Wintering and spring emergence of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in south eastern Australia.

1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Geier
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Climatic Variations ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Spring Emergence ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Codling moth winters as dormant fifth instar larvae which complete their development in spring. In south-eastern Australia, three temperature regimes contribute to determine the emergence times of spring adults, i.e. a conditioning regime in autumn, a chilling regime in winter, and a dormancy-ending regime in spring. The influences of each regime are examined and discussed. Short winters and early springs tend to increase the variability of emergence dates. This is thought to represent an important adaptive response of the species to climatic variations. Comprehensive predictive models of spring brood events cannot be made at present for lack of sufficient knowledge of the various processes involved.

scholarly journals Cost-benefit trade-offs of bird activity in apple orchards

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca K. Peisley ◽  
Manu E. Saunders ◽  
Gary W. Luck
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Bird Damage ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Birds active in apple orchards in south–eastern Australia can contribute positively (e.g., control crop pests) or negatively (e.g., crop damage) to crop yields. Our study is the first to identify net outcomes of these activities, using six apple orchards, varying in management intensity, in south–eastern Australia as a study system. We also conducted a predation experiment using real and artificial codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae (a major pest in apple crops). We found that: (1) excluding birds from branches of apple trees resulted in an average of 12.8% more apples damaged by insects; (2) bird damage to apples was low (1.9% of apples); and (3) when trading off the potential benefits (biological control) with costs (bird damage to apples), birds provided an overall net benefit to orchard growers. We found that predation of real codling moth larvae was higher than for plasticine larvae, suggesting that plasticine prey models are not useful for inferring actual predation levels. Our study shows how complex ecological interactions between birds and invertebrates affect crop yield in apples, and provides practical strategies for improving the sustainability of orchard systems.

Seasonal soil temperature regimes in south-eastern Australia

Soil Research ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
CL Watson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Taxonomy ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Western Victoria ◽  
South Eastern Australia

The soil temperature regimes of 15 locations in south-eastern Australia were categorized by using criteria adopted by the US. Soil Taxonomy. On the basis of mean annual and seasonal soil temperatures from depths of 50-61 cm, all sites but one were classed as thermic, having mean annual soil temperatures between 15� and 22�C and seasonal differences of more than 5�C. Mean annual and seasonal soil temperatures were significantly correlated with the corresponding mean air temperatures. Estimates of soil temperature regimes at other similar locations in the region may therefore be made, provided the appropriate air temperature data are available. It appears that the thermic category will not apply to certain areas of southern Victoria or to the high altitude areas of the Great Dividing Range, that extend from western Victoria through to northern New South Wales.

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