary abscess, weight loss, and alcoholism was found to have extremely high serum vitamin B12 and unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity (UBBC) levels. While transcobalamin (TC) II was also increased, most of his UBBC was due to an abnormal binding protein which carried greater than 80% of the endogenous vitamin B12 and was not found in his saliva, granulocytes, or urine. This protein was shown to be a complex of TC II and a circulating immunoglobulin (IgGkappa and IgGlambda). Each IgG molecule appeared to bind two TC II molecules. The reacting site did not interfere with the ability of TC II to bind vitamin B12, but did interfere with its ability to transfer the vitamin to cells in vitro. The site was not identical to that reacting with anti-human TC II antibody produced in rabbits. Because of this abnormal complex, 57Co-vitamin B12 injected intravenously was cleared slowly by the patient. However, no metabolic evidence for vitamin B12 deficiency was demonstrable, although the patient initially had megaloblastic anemia apparently due to folate deficiency. The course of the vitamin B12-binding abnormalities was followed over 4 yr and appeared to fluctuate with the status of the patient's illness. The IgG-TC II complex resembled one induced in some patients with pernicious anemia by intensive treatment with long-acting vitamin B12 preparations. The mechanism of induction of the antibody formation in our patient is unknown.

scholarly journals Plasmodium vivax and Drug Resistance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Puji Budi Setia Asih ◽  
Din Syafruddin
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
In Vitro Cultivation ◽  
Radical Cure ◽  
The Status

Resistance to antimalarial drugs is a threat to global efforts to eliminate malaria by 2030. Currently, treatment for vivax malaria uses chloroquine or ACT for uncomplicated P. vivax whereas primaquine is given to eliminate latent liver stage infections (a method known as radical cure). Studies on P. vivax resistance to antimalarials and the molecular basis of resistance lags far behind the P. falciparum as in vitro cultivation of the P. vivax has not yet been established. Therefore, data on the P. vivax resistance to any antimalarial drugs are generated through in vivo studies or through monitoring of antimalarial treatments in mixed species infection. Indirect evidence through drug selective pressure on the parasites genome, as evidenced by the presence of the molecular marker(s) for drug resistance in areas where P. falciparum and P. vivax are distributed in sympatry may reflect, although require validation, the status of P. vivax resistance. This review focuses on the currently available data that may represent the state-of-the art of the P. vivax resistance status to antimalarial to anticipate the challenge for malaria elimination by 2030.

scholarly journals DUE TO LEGAL POSITION AND LEGAL SURROGACY AGREEMENT AS AN INNOMINAAT AGREEMENT IN THE PERPECTIVE OF CIVIL LAW, ISLAMIC LAW AND NATIONAL LAW

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Peni Rinda
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Specification Method ◽  
The Status ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Legal Position ◽  
Community Issues

Technological developments in medicine have provided an outlet for community issues with the discovery of a new method of artificial insemination is known as in vitro fertilitization (IVF). For couples who want to have children but due to medical reasons can not obtain offspring naturally, with IVF method can obtain offspring / children. But in its development appears IVF lease term or the surrogate mother's womb, the sperm and ovum from a legitimate married another woman entered in the womb. Therefore the aim of this study to determine the legal position of surrogacy agreement as an innominaat agreement in the perspective of civil law, Islamic law national law, This research used normative juridical approach, descriptive analytical research specification, method of data collection is done with a literature study on legal materials, both primary legal materials, as well as secondary materials, then analyzed by qualitative descriptive. The results showed that a good legal position surrogacy agreement according to the Civil Law, Islamic law and national law is as the agreement is not named (innominaat) and surrogacy agreement is not allowed or unlawful. While the legal consequences of surrogacy agreements either under Civil Law, Islamic law, and national law relating to the status of children, descent problems, inheritance and other rights. The legal status of children under civil law can be a legitimate child of the surrogate mother, it could be a child outside of mating recognized, while according to Islamic law status of the child as a child of the uterus rental yields laqith, while according to national law, the legal status of the child as a foster child. This inheritance rights issue depends the legal status of the child, there is nothing not inherit (civil relationship with his mother).

scholarly journals Cerenkov luminescence imaging is an effective preclinical tool for assessing colorectal cancer PD-L1 levels in vivo

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Zhao ◽  
Wen-Bin Pan ◽  
Hui-Jie Jiang ◽  
Rong-Jun Zhang ◽  
Hao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Competitive Inhibition ◽  
Specific Binding ◽  
Luminescence Imaging ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging ◽  
The Status

Abstract Background : Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that immunotherapy has effectively delayed tumor progression, and the clinical outcomes of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy were related to PD-L1 expression level in the tumors. A 131 I-labeled anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody tracer, 131 I-PD-L1-Mab, was developed to study the target ability of non-invasive Cerenkov luminescence imaging in colorectal cancer xenograft mice.Method: Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody labeled with 131 I( 131 I-PD-L1-Mab), and in vitro binding assays were used to evaluate the affinity of 131 I-PD-L1-Mab to PD-L1 and their binding level to different colorectal cancer cells, and compared with flow cytometry, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining. The clinical application value of 131 I-PD-L1-Mab was evaluated through biodistribution and Cerenkov luminescence imaging, and different tumor-bearing models expressing PD-L1 were evaluated.Results: 131 I-PD-L1-Mab showed high affinity to PD-L1, and the equilibrium dissociation constant was 1.069×10 -9 M. The competitive inhibition assay further confirmed the specific binding ability of 131 I-PD-L1-Mab. In four different tumor-bearing models with different PD-L1 expression, the biodistribution and Cerenkov luminescence imaging showed that the RKO tumors demonstrated the highest uptake of the tracer 131 I-PD-L1-Mab, with a maximum uptake of 1.613 ± 0.738% ID/g at 120 h.Conclusions: There is a great potential for 131 I-PD-L1-Mab noninvasive Cerenkov luminescence imaging to assess the status of tumor PD-L1 expression and select patients for anti-PD-L1 targeted therapy.

Effect of adhesion on the status of corneal tissue during in vitro culturing

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. P. Yamskova ◽  
M. S. Krasnov ◽  
D. V. Margasyuk ◽  
I. A. Yamskov
Keyword(s):  
Corneal Tissue ◽  
The Status

Abstract WP139: Intranasal Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)-Derived Exosomes Confers Acute Neuroprotection After Neonatal Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Praneeti Pathipati ◽  
Joel Faustino ◽  
Matthieu Lecuyer ◽  
Jacqueline Strivelli ◽  
Donald Phinney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cell ◽  
Intranasal Administration ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Neonatal Stroke ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Status

Background: Brain injury caused by stroke is a surprisingly common occurrence in neonates and is associated with significant long-term disabilities. We and others have shown delayed mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapy to be beneficial after neonatal stroke. Mounting evidence suggests MSC-derived soluble factors as key mediators of their neuroprotective/regenerative effects. We wanted to test whether Exosomes (Exo) derived from MSC carry beneficial effects after neonatal stroke. Objectives: Characterize effects of intranasal administration of MSC-derived Exo after neonatal stroke. Methods: MSCs enriched from the bone marrow of C57Bl6 mice (immuno-depletion) were cultured for 3 days in Exo-free FBS and confirmed by flow cytometry to be CD44 + /CD29 + and CD11b - /CD45 - . Exo were isolated (ExoQuick, SBI), their size distribution determined (NanoSight™), and Exo labeled with CellVue® before intranasal administration. Postnatal day 9 (P9) mice were subjected to a 3h middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), Exo (5ug, 1uL in PBS) administered into the nostril ipsilateral to injury, and injury volume and cell types that uptake Exo determined. Results: By 24h after administration, labelled Exo were visible ipsilateral along the lateral ventricle, in the SVZ, corpus callosum and in the penumbra, localized largely to Glut1 + -vessels and Iba1 + -microglia (MG). By 72h, labeled Exo were predominantly localized in Iba1 + -MG peri-infarct. Very few Exo were seen contralateral. Compared to vehicle/untreated mice, intranasal Exo significantly reduced injury volume at 72h (p<0.01, n=5). Preliminary in vitro experiments using MG isolated from acutely injured neonatal brain (CD11b-conjugated beads) confirmed significantly higher Exo uptake by MG from the ipsilateral Vs. contralateral cortex (p<0.05, n=2). Summary: We demonstrate that MSC-Exo exert short-term protection against neonatal stroke and that the magnitude of Exo uptake depends on the status of MG activation after injury. We are characterizing longer-term effects of MSC-Exo on stroke outcome to further explore potential for intranasal MSC-Exo as a clinically suitable therapeutic option for neonatal stroke. Funding: CPA PG0816 (ZV); AHA Innovation Award 17IRG33430004 (ZV); R01HL139685 (ZV)

Mild segregation in the breeding preferences of an invasive anuran (Discoglossus pictus) and its main native competitor (Epidalea calamita) in ephemeral ponds

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eudald Pujol-Buxó ◽  
Gabriel M. Riaño ◽  
Gustavo A. Llorente
Keyword(s):  
Alien Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Reproductive Season ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Ecological Segregation ◽  
Ephemeral Ponds ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Discoglossus Pictus ◽  
Epidalea Calamita

Abstract The choice of breeding sites by pond-breeding anurans has notable consequences for the fitness of larvae. Hence, beyond pond typology and phenology, adults can also discriminate according to several other features, for instance to favour allotopy with potential competitors. However, the lack of shared evolutionary history might impede proper ecological differentiation with alien species during the first stages of invasions. Here, we studied several possible sources of ecological segregation between the invasive Discoglossus pictus and the native Epidalea calamita in ephemeral ponds, where the native toad hardly had competition before the arrival of the invasive frog. During spring of 2016, we periodically surveyed 69 ephemeral ponds in three areas with different invasion histories to detect the presence/absence of eggs and tadpoles of these species. Invasive D. pictus started breeding earlier than E. calamita, but differences were not significant. Similarly, there were not clear differences among areas with different invasion histories. However, we found for both species a mutual tendency to directly avoid larval syntopy at the end of the reproductive season. We also found interspecific differences in the features that both species use for pond choice, preferring the native species shallower and less vegetated ephemeral ponds. Globally however, co-occurrence was high, pointing at other processes as key to the coexistence between both species in these habitats.

scholarly journals Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family Member 5a Is a Key Secreted Islet Stellate Cell-Derived Product that Regulates Islet Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Xu ◽  
Jun Liang ◽  
H. F. Geng ◽  
Jun Lu ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Stellate Cell ◽  
Integration Site ◽  
Islet Function ◽  
Insulin Production ◽  
The Status ◽  
Secretory Products

Background. Emerging evidence suggests that T2DM is attributable to the dysfunction of β-cells and the activation of islet stellate cells (ISCs). The wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 5a (Wnt5a)/frizzled 5 (Fzd5) signalling pathway might take part in this process. Our study is aimed at defining the status of ISCs during β-cell insulin secretion homeostasis by determining the role of the Wnt5a protein in the regulation of insulin production. We examined the effects of the status of ISCs on β-cell insulin secretion in normoglycemic db/m and hyperglycaemic db/db mice. Methods. iTRAQ protein screening and RNA interference were used to determine novel ISC-derived secretory products that may use other mechanisms to influence the function of islets. Results. We showed a significant reduction in insulin secretion by β-cells in vitro when they were cocultured with db/db ISCs compared to when they were cocultured with ISCs isolated from normoglycemic db/m mice; in addition, both Wnt5a and its receptor Fzd5 were more highly expressed by quiescent ISCs than by activated db/db ISCs. Treatment with exogenous Wnt5a increased the secretion of insulin in association with the deactivation of ISCs. Conclusion. Our observations revealed that the Wnt5a protein is a key effector of ISC-mediated improvement in islet function.

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