The effect of light and temperature on the rhythm of pupal ecdysis in the Queensland Fruit-fly, Dacus (Strumeta) Tryoni (Frogg.)

1955 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Bateman
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Diurnal Rhythm ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Initial Increase ◽  
Daily Fluctuation ◽  
Previous Generation ◽  
Effect Of Light

Adults of the Queensland fruit-fly, Dacus (Strumeta) tryoni, show a pronounced diurnal rhythm in pupal ecdysis. Experiments are described which show that the rhythm can be induced and oriented by alternation of light and darkness during the larval stage or the adult stage of the previous generation. The alternation of light and darkness during the pupal stage had no direct effect on the rhythm of pupal ecdysis. When pupae were exposed to a small daily fluctuation in temperature, the rhythm of ecdysis was more pronounced - i.e. ecdyses were spread over fewer hours of the day. Most of the flies emerged within a few hours after the initial increase in temperature.

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT AND HABITS OF PSEUDOPITYOPHTHORUS SPP. (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) IN SOUTHERN OHIO

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles O. Rexrode
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Spring Emergence ◽  
Seasonal History ◽  
Initial Entry

AbstractDuring 1965–67, the seasonal history and habits of two oak bark beetles, Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimm.) and P. pruinosus (Eichhoff), were studied in 47 oaks, Quercus spp., in southern Ohio.All study trees were attacked and the male beetles made initial entry into the trees. The attack period per tree was usually 1–3 days, and the density of attack varied from 5 to 120 galleries 1 ft2 of surface area. Oviposition began as soon as egg gallery construction began, and the incubation period was about 5 days in the summer. The rate of egg gallery construction was about 0.2 in./day in mid-summer. The average length of the egg galleries was 1.9 cm and the average number of eggs per gallery was 41.5. Over 50% of the parent adults of both species re-emerged after egg gallery construction and oviposition. The re-emerging parent adults can attack, lay eggs, and re-emerge three times. The larval stage can last 25–247 days, the pupal stage 15–139 days, and the adult stage 7–198 days. The beetles can overwinter in every stage but the pupal stage. Spring emergence occurred 29 April in 1966 and 14 April in 1967, and in southern Ohio, two generations and a partial one occur each year.Trap trees were attacked 7–205 days and brood emergence lasted 58–329 days. The beetles can attack one tree three times.

scholarly journals Study on the biology of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus Olivier [Coleoptera: Bruchidae] on stored groundnut in Ganye area, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-276
Author(s):  
C.S. Oaya
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Incubation Stage ◽  
Caryedon Serratus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Life

Abstract. Study on the biology of groundnut bruchid, Caryedon serratus Olivier was carried out in the Laboratory of the Department of Agricultural Technology, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State from June to September, 2015. The sex of the bruchid (male and female) was assigned the sub-treatment while the period of development was the main treatment and was replicated three times. The work considered the pre-oviposition stage, incubation stage, larval stage, pupal stage, adult stage and the total life cycle of the bruchid (male and female). The experiment was carried out under Laboratory conditions at 30-35°C temperature and 70-90% relative humidity. After the experiment was established, weekly counting of the total number of eggs laid was carried out at intervals. The results showed that, the mean developmental stages in both female and male bruchids were: 6.50 and 6.00 days; 17.00 and 18.00 days; 13.50 and 13.50 days; 12.00 and 13.50 days; 48.00 and 50.00 days for incubation stage, larval stage, pupal stage, adult stage and total life cycle of the bruchids, respectively. Moreover, the mean pre-oviposition and oviposition stages in female adult bruchid were 1.50 and 5.50 days, respectively.

Australasian Simuliidae

1925 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Tonnoir
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Australian Region

1. In this paper five species of Simulium and 16 species of Austrosimulium are dealt with.2. The new genus Austrosimulium differs mainly from the former in the number of joints in the antennae, which are ten instead of eleven; it seems to be restricted to the Indo-Australian region.3. In many cases the species of Austrosimulium cannot be differentiated from each other in the adult stage, although they are perfectly different in their early stages and especially in the pupal stage.4. Seven species of Austrosimulium occur in New Zealand: A. vexans, Mik, A. ungulatum, sp. n., A. australense, Schin., A. tillyardi, sp. n., A. longicorne, sp. n., A. multicorne, sp. n., A. laticorne, sp. n. Only the first two of these are distinguishable from the others in the adult stage; the remainder can only be differentiated in the pupal stage or the late larval stage.5. Five out of these seven New Zealand species are known in their early stages.6. In Australia (including Tasmania) five species of Simulium and nine of Austrosimulium are known to the writer, i.e.: S. aurantiacum, sp. n., S. fergusoni, sp. n., S. ornatipes, Skuse, S. umbratorum, sp. n., S. terebrans, sp. n., A. crassipes, sp. n., A. cornutum, sp. n., A. tasmaniense, sp. n., A. victoriae, Roub., A. furiosum, Skuse, A. bancrofti, Taylor, A. torrentium, sp. n., A. simile, sp. n., A. weindorferi, sp. n.The two species A. victoriae, Roub., and A. furiosum, Skuse, have not been identified with certainty, so that further investigation may show that one or two of the new species are synonymous with them.7. The early stages of one species of Simulium and five of Austrosimulium from Australia are here described.

The Biology of the Cacao Webworm, Pansepta Teleturga Meyr. (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae) in Papua New Guinea.

1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
New Britain

The cacao webworn occurs on the main islands of New Guinea, New Britain and New Ireland. Originally inhabiting native trees, this species has become adapted to a number of introduced species, including cacao. Trees are damaged by larvae channelling into branches; this restricts the growth of young trees, but the effect on the yield of mature trees is difficult to assess. The non-feeding adult stage lasts 3 days, the egg stage 3-5 days, the larval stage within the range of 8-12 weeks and the pupal stage about 3-4 weeks. The dynamics of larval populations at four sites in New Britain were studied for two years. Distinct larval generations occurred at the rate of about 2.5 per year, each generation lasting about 16-20 weeks. Their occurrence could not be readily related to environmental factors. The main mortality appeared to be during the free-living stage, after egg hatch and before establishment of a larval channel. Larvae were highly aggregated on trees. A small number of trees in the field appeared to be resistant to webworm attack. The possibility of selecting cacao clones for resistance to webworm attack is discussed. Removal of shade from cacao increased webworm numbers but this factor alone could not explain the pest status of cacao webworm.

The early development of antenna and antennal sensilla in the noctuid moth, Agrotis segetum (Insecta: Lepidoptera)

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
Eric Hallberg ◽  
Lina Hansén
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Agrotis Segetum ◽  
Antennal Sensilla ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
Standard Procedures

The antennal rudiments in lepidopterous insects are present as disks during the larval stage. The tubular double-walled antennal disk is present beneath the larval antenna, and its inner layer gives rise to the adult antenna during the pupal stage. The sensilla develop from a cluster of cells that are derived from one stem cell, which gives rise to both sensory and enveloping cells. During the morphogenesis of the sensillum these cells undergo major transformations, including cell death. In the moth Agrotis segetum the pupal stage lasts about 14 days (temperature, 25°C). The antennae, clearly seen from the exterior, were dissected and fixed according to standard procedures (3 % glutaraldehyde in 0.15 M cacaodylate buffer, followed by 1 % osmiumtetroxide in the same buffer). Pupae from day 1 to day 8, of both sexes were studied.

The Post-embryonic Development of the Tracheal System in Drosophila melanogaster

1957 ◽  
Vol s3-98 (41) ◽  
pp. 123-150
Author(s):  
JOAN M. WHITTEN
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Larval Instar ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
True Nature ◽  
The Third ◽  
Air Sacs ◽  
Abdominal Region ◽  
Pupal Cuticle

The fate of the tracheal system is traced from the first larval instar to the adult stage. The basic larval pattern conforms to that shown for other Diptera Cyclorrhapha (Whitten, 1955), and is identical in all three instars. According to previous accounts the adult system directly replaces the larval: the larval system is partly shed, partly histolysed, and the adult system arises from imaginal cell clusters independently of the preceding larval system. In contrast, it is shown here that in the cephalic, thoracic, and anterior abdominal region there is a definite continuity in the tracheal system, from larval, through pupal to the adult stage, whereas in the posterior abdominal region the larval system is histolysed, and the adult system is independent of it in origin. Moreover, in the pupal stage this region is tracheated by tracheae arising from the anterior abdominal region and belonging to a distinct pupal system. Moulting of the tracheal linings is complete at the first and second larval ecdyses, but incomplete at the third larval-pupal and pupal-adult ecdyses. In consequence, in both pupal and adult systems there are tracheae which are secreted around preexisting tracheae, others formed as new ‘branch’ tracheae, and those which have been carried over from the previous instar. In the adult the newly formed tracheae of the posterior abdominal region fall into a fourth category. Most of the adult thoracic air sacs correspond to new ‘branch’ tracheae of other instars. The pre-pupal moult and instar are discussed with reference to the tracheal system and tentative suggestions are made concerning the true nature of the pre-pupal cuticle. There is no pre-pupal tracheal system. Events traced for Drosophila would seem to be general for Cyclorrhapha, both Acalypterae and Calypterae. The separate fates of the anterior and posterior abdom inal systems, in contrast with the straightforward development in Dipterc Nematocera, would appear to mark a distinct step in the evolution of the system in Diptera.

scholarly journals Translation initiation in Drosophila melanogaster is reduced by mutations upstream of the AUG initiator codon.

1991 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2149-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Feng ◽  
L E Gunter ◽  
E L Organ ◽  
D R Cavener
Keyword(s):  
Translation Initiation ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Start Codon ◽  
Fold Reduction

The importance to in vivo translation of sequences immediately upstream of the Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) start codon was examined at two developmental stages. Mutations were introduced into the Adh gene in vitro, and the mutant gene was inserted into the genome via germ line transformation. An A-to-T substitution at the -3 position did not affect relative translation rates of the ADH protein at the second-instar larval stage but resulted in a 2.4-fold drop in translation of ADH at the adult stage. A second mutant gene, containing five mutations in the region -1 to -9, was designed to completely block translation initiation. However, transformant lines bearing these mutations still exhibit detectable ADH, albeit at substantially reduced levels. The average fold reduction at the second-instar larval stage was 5.9, while at the adult stage a 12.5-fold reduction was observed.

scholarly journals Transcriptome characterization analysis and molecular profiles of obligatory diapause induction of the Chinese citrus fruit fly,Bactrocera minax(Diptera: Tephritidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhixiong Zhou ◽  
Xiaolin Dong ◽  
Chuanren Li
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Citrus Fruit ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Diapause Induction ◽  
Regulation Mechanism ◽  
Pupal Diapause ◽  
Specific Stage

AbstractThe Chinese citrus fruit fly,Bactrocera minax, is a devastating citrus pest in China, Bhutan and India. It will enter obligatory pupal diapause in each generation at specific stage, while little is known about the course and the molecular mechanisms of diapause induction. To gain insight into possible mechanisms of obligatory pupal diapause induction, high-throughput RNA-seq data were generated from second-instar larvae (2L), third-instar larvae (3L) and pupal (P, one week after pupating). A total of 116,402 unigenes were assembled and researched against public databases, and 54,781 unigenes matched to proteins in the NCBI database using the BLAST search. Three pairwise comparisons were performed, and significantly differentially regulated transcripts were identified. Several differentially expressed genes (DEGs) expression patterns revealed that those highly or lowly expressed genes in pupal stage were predicted to be involved in diapause induction. Moreover, GO function and KEGG pathway analysis were performed on all DEGs and showed that 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) biosynthesis, insulin signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, cell cycle and metabolism pathway may be related to the obligatory diapause of the Chinese citrus fruit fly. This study provides valuable information about the Chinese citrus fruit fly transcriptome for future gene function research, and contributes to the in-depth elucidation of the molecular regulation mechanism of insect obligatory diapause induction.

scholarly journals Fumigant toxicity of some essential oils against Red Flour Beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and its safety to mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-776
Author(s):  
T. M. Sileem ◽  
A. L. Mehany ◽  
R. S. Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Lethal Concentration ◽  
Median Lethal Concentration ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Garlic Oil ◽  
Garlic Essential Oil

Abstract Fumigant activities for three essential oils; Garlic oil (Allium sativum L); Chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Nigella (Nigella sativa L.) were assessed at different concentrations against the adult and 20-days old larval stages of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in the laboratory. The accumulative mortality was observed at different exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days). The residual effect of garlic oil that was the effective oil, on the treated wheat grains was evaluated with respect to histological changes in the liver, kidney, and stomach of rat fed on this treated wheat. The results showed that the mortality rates of treated stages increased with increasing the time of fumigation treatment. Moreover the highest essential oils toxicity at the Median lethal concentration (LC50) values for exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days) to fumigation were (126, 53, and 47 mg/L air) for adult stage and were (79, 62, and 41 mg/L air) for larval stage, respectively in the case of Garlic oil treatment. While, the lowest essential oils effective was Nigella oil at the Median lethal concentration (LC50) values for exposure periods (3, 5 and 7 days) to fumigation were (3594, 629, and 335 mg/L air) for adult stage and were (1040, 416, and 227 mg/L air) for larval stage, respectively. The toxicity effect of various essential oils against adults and larvae of T. castaneum at the LC50at 7 days fumigation could be arranged in descending order as follows: Garlic oil, Chili pepper oil, and Nigella oil. The histological changes showed that the organs slightly affected at the fumigation for 3 days. It may be concluded that the garlic essential oil is the good effective fumigant to control T. castaneum in the stored products and it recommended that the fumigation period does not exceed 3 days. The garlic essential oil has the potential for applications in IPM programs for stored-grain pests because of its high volatility and fumigant activity and its safety.

scholarly journals Chironomidae: Biology, Ecology and Systematics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zerguine Karima
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Biting Midges ◽  
Important Family ◽  
Theoretical Synthesis ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World ◽  
Holarctic Region

The family of Chironomidae is a group of Diptera insects belonging to the suborder of Nematocera, commonly called “non-biting midges” in the adult stage and “bloodworms” in the larval stage. The Chironomidae are often the most abundant group of macroinvertebrates, in number of species and individuals, encountered in all aquatic environments of freshwater, brackish, terrestrial and even the sea. Likewise, Chironomidae occur in all the continents. The Chironomidae family is divided into 11 sub-families that have diffrent ecological statues. Despite the wealth of data on Chironomidae in the Holarctic region, other parts of the world are poorly studied and few guides to identifying Chironomidae have been produced. This chapter includes a theoretical synthesis on the Chironomidae, it deals with the Biology (life cycle and description of different stages), description of all subfamilies and the ecology of this important family of Diptera.

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