The structure and fuction of the Epididymis. 1. The histology of the Rat Epididymis.

1957 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
KW Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Unit Volume ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Principal Cells ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Efferent Ducts ◽  
Rat Epididymis ◽  
Histological Characteristics ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Epididymal Duct

Epididymides from six white rats have been examined by standard histological techniques. The epididymis, consisting of rete, efferent ducts, and epididymal duct possesses an epithelium containing six cell types-principal, basal, ciliated, apical, halo, and clear cells-each of which is described. Cytoplasmic differences in the principal cells permit two zones to be recognized in the efferent ducts. The principal cells along the length of the epididymal duct vary in a number of features such as: height, depth and distribution of staining, the incidence, size, and intracellular distribution of vacuoles, the shape of the nuclei, and the distribution of chromatin within them. Such differences permit definition of six major zones, some of which may be further subdivided. Variations in the histological characteristics of the various zones in different individuals have been described. These zones have been related to the usual anatomical divisions of head, isthmus, and tail. The lumen of the epididymis contains spermatids and their breakdown products in addition to spermatozoa. The latter vary in density (number per unit volume), and in their arrangement with respect to one another, in the various zones of the efferent epididymal ducts. The implications of these histological findings in the physiology of the epididymis are discussed.

The structure and function of the epididymis. 2. The histogenesis of the rat epididymis.

1959 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
BL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Efferent Duct ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Efferent Ducts ◽  
Caudal Portion ◽  
Rat Epididymis ◽  
Nuclear Differentiation ◽  
And Function ◽  
Epididymal Duct

Observations were made on the epididymides of young white rats of the following ages: 3, 21, 28, 32, 37, 39, 56, 72, 96, 110 days. Both efferent ducts and epididymal duct are undifferentiated at 21 days with a similar cuboidal epithelium. The connective tissue coat of the efferent ducts is one cell thick whereas that of the epididymal duct is two or three cells thick. The possible involvement of the connective tissue in the process of histogenesis is discussed. Differentiation within the epididymal duct commences at 28 days when the epithelium in the cephalic portion is tall and that in the caudal portion of the head and remainder of the tail is tall with isolated segments of low columnar epithelium. The latter epithelium is associated with a wider lumen which evidently becomes continuous down the duct. In the efferent ducts at this stage ciliated cells have appeared. Differentiation of the cephalic portion of the head is completed rapidly by the 37th day but that of the caudal portion of the head and tail of the organ is completed only at the 96th day. In certain zones, histodifferentiation is accompanied by obvious nuclear differentiation. Spermatozoa first appear in the testis at 56 days but do not enter and fill the epididymal ducts until 72 days. There is evidence of an outflow of fluid from the testis which carries spermatocytes and spermatids into the duct at 32 days. The changes in the epithelium of the efferent duct, the epididymis, and the deferent duct from the 3rd to the 110th day are tabulated.

System of thermodynamic quantities in the McMillan-Mayer solution theory

1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilém Kodýtek
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Generating Function ◽  
Simple Form ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
Solution Theory ◽  
Pure Solvent ◽  
Second Derivatives ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Derivatives Of

The McMillan-Mayer (MM) free energy per unit volume of solution AMM, is employed as a generating function of the MM system of thermodynamic quantities for solutions in the state of osmotic equilibrium with pure solvent. This system can be defined by replacing the quantities G, T, P, and m in the definition of the Lewis-Randall (LR) system by AMM, T, P0, and c (P0 being the pure solvent pressure). Following this way the LR to MM conversion relations for the first derivatives of the free energy are obtained in a simple form. New relations are derived for its second derivatives.

scholarly journals Desmosomal Molecules In and Out of Adhering Junctions: Normal and Diseased States of Epidermal, Cardiac and Mesenchymally Derived Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Pieperhoff ◽  
Mareike Barth ◽  
Steffen Rickelt ◽  
Werner W. Franke
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Junctions ◽  
Surface Molecules ◽  
Transmembrane Glycoprotein ◽  
Current Cell ◽  
Plakophilin 2 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Adhering Junctions ◽  
Cell Cell

Current cell biology textbooks mention only two kinds of cell-to-cell adhering junctions coated with the cytoplasmic plaques: the desmosomes (maculae adhaerentes), anchoring intermediate-sized filaments (IFs), and the actin microfilament-anchoring adherens junctions (AJs), including both punctate (puncta adhaerentia) and elongate (fasciae adhaerentes) structures. In addition, however, a series of other junction types has been identified and characterized which contain desmosomal molecules but do not fit the definition of desmosomes. Of these special cell-cell junctions containing desmosomal glycoproteins or proteins we review the composite junctions (areae compositae) connecting the cardiomyocytes of mature mammalian hearts and their importance in relation to human arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. We also emphasize the various plakophilin-2-positive plaques in AJs (coniunctiones adhaerentes) connecting proliferatively active mesenchymally-derived cells, including interstitial cells of the heart and several soft tissue tumor cell types. Moreover, desmoplakin has also been recognized as a constituent of the plaques of thecomplexus adhaerentesconnecting certain lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, we emphasize the occurrence of the desmosomal transmembrane glycoprotein, desmoglein Dsg2, out of the context of any junction as dispersed cell surface molecules in certain types of melanoma cells and melanocytes. This broadening of our knowledge on the diversity of AJ structures indicates that it may still be too premature to close the textbook chapters on cell-cell junctions.

scholarly journals The evolving definition of salivary gland stem cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia Rocchi ◽  
Lara Barazzuol ◽  
Rob P. Coppes
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Adult Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Research Field ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Definition Of

AbstractDysfunction of the salivary gland and irreversible hyposalivation are the main side effects of radiotherapy treatment for head and neck cancer leading to a drastic decrease of the quality of life of the patients. Approaches aimed at regenerating damaged salivary glands have been proposed as means to provide long-term restoration of tissue function in the affected patients. In studies to elucidate salivary gland regenerative mechanisms, more and more evidence suggests that salivary gland stem/progenitor cell behavior, like many other adult tissues, does not follow that of the hard-wired professional stem cells of the hematopoietic system. In this review, we provide evidence showing that several cell types within the salivary gland epithelium can serve as stem/progenitor-like cells. While these cell populations seem to function mostly as lineage-restricted progenitors during homeostasis, we indicate that upon damage specific plasticity mechanisms might be activated to take part in regeneration of the tissue. In light of these insights, we provide an overview of how recent developments in the adult stem cell research field are changing our thinking of the definition of salivary gland stem cells and their potential plasticity upon damage. These new perspectives may have important implications on the development of new therapeutic approaches to rescue radiation-induced hyposalivation.

Abstract 255: A Fibroblast Population Shares A Developmental Origin With Cardiovascular Lineages

2014 ◽  
Vol 115 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Ranjbarvaziri ◽  
Shah Ali ◽  
Mahmood Talkhabi ◽  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Young-Jae Nam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Development ◽  
Cardiac Fibroblasts ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Mouse Heart ◽  
Developmental Potential ◽  
Reporter Mice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Definition Of

Rationale: The traditional definition of “cardiovascular” lineages describes the eponymous cell types - cardiomyoctes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells - that arise from a common mesodermal progenitor cell during heart development. Fibroblasts are an abundant mesenchymal population in the mammalian heart which may have multiple, discrete developmental origins. Mesp1 represents the earliest marker of cardiovascular progenitors, contributing to the majority of cardiac lineages. To date no link between Mesp1 and fibroblast generation has been reported. Objective: We hypothesized progenitor cells expressing Mesp1 can also give rise to cardiac fibroblasts during heart development. Methods and Results: We generated Mesp1cre/+;R26RmTmG reporter mice where Cre-mediated recombination results in GFP activation in all Mesp1 expressing cells and their progeny. To explore their developmental potential, we isolated GFP+ cells from E7.5 Mesp1cre/+;R26RmTmG mouse. In vitro culture and transplantation studies into SCID mouse kidney capsule as wells as chick embryos showed fibroblastic adoption. Results showed that at E9.5 Mesp1+ and Mesp1- progenitors contributed to the proepicardium organ and later at E11.5 they formed epicardium. Analysis of adult hearts demonstrated that the majority of cardiac fibroblasts are derived from Mesp1 expressing cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of heart sections demonstrated expression of fibroblast markers (including DDR2, PDGFRα and Col1) in cells derived from both Mesp1+ and Mesp1- progenitors. Additionally, we investigated whether the two distinct fibroblast populations have different potency towards reprogramming to cardiomyocytes. Results showed no significant difference between Mesp1 and non-Mesp1 isolated fibroblasts to convert to cardiomyocyte fate. Conclusions: Our data demonstrates that cardiovascular progenitors expressing Mesp1 contribute to the proepicardium. These cells, as cardiovascular progenitors, also give rise to the highest portion of cardiac fibroblasts in the mouse heart.

scholarly journals Selective expression of TLQP-21 and other VGF peptides in gastric neuroendocrine cells and modulation by feeding

2010 ◽  
Vol 207 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Brancia ◽  
Cristina Cocco ◽  
Filomena D'Amato ◽  
Barbara Noli ◽  
Fabrizio Sanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Knockout ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cells ◽  
Mucosal Cell ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Ecl Cell ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
Gene Knockout Mice ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Fasted Rats

Although vgf gene knockout mice are hypermetabolic, administration of the VGF peptide TLQP-21 itself increased energy consumption. Agonist–antagonist roles are thus suggested for different VGF peptides, and the definition of their tissue heterogeneity is mandatory. We studied the rat stomach using antisera to C- or N-terminal sequences of known or predicted VGF peptides in immunohistochemistry and ELISA. TLQP (rat VGF556–565) peptide/s were most abundant (162±11 pmol/g, mean±s.e.m.) and were brightly immunostained in enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and somatostatin cells. A peptide co-eluting with TLQP-21 was revealed in HPLC of gastric and hypothalamic extracts, while the extended TLQP-62 form was restricted to the hypothalamus. Novel PGH (rat VGF422–430) peptide/s were revealed in ghrelin cells, mostly corresponding to low MW forms (0.8–1.5 kDa), while VGF C-terminus peptides were confined to neurons. VGF mRNA was present in the above gastric endocrine cell types, and was prominent in chief cells, in parallel with low-intensity staining for further cleaved products from the C-terminal region of VGF (HVLL peptides: VGF605–614). In swine stomach, a comparable profile of VGF peptides was revealed by immunohistochemistry. When fed and fasted rats were studied, a clear-cut, selective decrease on fasting was observed for TLQP peptides only (162±11 vs 74±5.3 pmol/g, fed versus fasted rats, mean±s.e.m., P<0.00001). In conclusion, specific VGF peptides appear to be widely represented in different gastric endocrine and other mucosal cell populations. The selective modulation of TLQP peptides suggests their involvement in peripheral neuro-endocrine mechanisms related to feeding responses and/or ECL cell regulation.

GPER1 in sand rat epididymis: Effects of seasonal variations, castration and efferent ducts ligation

2017 ◽  
Vol 183 ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafik Menad ◽  
Meriem Fernini ◽  
Souaâd Smaï ◽  
Xavier Bonnet ◽  
Thérèse Gernigon-Spychalowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Sand Rat ◽  
Efferent Ducts ◽  
Rat Epididymis

scholarly journals Castration causes an increase in lysosomal size and upregulation of cathepsin D expression in principal cells along with increased secretion of procathepsin D and prosaposin oligomers in adult rat epididymis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250454
Author(s):  
Lorena Carvelli ◽  
Andrea Carolina Aguilera ◽  
Leila Zyla ◽  
Laura Lucía Pereyra ◽  
Carlos R. Morales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Complex Formation ◽  
Cathepsin D ◽  
Initial Segment ◽  
Lysosomal Enzymes ◽  
Sperm Maturation ◽  
Principal Cells ◽  
Adult Rat ◽  
Rat Epididymis ◽  
Lysosomal Proteins

In the epididymis, lysosomal proteins of the epithelial cells are normally targeted from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes for degradation, although their secretion into the epididymal lumen has been documented and associated with sperm maturation. In this study, cathepsin D (CatD) and prosaposin (PSAP) were examined in adult epididymis of control, and 2-day castrated rats without (Ct) and with testosterone replacement (Ct+T) to evaluate their expression and regulation within epididymal epithelial cells. By light microscope-immunocytochemistry, a quantitative increase in size of lysosomes in principal cells of Ct animals was noted from the distal initial segment to the proximal cauda. Androgen replacement did not restore the size of lysosomes to control levels. Western blot analysis revealed a significant increase in CatD expression in the epididymis of Ct animals, which suggested an upregulation of its expression in principal cells; androgens restored levels of CatD to that of controls. In contrast, PSAP expression in Ct animals was not altered from controls. Additionally, an increase in procathepsin D levels was noted from samples of the epididymal fluid of Ct compared to control animals, accompanied by an increased complex formation with PSAP. Moreover, an increased oligomerization of prosaposin was observed in the epididymal lumen of Ct rats, with changes reverted to controls in Ct+T animals. Taken together these data suggest castration causes an increased uptake of substrates that are acted upon by CatD in lysosomes of principal cells and in the lumen by procathepsin D. These substrates may be derived from apoptotic cells noted in the lumen of proximal regions and possibly by degenerating sperm in distal regions of the epididymis of Ct animals. Exploring the mechanisms by which lysosomal enzymes are synthesized and secreted by the epididymis may help resolve some of the issues originating from epididymal dysfunctions with relevance to sperm maturation.

scholarly journals An atlas of cell types in the mammalian epididymis and vas deferens

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera D. Rinaldi ◽  
Elisa Donnard ◽  
Kyle J. Gellatly ◽  
Morten Rasmussen ◽  
Alper Kucukural ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vas Deferens ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Regional Specialization ◽  
Clear Cells ◽  
Principal Cells ◽  
Mammalian Sperm ◽  
Genomic Clusters

ABSTRACTFollowing spermatogenesis in the testis, mammalian sperm continue to mature over the course of approximately 10 days as they transit a long epithelial tube known as the epididymis. The epididymis is comprised of multiple segments/compartments that, in addition to concentrating sperm and preventing their premature activation, play key roles in remodeling the protein, lipid, and RNA composition of maturing sperm. In order to understand the complex roles for the epididymis in reproductive biology, we generated a single cell atlas of gene expression from the murine epididymis and vas deferens. We recovered all the key cell types of the epididymal epithelium, including principal cells, clear cells, and basal cells, along with associated support cells that include fibroblasts, smooth muscle, macrophages and other immune cells. Moreover, our data illuminate extensive regional specialization of principal cell populations across the length of the epididymis, with a substantial fraction of segment-specific genes localized in genomic clusters of functionally-related genes. In addition to the extensive region-specific specialization of principal cells, we find evidence for functionally-specialized subpopulations of stromal cells, and, most notably, two distinct populations of clear cells. Analysis of ligand/receptor expression reveals a network of potential cellular signaling connections, with several predicted interactions between cell types that may play roles in immune cell recruitment and other aspects of epididymal function. Our dataset extends on existing knowledge of epididymal biology, and provides a wealth of information on potential regulatory and signaling factors that bear future investigation.

scholarly journals Cytology of the Pituitary Gonadotrophs, Histological Characteristics of Interrenal and Chromaffin Cells in Relation to Testicular Activities in Mystus Vittatus (Siluriformes, Bagridae) During Growth, Maturation and Spawning Phases

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164
Author(s):  
M. Banerjee ◽  
S. Ghosh ◽  
P. Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Mystus Vittatus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Granules ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
Tsh Cells ◽  
Blue Stain ◽  
Interrenal Cells ◽  
Histological Characteristics

Abstract The histological changes observed in the pituitary corticotrophs, gonadotrophs, adrenocortical tissues and testicular cells in M. vittatus (Bloch, 1794) have been studies during growth, maturation and spawning phases. The studies based on the changes observed in the cell types, shape and size of the cells of the adrenocortical tissues, testes and the overall percentage of gonadotroph (GTH) and thyrotroph (TSH) cells of the pituitary. However, during growth phase, in proximal pars distalis (PPD) the considerable increment of GTH and TSH have been observed having intense aniline blue stain. The corticotrophs (ACTH) also showed significant accumulation of fuchsinophilic cytoplasmic granules. The cytoplasmic features and the architecture of the interrenal cells were well coincident with the increase of different spermatogenic cells. During the maturation phase dense granulation in the GTH and TSH cells appeared to be concomitant with the spermiation. The amount of cytoplasmic granules of the interrenal cells increased than chromaffin cells and was well coincidence with the increase of spermatids and spermatozoa. The hyperactive and vacuolated features of the interrenal cells during spawning phase appeared to be concomitant with the final process of spermiation.

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