Tethered-flight and Age-related Reproductive Performance of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) and H. armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Coombs
Keyword(s):  
Adult Life ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Tethered Flight ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Early Adult Life ◽  
Adult Lives ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Adult Food

Flight capacity of female and male moths was age dependent in both H. punctigera and H. armigera using a tethered-flight technique. In H. punctigera, flight capacity increased from the first night following emergence up to Night 4, and was maintained at least until Night 10. In H. armigera, a peak in flight capacity occurred on Night 4, followed by a decline with increasing age. Long-flying moths (> 5 h duration) were evident in both species from the night following emergence. Attainment of reproductive maturity was rapid in both species, with 91% of H. punctigera and 77% of H. armigera ovipositing by Night 3. Hence, the increase in flight capacity recorded for both species during early adult life is coincident with the onset of reproductive activity. Both species retain the capacity for extensive inter-crop and inter-regional movement throughout most of the reproductive phase of their adult lives. Neither successful mating or the absence of adult food sources influenced flight capacity during early adult life.

The effect of larval phase on flight performance of African armyworm moths, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Woodrow ◽  
A. G. Gatehouse ◽  
D. A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
High Density ◽  
Spodoptera Exempta ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Larval Phase ◽  
Tethered Flight ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
Phase Polyphenism ◽  
Clear Increase ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe characteristics of the high and low density forms of noctuid moths, including Spodoptera exempta (Walker), exhibiting a density-dependent phase polyphenism have frequently been discussed in relation to migration. However, the only previous (unpublished) demonstration of an effect of larval phase on adult flight performance, using a tethered-flight technique, was invalidated by the recent discovery that the principal determinant of flight potential in S. exempta is genetic. When the incidence of prolonged flight was measured in moths derived from genetically-matched (full-sib) samples, there was a clear increase in long flights by females derived from the high-density gregaria phase larvae compared with those from solitaria phase larvae. The reasons for the apparent absence of a similar effect in males is not clear, but it is possible that the tethered-flight technique provides a less reliable index of flight capacity in this sex. The characteristics and significance of phase polyphenism in migratory noctuids are discussed. It is suggested that, in S. exempta and possibly some other comparable species, the high-density phase is adapted to accelerate re-dispersal after populations become concentrated, in order to escape the detrimental consequences of high larval densities.

scholarly journals High Temporal Resolution Measurements of Movement Reveal Novel Early-Life Physiological Decline in C. elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drew B. Sinha ◽  
Zachary S. Pincus
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Daily Movement ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Age Related ◽  
High Interindividual Variability ◽  
Early Adult Life ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

AbstractAge-related physiological changes are most notable and best-studied late in life, while the nature of aging in early- or middle-aged individuals has not been explored as thoroughly. In C. elegans, studies of movement vs. age generally delineate three distinct phases: sustained, youthful movement; a discrete onset of rapidly progressing impairment; and gross immobility. We investigated whether this first period of early-life adult movement is simply a sustained “healthy” level of high function followed by a discrete “movement catastrophe” — or whether there are early-life changes in movement that precede future physiological declines. To determine how movement varies during early adult life, we followed isolated individuals throughout life with a previously unachieved combination of duration and temporal resolution. By tracking individuals across the first six days of adulthood, we observed declines in movement starting as early as the first two days of adult life, as well as high interindividual variability in total daily movement. These findings suggest that movement is a highly dynamic behavior early in life, and that factors driving movement decline may begin acting as early as the first day of adulthood. Using simulation studies based on acquired data, we suggest that too infrequent sampling in common movement assays limits observation of early-adult changes in motility, and we propose feasible alternate strategies and a framework for designing assays with increased sensitivity for early movement declines.

The effect of larval rearing conditions on flight performance in females of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. E. Parker ◽  
A. G. Gatehouse
Keyword(s):  
Larval Density ◽  
Spodoptera Exempta ◽  
Larval Rearing ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Tethered Flight ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Flight Capacity ◽  
And Control ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

AbstractThe effect of quantitative and qualitative differences in maize leaf fed to larvae of Spodoptera exempta (Walker), and of larval density, on flight duration in female moths was investigated using a tethered-flight technique. Neither food deprivation nor diets of water-stressed maize influenced the proportion of moths flying for long periods. However, a significant increase in the incidence of long flights was recorded in moths from larvae reared at high densities. Significant differences were observed in the weights and sizes of moths from the different larval treatments. Wing-loading was shown to be a function of moth weight, with lighter moths having lower wing-loadings. However, wing-loadings of long-flying moths and those of short-fliers were similar, and it is concluded that the migratory potential of females of S. exempta cannot be predicted from moth weight or morphometric data. A feature of the results was the variable proportion of long-flying moths in the test and control groups, irrespective of larval treatment. Re-examination of the data showed that a high incidence of long flights was evident in the experimental insects at approximately one-generation intervals, and it is suggested that there is a major genetic component in the determination of flight capacity in this species.

Age, sex, and serum thyrotropin concentrations in primary hypothyroidism

1991 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Wiener ◽  
Robert D. Utiger ◽  
Robert Lew ◽  
Charles H. Emerson
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Primary Hypothyroidism ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Serum Free ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Early Adult Life ◽  
Thyroid Secretion ◽  
Serum Tsh

Abstract. We studied the relationship between age, sex, serum thyroxine concentrations, and serum thyrotropin concentrations in 202 patients with primary hypothyroidism whose ages ranged from 10 to 89 years. The results from two groups of patients were analysed, both combined and separately, by multiple linear regression analysis of the factors age, sex, group, and serum free T4 index or serum T4 concentration, to predict serum TSH. The serum free T4 index or T4 values and age were negatively correlated with the serum TSH concentrations (p<0.001) for all comparisons. In contrast, there was no significant relationship between sex and serum TSH concentrations in these hypothyroid patients. The age-related decline in serum TSH concentrations in hypothyroidism was apparent during adolescence and early adult life (ages 10 to 39 years) and in elderly subjects (ages 61 to 89 years). We conclude that age is a determinant of TSH secretion independent of the level of thyroid secretion.

scholarly journals Impact of Polyphenolic-Food on Longevity: An Elixir of Life. An Overview

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 507
Author(s):  
Rosaria Meccariello ◽  
Stefania D’Angelo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Macromolecular Damage ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Aging and, particularly, the onset of age-related diseases are associated with tissue dysfunction and macromolecular damage, some of which can be attributed to accumulation of oxidative damage. Recently, growing interest has emerged on the beneficial effects of plant-based diets for the prevention of chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Several studies collectively suggests that the intake of polyphenols and their major food sources may exert beneficial effects on improving insulin resistance and related diabetes risk factors, such as inflammation and oxidative stress. They are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet, and their intake has been associated with a reduced aging in humans. Polyphenolic intake has been shown to be effective at ameliorating several age-related phenotypes, including oxidative stress, inflammation, impaired proteostasis, and cellular senescence, both in vitro and in vivo. In this paper, effects of these phytochemicals (either pure forms or polyphenolic-food) are reviewed and summarized according to affected cellular signaling pathways. Finally, the effectiveness of the anti-aging preventive action of nutritional interventions based on diets rich in polyphenolic food, such as the diets of the Blue zones, are discussed.

scholarly journals PINK1 deficiency impairs adult neurogenesis of dopaminergic neurons

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. Brown ◽  
Ibrahim Boussaad ◽  
Javier Jarazo ◽  
Julia C. Fitzgerald ◽  
Paul Antony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Neurogenesis ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Lineage Tracing ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Early Effect ◽  
Early Adult Life

AbstractRecent evidence suggests neurogenesis is on-going throughout life but the relevance of these findings for neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) is poorly understood. Biallelic PINK1 mutations cause early onset, Mendelian inherited PD. We studied the effect of PINK1 deficiency on adult neurogenesis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in two complementary model systems. Zebrafish are a widely-used model to study neurogenesis in development and through adulthood. Using EdU analyses and lineage-tracing studies, we first demonstrate that a subset of ascending DA neurons and adjacent local-projecting DA neurons are each generated into adulthood in wild type zebrafish at a rate that decreases with age. Pink1-deficiency impedes DA neurogenesis in these populations, most significantly in early adult life. Pink1 already exerts an early effect on Th1+ progenitor cells rather than on differentiated DA neurons only. In addition, we investigate the effect of PINK1 deficiency in a human isogenic organoid model. Global neuronal differentiation in PINK1-deficient organoids and isogenic controls is similar, but PINK1-deficient organoids display impeded DA neurogenesis. The observation of impaired adult dopaminergic neurogenesis in Pink1 deficiency in two complementing model systems may have significant consequences for future therapeutic approaches in human PD patients with biallelic PINK1 mutations.

Expression levels of the insulin-like growth factor-II gene (IGF2) in the human liver: developmental relationships of the four promoters

1996 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
X Li ◽  
H Cui ◽  
B Sandstedt ◽  
H Nordlinder ◽  
E Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Fetal Liver ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Rnase Protection ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Factor Ii

Abstract We have studied the insulin-like growth factor-II gene (IGF2) promoter usage in normal human liver from fetal to late adult life by quantifying the specific transcripts by RNase protection assays using exon-specific probes. While the fetal liver uses only three promoters (P2, P3, P4) for the transcription of IGF2, all four promoters can be used from the age of 2 months after birth. The levels of the individual promoter transcripts vary substantially during development and the P3 promoter, which is a highly active fetal promoter, was not used by all the investigated adult patients but was detected in 30% of the adult group as a whole. The PI promoter, which has previously been considered as the only one responsible for IGF2 transcription in the postnatal/adult liver, displayed a trend of increasing relative and absolute activity throughout life, but in some adult cases it was found to be less active than the P4 promoter. The P4 promoter displayed an age-related trend of decreasing activity from a very high fetal level, but individual exceptions were apparent. The P2 promoter transcript, peaking at the age of 2 months, showed a relatively even absolute amount from 18 months onwards. Thus, while P2 and P3 were both found to reach their highest activity after birth, the P4 promoter displayed its highest transcription at the fetal stage. The total IGF2 transcription, primarily from P2, P3 and P4, was found to peak shortly after birth. After this age, the P3 promoter transcript declined most rapidly and a low or zero amount was detected in adulthood. From the age of 18 months to old adulthood the total IGF2 mRNA, derived primarily from P1, P2 and P4, displayed a relatively even amount (approximately one tenth) of that seen at the peak at 2 months. This data may be important in relation to translatability of the various IGF2 transcripts. Journal of Endocrinology (1996) 149, 117–124

The constancy of parent-offspring similarity of total cholesterol throughout childhood and early adult life

1984 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 833-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Greenberg ◽  
Philip P. Green ◽  
Katherine J. Roggenkamp ◽  
Elizabeth Barrett-Connor ◽  
Herman A. Tyroler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Early Adult Life

scholarly journals Adolescent schizophrenia

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Hollis
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Early Presentation ◽  
Cautious Approach ◽  
Chronic Disorder ◽  
Early Adult Life ◽  
Relative Rarity

Schizophrenia is a devastating chronic disorder that typically presents in early adult life and impacts on a broad swathe of social and psychological functioning. It is not surprising that psychiatrists have tended to be circumspect about making this ominous diagnosis in children and adolescents. Genuine concerns about the validity of applying ‘adult’ psychotic diagnoses in this young age group, together with the lack of diagnosis-specific interventions, have suggested a cautious approach to diagnosis. Furthermore, the relative rarity of schizophrenia in this age group has meant that most psychiatrists have relatively little experience with ‘atypical’ early presentation of the disorder.

scholarly journals OR28-01 Constitutive Activation of NRF2 Antioxidant Response Leads to Age-Dependent Goiter and Compensated Hypothyroidism in Male Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dionysios Chartoumpekis ◽  
Panos Ziros ◽  
Cédric Renaud ◽  
Massimo Bongiovanni ◽  
Ioannis Habeos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Diffuse Goiter ◽  
Early Adult Life

Abstract Background: Familial non-toxic multinodular goiter (MNG) is a rare disease. KEAP1 gene (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) that encodes the main inhibitor of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2), a central mediator of antioxidant responses, has been found to be one of the mutated genes that lead to familial MNG. The proposed association of KEAP1 with familial MNG is based on only two loss-of-function mutations in respective Japanese families, only one of which included proper phenotyping and demonstration of co-segregation of phenotype and mutation. To date, there is no experimental evidence from model organisms to support that decreased Keap1 levels can cause goiter. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that enhanced Nrf2 signaling induced by loss of Keap1 function in mice can lead to goiter. Methods: To this end, male Keap1 hypomorphic C57BL/6J mice that express ~80% less Keap1 in their tissues (Keap1 knockdown mice:“Keap1KD”) were studied at 3 and 12 months of age and compared to wild-type mice (WT). Plasma, thyroids and pituitary glands were collected for assessment of thyroid function by radioimmunoassays and for histology as well as gene and protein expression by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting respectively. Results: Keap1KD showed diffuse goiter that began to develop in early adult life and became highly prominent at the age of 12 months when the thyroids of Keap1KD were 6-fold heavier than WT. Histomorphometry assessment of thyroids showed that Keap1KD had ~3-fold larger follicle area and colloid compartment but no thyroid nodules or hyperplasia was detected. Keap1KD also showed primary hypothyroidism already in early adult life that was eventually well-compensated over time by increased TSH levels (at age of 12 months: WT TSH=47.7±9.1 mU/L, Keap1KD TSH=460±74 mU/L). This was also reflected in the pituitary gland of Keap1KD where Tshb mRNA was ~3-fold higher than WT. Despite a known stimulatory effect of Nrf2 on Tg gene transcription and Tg protein abundance, these measures were decreased in the thyroid of Keap1KD mice. No clear patterns were observed in the expression profiles of other thyroid hormone synthesis-specific factors, such as Duox1, Duoxa1, Duox2, Duoxa2, Tpo, Nis, Dio1, Dio2, Dehal1 mRNA levels, with the exception of Tg-processing and Tg-degrading cathepsins, including an increase in mature forms of cathepsins D, L and S. Conclusions: Keap1KD mice showed age-dependent diffuse goiter and compensated hypothyroidism. The precise mechanism accounting for the thyroidal phenotype remains to be elucidated, but it may involve enhanced Tg solubilization and excessive lysosomal Tg degradation. This study unravels novel roles of the druggable Keap1/Nrf2 pathway in thyroid function and economy. Subclinical hypothyroidism in Keap1KD mice may have broader implications regarding their use in metabolic research.

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