Anatomy and embryology of the Wing Musculature of the domestic fowl (gallus)

1962 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 458 ◽  
Author(s):  
GE Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Pectoral Girdle ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Muscle Groups ◽  
Uniform Nomenclature ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

The anatomy of the musculature of the wing and pectoral girdle of the domestic fowl is redescribed. The embryonic development of the musculature has been studied, and the homologies of several muscles of the avian and reptilian shoulder regions have been elucidated. As in other tetrapods which have been studied, the musculature of the fore limb of the fowl first appears in the embryo as a pair of opposed masses of condensed mesenchyme, one ventral and the other dorsal, forming in the limb bud independently of the somites. These premuscle masses are lobed, and their lobation enables the identification of the primordia of various muscle groups at a very early stage of development, before the individual muscles have differentiated. The definitive muscles are formed by a process of splitting or cleavage of the premuscle masses. The cleavages take place in an orderly sequence, which closely resembles that which has been described in the lizard Lacerta, the turtle Chrysemys, and the opossum Didelphys. It is concluded that the resemblances in the lobate outlines of the premuscle masses and in the pattern of cleavages in these vertebrates of different taxonomic groups are a reflection of the phylogenetic history of the limb muscles. Thus the homologies of muscles in tetrapods widely separated from one another taxonomically can be determined more reliably by comparing their embryology than by comparing adults in which the relationships of the muscles are obscured by adaptive changes. Myological nomenclature is somewhat confused, owing to the difficulty of determining homologies by studies confined to adult animals. A revision of the names of avian wing muscles has therefore been carried out with the aim of stabilizing the nomenclature for birds; in addition, some preliminary steps towards a uniform nomenclature generally applicable to the muscles of all tetrapods have been essayed, so far as comparative embryological data permit conclusions to be drawn.

scholarly journals REVIEW ON THE CONCEPT OF SHAT KRIYAKALA

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Anu P Baby ◽  
Jigeesh PP
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of Disease ◽  
Accurate Treatment ◽  
Current Scenario ◽  
History Of

Diagnosis in Ayurveda is not always in terms of the name of the disease but in terms of the nature or phenomenon. This phenomenon is described in terms of Samprapti of the disease in each patient, comprising Dosha, Dushya and Adhishtana components. The prime factors in the pathogenesis of the disease are Dosha and Dushya. Shat kriyakala refers to the stage of development of a pathological process in which a physician can intervene by the most accurate treatment modality and medicine, thereby halting the progression of the disease process. By intricate understanding of the process of Shat kriyakala, the disease process could be arrested, and further complications can be avoided. In the current scenario, the concept of prevention has become broad-based. The natural history of disease is one of the significant elements of epidemiology. The course of a disease takes in individual people from its pathological onset until its eventual resolution. Natural history of disease is possible to correlate pre-pathogenesis with Sanchaya, Prakopa, Prasara and pathogenesis with Sthanasamsraya, Vyakti and Bhedavastha of Shat kriyakala. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to identify certain pre-clinical stages for many diseases like Parkinson’s disease, which can help in the early successful treatment. Shat kriyakala helps to arrest the disease process at the very early stage itself. Along with current technology, the need for research for validating the Shat kriyakala will benefit humankind in the long run.

E-Learning Localized

2011 ◽  
pp. 168-186
Author(s):  
Meng-Fen (Grace) Lin ◽  
Mimi Miyoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Prototype System ◽  
Educational Materials ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
E Learning ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
China Region

The power of Internet provides unprecedented opportunities for learners to obtain diverse content and for educators to quickly distribute resources. In the increasing globalized learning environment, OpenCourseWare (OCW) is one of the recent movements to utilize the Internet in making educational materials freely available to the world. However, the fact that these materials are offered mainly in English poses challenges to the non-English speaking population in many parts of the world. In response to such concern in the Great China Region, a localization project called the Opensource OpenCourseWare Prototype System (OOPS) was born in Taiwan in February, 2004 (Lin & Chu, 2005). OOPS aims to break the language barrier and deliver the openly-accessible English educational materials to the Chinese-speaking audience in their native language. This chapter presents the detailed background and history of this project, and highlights three challenges that OOPS has faced in its early stage of development. They are: (1) access to materials, (2) issues about translation, and (3) complexity of intra-cultural communication. Based on the first author’s direct experience with the project, suggestions and implications for future research are also offered.

Rearing experiments with five species of Australian freshwater fishes. II. Morphogenesis and ontogeny

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 155 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Lake
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pelagic Eggs ◽  
Newly Hatched Larvae ◽  
Australian Freshwater

The eggs, embryonic development, and larvae of five species of fish, endemic to Australia, are described and compared. They are Tandanus tandanus, Plectroplites ambiguus, Maccullochella macquariensis, Bidyanus bidyanus, and Carassiops klunzingeri. Plectroplites ambiguus and B. bidyanus both have pelagic eggs with diameters of 3.9 and 2.8 mm, respectively. Hatching times for these two species are similar being about 30 hr at water temperatures of about 25°C. The newly hatched larvae are at an early stage of development and average 3.2 and 3.6 mm in length, respectively. The eggs of T. tandanus are demersal, non-adhesive, average 3.2 mm in diameter, and are laid in a nest usually made in gravel or coarse sand. Hatching takes 6-7 days at a temperature between 20 and 25°C and the newly hatched larvae emerge at an average length of 7.1 mm. Maccullochella macquariensis lays eggs which are demersal and adhesive and this species utilizes hard objects such as the inside of sunken hollow logs for attachment of the eggs. Eggs average 3.4 mm in diameter, hatching can take place in 6 days at temperatures approaching 25°C but the larvae are at an earlier stage of development than those which hatch later. Under river conditions hatching probably takes place at temperatures nearer 20°C when they may take 10-14 days to hatch. Early hatched larvae may be only 6 mm in length: those which take longer to hatch, even at the same temperature, are usually about 9 mm in length. The eggs of C. klunzingeri are very small, ovoid, and when water-hardened may vary in diameter from 0.4 to 0.5 mm. Hatching takes place in 47-53 hr at a temperature range of 18-23°C. The larvae average 1.9 mm when newly hatched and are undeveloped. Observations on the early life history of Perca fluviatilis, an introduced species, are also described. These observations indicate that high minimum water temperatures before spawning or during growth of the embryo may contribute to the control of the distribution of this species either by causing damage to the oocytes of the adult fish or by premature hatching of the eggs. High summer water temperatures alone, were previously accepted as the reason for the control of the distribution of this species.

scholarly journals What are We Conserving? A Case Study of Mentha longifolia and Allied Species from Lithuania

Botanica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Lukas Petrulaitis ◽  
Zigmantas Gudžinskas
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Taxonomic Revision ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Leaf Base ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Mentha Longifolia ◽  
Data Deficient ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

AbstractAssessment of the conservation status of a species, first, should be based on its clearly defined taxonomic identity. Insufficient knowledge of certain taxonomic groups may lead to misidentifications, misinterpretations and become an obstacle for conservation. Mentha longifolia, listed as a protected plant species of Lithuania since 1981, belongs to a taxonomically complex group of species. The aim of this research was to examine available herbarium specimens of M. longifolia and verify their identification, specify distribution of this species in Lithuania and evaluate its conservation status in the country. The study was based on the analysis of herbarium specimens and information provided in references and databases. We studied a total of 93 specimens initially identified as M. longifolia. Morphological features of 30 leaves (leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, distance from leaf base to the widest place, length of leaf tooth) of both M. longifolia and M. ×villosa were measured on herbarium specimens. After the revision of herbarium specimens, we revealed that 37.6% of specimens initially identified as M. longifolia belong to other species (mostly to M. ×villosa) and 29.0% of specimens cannot be identified precisely because of the early stage of development. Only 33.4% of M. longifolia specimens were identified precisely. Thus, M. longifolia, previously supposed as quite widespread in Lithuania, after the revision appeared to be restricted mainly to the southern and south-eastern parts of the country. Applying the IUCN criteria, M. longifolia was evaluated as data deficient (DD) species. Analysis of leaf morphological traits revealed that M. longifolia and M. ×villosa can be differentiated by the length and the width of leaf blade, the distance from leaf base to the widest part of leaf and by the ratio between the length and the width of middle cauline leaves. This study revealed that taxonomic revision of the genus Mentha in Lithuania is required. Distribution of species, ecology and state of populations, impact of alien species on native congeners should be estimated in the future.

scholarly journals Formation and Development of Investigation of Misdemeanours as a Form of Pre-trial Investigation in Ukraine (the 18th–19th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Galagan ◽  
Mykola Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Modern Form

The article deals with the preconditions of differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation in Ukraine in the 18th–19th centuries. The concept of investigation of misdemeanours as a form of pre-trial investigation at different stages of social development are considered. The base source of the Russian Empire is examined, with the aspects of using of the term “investigation of misdemeanours” in law enforcement practice thoroughly covered. It is established that this term at the legislative level and in the literary sources held for a long time is subject to transformation in terms of its functional direction. The paper offers a description of the study of the early stage of development and a comparison with the modern form of pre-trial investigation. It is established that at all stages of its development there is a common feature: the provision of a simplified order.The article presents the key differences between the knowledge at the early stage of its creation and the modern form of pre-trial investigation. However, the investigation of misdemeanours starts from the moment of the illegal act until the end of the pre-trial investigation. At first, this investigation of misdemeanours had few signs of research verification. The collected materials were examined by the proceedings and could not be determined by full evidence without appropriate “legalization” procedures. The investigation of misdemeanours had not clearly defined a procedural form and was not limited to specific deadlines, and depended almost entirely on the inner convictions of the individual who conducted this knowledge. In the legislation of the pre-revolutionary period, the investigation of misdemeanours should be carried out by a wide range of authorized persons (police ranks, military and civilian authorities, clergy, government officials, village elders, and others). The investigation of misdemeanours was carried out in everything without exception of crime, regardless of its severity at those times.It is proved that the modern model of pre-trial investigation represents the positive historical experience and the right opinion. Today we can observe a consistent procedure of the implementation of the exercise, a special circle of authorized persons, and the introduction of a balance of appropriate differentiation of forms of pre-trial investigation.

The biostratigraphy of Carboniferous chondrichthyans

2020 ◽  
pp. SP512-2020-91
Author(s):  
Michał Ginter
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Stem Group ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of

AbstractAmong several groups of fishes existing in the Carboniferous, the Chondrichthyes appear to have the greatest stratigraphic potential. However, despite the long history of investigation into Palaeozoic sharks, and especially their teeth, our knowledge of their usefulness in biostratigraphy and palaeoecology is still at an early stage of development. This is mainly because for a long time palaeoichthyologists have been focused on descriptions of individual taxa, and not on documenting whole assemblages. The microscopic teeth of pelagic stem-group Chondrichthyes, such as Thrinacodus (Phoebodontiformes), Denaea and Stethacanthulus (Falcatidae, Symmoriiformes) appear to be more useful than macrofossils (e.g., tooth plates of Holocephali) because of their wider geographic distribution and weaker facies-dependence.

scholarly journals Studies in intersexuality.—II. Sex-reversal in the fowl

1923 ◽  
Vol 95 (667) ◽  
pp. 256-278 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Sex Reversal ◽  
Laying Hen ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
Accurate Knowledge ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

Many instances of “hermaphroditism” and of the more or less complete assumption of the secondary sexual characters of the male by the old female bird, wild and domesticated, have been recorded, but in the great majority of such cases no accurate knowledge of the previous history of the individual has been available and each has been considered as an isolated case. It was thought that a study of these conditions as met with in the domestic fowl would be of genetic interest. In order to obtain specimens and information the poultry keepers of the country were circularised. It was found that:— (1) Rare cases of “hermaphroditism” have been encountered. A bird at the age of 4—6 months, instead of developing the distinctive male or female characters, grows slowly into a creature which is neither a pullet nor a cockerel and its characters remain indefinitely intermediate. (2) Rare cases are known of an otherwise perfectly normal laying hen with cocky plumage. In one such case, known to the present writer, the plumage following successive moults has been cocky—henny—cocky.

scholarly journals History of the development of inclusive education abroad

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (14) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Nataliya Holovko ◽  
◽  
Svitlana Balashova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Inclusive Education ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Education Abroad ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
Foreign Materials ◽  
The Individual

The article identifies the features of inclusive education, in particular, describes the content of this education abroad, in countries such as the United States, Italy, Germany. Scientists interpret inclusive education as a comprehensive system of educational services that takes into account the peculiarities of psychophysical development of all students. The forms and methods used in the learning process reveal the individual capabilities and potential of the student. Inclusive educational services cover all aspects of the student's academic and social life and include the formation of an individual curriculum, the creation of a favorable educational environment, the provision of support services of specialists The generalization and systematization of foreign materials allowed us to determine that at the present stage of development of society there is a strengthening of international cooperation between many countries, due to the pedagogical and social significance of inclusion.

scholarly journals A Brief Comparative History Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Susanne B. Haga
Keyword(s):  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
History Of

With the advent of gene-editing tools, changes to sequences encoding genes or regulatory elements can be made with relative ease compared to prior technologies. The development and anticipated commercialization of new applications using gene-editing technologies may span the gamut from therapeutic interventions to agricultural applications to cosmetic or enhancement procedures. Although objections have been raised about the purpose and on whom gene editing should be performed, limiting its uses in the absence of demonstrated harm may be difficult and unwise at this time, even at this early stage of development. The fledgling field may benefit from a review of the history of plastic and cosmetic surgery that underwent a similarly rocky start and continues to evolve to this day. From this brief comparative historical analysis, we may gain some insight about the path forward regarding the use of gene-editing tools for cosmetic purposes.

Investigating the Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Stigma Among Young Adults With History of Suicide Attempts

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meshan Lehmann ◽  
Matthew R. Hilimire ◽  
Lawrence H. Yang ◽  
Bruce G. Link ◽  
Jordan E. DeVylder
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Self-esteem is a major contributor to risk for repeated suicide attempts. Prior research has shown that awareness of stigma is associated with reduced self-esteem among people with mental illness. No prior studies have examined the association between self-esteem and stereotype awareness among individuals with past suicide attempts. Aims: To understand the relationship between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among young adults who have and have not attempted suicide. Method: Computerized surveys were administered to college students (N = 637). Linear regression analyses were used to test associations between self-esteem and stereotype awareness, attempt history, and their interaction. Results: There was a significant stereotype awareness by attempt interaction (β = –.74, p = .006) in the regression analysis. The interaction was explained by a stronger negative association between stereotype awareness and self-esteem among individuals with past suicide attempts (β = –.50, p = .013) compared with those without attempts (β = –.09, p = .037). Conclusion: Stigma is associated with lower self-esteem within this high-functioning sample of young adults with histories of suicide attempts. Alleviating the impact of stigma at the individual (clinical) or community (public health) levels may improve self-esteem among this high-risk population, which could potentially influence subsequent suicide risk.

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