The copper content of the liver and blood of some vertebrates.

1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
AB Beck
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Copper Level ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Current Systems ◽  
High Liver

Determinations have been made of the concentration of copper in the blood and liver from a wide range of vertebrate species. The blood copper levels show trends which do not follow the phylogenetic relationships implied in current systems of classification. The highest levels are found in the pig (1.4 mg copper/L whole blood), and the lowest in the domestic fowl and turkey (0.23 mg/L). Marsupials show low values (0.3-0.4 mg/L), whereas in most other species the values lie between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L. It is suggested that the usual range in an individual species represents the optimum for the physiological requirements of this species. The concentration of copper in the liver of most species lies below 50 p.p.m. copper on a dry weight basis. High values are found in the ruminant, the duck, the frog, and in certain fish. From a consideration of the data presented, it seems probable that the high liver copper level characteristic of some species is due, not to a higher intake of copper or to a greater absorption, but to a lesser ability to restrict the storage of copper in the liver. Although there is no suggestion of sex difference in liver copper levels of most species, a highly significant difference (P < 0.001) has been noted in the Australian salmon (Arripis trutta Bloch & Schneider).

Essential Elements in Dry and Canned Kidney Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

1988 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY LOPEZ ◽  
HARRIET L. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sodium Content ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Kidney Beans ◽  
Significant Difference

Ten essential mineral elements were determined in dry and in canned kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Samples were taken at different stages during the canning process to determine where changes in element content occurred. Canned kidney beans contained significantly lower concentrations of iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, and zinc than dry kidney beans, on a dry weight basis. These decreases were probably caused by the elements being extracted out during soaking and blanching of the kidney beans and/or during the actual thermal processing where elements were extracted into the can liquid. There was a significant increase in calcium in the canned product and no significant difference in copper and phosphorus contents between the dry and canned products. Chloride and sodium content in canned kidney beans increased due to the sodium chloride content of the filling medium, and their concentrations varied depending on the concentration of the medium used. Retention of all elements, except chloride and sodium, ranged from 61 to 117% on a dry weight basis and from 19 to 36% on wet weight basis, retention being defined as the ratio of content in the canned to that in the dry product as received at the plant.

scholarly journals Effect of Wire Supports on Pod Yield of Winged Beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC.

1969 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-218
Author(s):  
R. Del Valle, Jr. ◽  
M. A. Lugo-López ◽  
T. W. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽  
Soil Humidity ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
Pod Growth

An experiment with winged beans (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) (DC.) was conducted in a Torres clay (Plinthic Palehumults) to evaluate the performance of WB 21-8 and WB 10-3, and the effect of using wire supports on growth and development, fresh pod yield and tuber production. Without wire supports, there were no differences between cultivars either in growth and development or in fresh pod yields. There was, however, a highly significant difference between cultivars when both were grown with wire supports. A significant difference between yields of plants with and without wire supports within cultivar WB 21-8 was evident, while no differences were recorded for cultivar WB 1 10-3. The interaction of cultivars and use of wire supports was significant. Fresh pod yields were consistently low for both cultivars when supports were omitted, probably due to pod rot as result of the high soil humidity during pod growth. A field-wide average of 5.7 t/ha was obtained from only three harvests. There were no significant differences in protein content between treatments. A mean protein content (dry weight basis) of 20% was recorded. Tuber samples (irrespective of cultivar) had a mean protein content of 10%.

scholarly journals Canine Liver Iron, Copper, and Zinc Concentrations and Association with Histologic Lesions

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 396-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia C. Schultheiss ◽  
Cathy L. Bedwell ◽  
Dwayne W. Hamar ◽  
Martin J. Fettman
Keyword(s):  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Liver Iron ◽  
Inflammatory Lesions ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Zinc Concentrations ◽  
High Liver ◽  
Iron Concentrations

Concentrations of iron, copper, and zinc were measured in livers of 95 dogs that were suspected of having liver disease. Iron concentrations ranged from 177 to 7,680 ppm (dry weight basis); 54 dogs had iron concentrations greater than the normal concentration of 1,200 ppm. Iron stores were present in Kupffer cells and macrophages but not hepatocytes. The dogs did not have lesions of hemochromatosis. Dogs with high liver iron tended to have high liver copper and inflammatory lesions. High liver copper concentrations usually were associated with hepatocellular necrosis and fibrosis. High liver zinc was found in only 5 animals and was accompanied by histologic inflammatory lesions in one. In humans, increased iron concentration in the liver exacerbates liver damage caused by a variety of insults, and the same may be true for dogs.

Copper-Associated Hepatitis in Labrador Retrievers

2009 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Smedley ◽  
T. Mullaney ◽  
W. Rumbeiha
Keyword(s):  
Hepatic Cirrhosis ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Copper Level ◽  
Michigan State University ◽  
State University ◽  
Hepatic Copper ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Diagnostic Center ◽  
Labrador Retrievers

Labrador Retrievers with elevated hepatic copper levels have been reported; however, it is unclear whether primary copper-associated hepatitis occurs in this breed. The objective of this study was to determine whether copper-associated hepatitis could be identified in Labradors by reviewing cases from the Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University. Sixteen Labrador Retrievers (3 male, 12 female, and 1 of undetermined sex) between 4 and 11 years old, had multifocal and coalescing, centrilobular hepatitis characterized by macrophages with abundant intracytoplasmic copper and hemosiderin. Other lesions included multifocal, centrilobular and random, pigmented granulomas, hepatocellular necrosis, intrahepatic cholestasis, centrilobular or bridging fibrosis, and occasionally, pseudolobule formation. In rhodanine-stained sections, copper was concentrated in the cytoplasm of centrilobular and midzonal hepatocytes and in macrophages, which is consistent with copper-associated hepatitis. In 12 of the dogs, quantitative liver copper levels were available, and in all but 2 dogs the levels were greater than 2,000 parts per million dry weight (ppm dw). One dog had a liver copper level of 1,990 ppm dw and one dog with advanced hepatic cirrhosis had a level of 1,490 ppm dw. The findings suggest that primary copper-associated hepatitis likely occurs in Labrador Retrievers.

COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM STATUS OF GROWING BEEF CATTLE IN A SELENIUM DEFICIENT AREA OF NORTHERN ONTARIO

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. HIDIROGLOU ◽  
K. J. JENKINS ◽  
J. R. LESSARD ◽  
R. B. CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Copper Deficiency ◽  
Copper Level ◽  
Northern Ontario ◽  
Liver Copper ◽  
Copper Status ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plasma Copper ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
Deficient Area ◽  
Copper Plasma

A study was conducted on the effect of nutritional muscular dystrophy (NMD) on the copper and molybdenum contents of various tissues from calves under three months of age. Fifty-one calves were employed from an area in northern Ontario where NMD is common and 12 calves from a dystrophy-free area. The latter animals were fed a milk substitute which contained some 4.5 times as much copper as the milk received by the calves in the NMD area. For suckled calves in northern Ontario, no significant difference in liver copper concentrations was observed between healthy and NMD-affected animals. In calves fed the milk substitute, the liver copper level was markedly higher [204.4 ± 71.0 (SD)] than in suckled calves with dystrophy (55.5 ± 36.3) or without the disorder (60.8 ± 53.7). The copper concentrations (μg/g DM) of other tissues from NMD-affected calves were: kidney 14.8 ± 3.3, heart 14.0 ± 2.5, lung 6.5 ± 2.0, spleen 4.3 ± 1.6 and muscle 3.0 ± 1.4. No significant differences in these copper levels occurred between NMD-affected and healthy calves, or those reared on the milk substitute. Similarly, there were no significant differences in tissue molybdenum concentrations. The data indicated that the calves reared in northern Ontario had a marginal copper deficiency. Tissue copper and molybdenum levels appeared to be unaffected by the development of myopathy in the calves. The copper status of two groups, of six calves each, wintered outdoors or indoors, also was compared. Hypocuprosis and copper plasma levels were not influenced by exposure to the severe outwintering conditions of northern Ontario. Plasma copper levels showed a gradual decrease from 66 ± 16 μg per 100 ml plasma at 1 week of age to 51 ± 10 μg per 100 ml at 19 weeks.

Wildlife of Lancewood (Acacia Shirleyi) Thickets and Woodlands in Northern Australia. 1. Variation in Vertebrate Species Composition Across the Environmental Range Occupied by Lancewood Vegetation in the Northern Territory.

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 379 ◽  
Author(s):  
JCZ Woinarski ◽  
A Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Eucalyptus Species ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tall Shrub

Vegetation dominated by lancewood (Acacia shirleyi) occurs extensively across the Northern Territory and Queensland. The vertebrate species (birds, mammals, reptiles and frogs) composition was sampled at 61 patches of lancewood in the Northern Territory (including 22 patches where quadrats were intensively sampled), and the distribution of species was related to a wide range of environmental characteristics, spatial variables, disturbance and season. Of 165 species recorded from lancewood patches, eight species were recorded from more than half of the sampled patches: Pachycephala rufiventris, Pomatostomus temporalis, Rhipidura leucophrys, Cracticus nigrogularis, Melanodryas cucullata, Geopelia cuneata, G. placida and Macropus robustus. Environmental variation within sampled lancewood sites was described by classification of 51 quadrats into 7 classes, and the 61 patches into 5 classes. Vertebrate species showed limited association with this classification, with a few species associated with the occasional co-dominant tall shrub Macropteranthes kekwickii, other species associated with variation in rockiness or soil texture, and other species associated with variation in the occurrence of Eucalyptus species within lancewood vegetation. An ordination of all quadrats by their vertebrate species composition suggested a loose patterning associated mainly with latitude and, less strongly, soil texture and co-occurring tree/shrub species (notably Eucalyptus and Macropteranthes). Suggesting a depauperate and poorly defined vertebrate community in lancewood, quadrats in small isolated lancewood patches had more species than those in large patches, and this pattern was shown for many individual species. Lancewood patches showed some impact of grazing and logging, but this was generally minor and could not be demonstrated to have any consistent relationship with the abundance of individual species. In contrast, effects of fire were generally more severe, and were negatively associated with the abundance of relatively many species. Lancewood vegetation is not represented in any conservation reserve in the Northern Territory.

Atomic Absorption Spectrometric and Colorimetric Determination of Iron in Seafoods

1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis T Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Absorption Spectrometry ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Pacific Oysters ◽  
Canned Tuna ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Iron levels in 14 seafoods were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) on freeze-dried composites. Samples were prepared for analysis after dry-ashing at 550°C and wet digestion in HNO3-HCIO4. Paired analysis of wet digests were accomplished by AAS and use of the colorimetric reagent, ferrozine. There was no significant difference in iron levels of seafoods due to sample preparation. While individual species levels were not significantly different between the AAS and colorimetric procedures, evaluation of all determinations indicates that ferrozine gives lower values (P &lt; 0.005) by 8%. Iron levels in seafoods in /tg/g dry weight (nig/100 g wet weight) determined by AAS on wet-digested samples were: 8 species of white /infish, 16.3±4.2 (0.31 ±0.08) ; Pacific shrimp, 12.3±1.4 (0.29±0.03) ; canned tuna, water pack, 16.6±2.9 (0.49±0.09); sockeye salmon, 29.0±5.5 (0.89±0.25) ; American shad, 29.1±1.5 (0.97±0.05) ; Pacific oysters, 391± 45 (6.54±1.39); and Dungeness crab, 17.1± 2.5 (0.35±0.05).

ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH HERBAGE DISSECTION ANALYSES 2. Problems of species identification

1976 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
I.M. Ritchie ◽  
C.C. Boswell ◽  
A.M. Badland
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Analytical Tool ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Plant Identification ◽  
Leaf Fragment ◽  
Research Division ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Botanical Analysis

HERBACE DISSECTION is the process in which samples of herbage cut from trials are separated by hand into component species. Heavy reliance is placed on herbage dissection as an analytical tool ,in New Zealand, and in the four botanical analysis laboratories in the Research Division of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries about 20 000 samples are analysed each year. In the laboratory a representative subsample is taken by a rigorous quartering procedure until approximately 400 pieces of herbage remain. Each leaf fragment is then identified to species level or groups of these as appropriate. The fractions are then dried and the composition calculated on a percentage dry weight basis. The accuracy of the analyses of these laboratories has been monitored by a system of interchanging herbage dissection samples between them. From this, the need to separate subsampling errors from problems of plant identification was, appreciated and some of this work is described here.

Effect of planting date and density on calendula and peppermint herbs

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
Rahim Mohammadian ◽  
Behnam Tahmasebpour ◽  
Peyvand Samimifar
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Effect ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Date ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Flower Number ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Total Maximum

A factorial experiment was conducted with a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of planting date and density on calendula herbs and peppermint. It had 3 replicates and was done in Khosroshahr research farm, Tabriz in 2006. Under studied factors were: 3 planting dates (10 May, 25 May and 10 June) in 4 densities (25, 35, 45, 55) of the plant in square meters. The results of variance a nalysis showed that there was 1% probability significant difference between the effects of planting date and bush density on the leave number, bush height and the bush dry weight. But the mutual effect of the plant date in mentioned traits density was insignificant. Regarding the traits mean comparison, the total maximum dry weight was about the 55 bush density in mm. Also, the bush high density in mm causes the bush growth and its mass reduction. When there is the density grain, the flower number will increase due to bush grain in surface unit. Overall, we can conclude that 10 June planting and 45 bush density in mm is the most suitable items and results in favored production with high essence for these crops.

Evaluation of Nurse Crops for Weed Control and Plant Establishment in Prairie Restoration

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 485b-485
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Barry ◽  
Michael N. Dana
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Site Quality ◽  
Prairie Restoration ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nurse Crops ◽  
Partridge Pea ◽  
Prairie Plant

Nurse crops are often recommended in prairie restoration planting. This work investigated several alternative nurse crops to determine their utility in prairie planting. Nurse crops were composed of increasing densities (900, 1800, or 2700 seeds/m2) of partridge pea, spring oats, spring barley, Canada wild rye, or equal mixtures of partridge pea and one of the grasses. The experimental design was a randomized complete-block set in two sites with three blocks per site and 48 treatments per block. Each 3 × 3-m plot contained 1 m2 planted in Dec. 1995 or Mar. 1996 with an equal mix of seven prairie species. The nurse crops were sown over each nine square meter area in April 1996. Plots lacking nurse crops served as controls. Evaluated data consisted of weed pressure rankings and weed and prairie plant dry weight. Nurse crop treatments had a significant effect on weed pressure in both sites. Barley (1800 and 2700 seeds/m2) as well as partridge pea + barley (2700 seeds/m2) were most effective at reducing weed pressure. When weed and prairie plant biomass values were compared, a significant difference was observed for site quality and planting season. Prairie plant establishment was significantly greater in the poorly drained, less-fertile site and spring-sown plots in both sites had significantly higher prairie biomass values. Overall, after two seasons, there was no advantage in using nurse crops over the control. Among nurse crop treatments, oats were most effective in reducing weed competition and enhancing prairie plant growth.

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