Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian arboreal and scansorial mammals

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tree Hollows ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
Tree Hollow

Many species of non-flying mammal depend on tree hollows (cavities or holes) for shelter and survival. I reviewed the published literature on tree hollow use by Australian non-flying arboreal and scansorial mammals to provide a synthesis of tree hollow requirements, to identify gaps in knowledge and to stimulate future research that may improve the management of these species. The use of hollows was described in some detail for 18 of 42 hollow-using species. Most information was for possums and gliding possums, whereas dasyurid marsupials and rodents were largely neglected. The paucity of data for many species must be addressed because it represents an impediment to their conservation. Hollow abundance appears to be the primary determinant of tree preferences. This accounts for the frequent use of standing dead trees by most species. Most hollow-bearing trees used as dens were at least 100 years of age. Further studies that describe the dynamic processes that govern the availability of tree hollows are needed. The few studies that document attrition of hollow-bearing trees suggest that land managers need to improve strategies for the effective retention and long-term replacement of these trees.

Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian birds and bats

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tree Hollows ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Australian Birds ◽  
Absolute Requirement ◽  
Passive Rewarming ◽  
The Many

Many hundreds of species of wildlife worldwide are dependent on tree hollows (cavities) for their survival. I reviewed the published literature for hollow-using Australian birds and microbats to document their tree-hollow requirements and to guide future research and management. Such information is vital to the conservation of these species. The hollow requirements of only 35 of 114 hollow-using bird species and 15 of 42 hollow-using microbat species were documented in some detail. This overall paucity of information limits the ability to manage for the future requirements of species. However, some generalisations can guide management until further studies are conducted. Most species used a variety of available tree species, and the extensive use of dead trees probably reflects the high likelihood of these trees containing hollows. Birds (other than large parrots) and bats chose hollow entrances of a size close to body width. Large parrots require large hollows, with a preference for large vertical spouts and trunk hollows. Few birds or bats demonstrated an absolute requirement for high (>10 m) tree hollows, with most (70%) using some hollows with entrances ≤5 m above ground. Temperature has been postulated to influence roost selection among microbats because it enables passive rewarming from torpor and there is some evidence from Australian bats to support this. Many studies suggest a future shortage of hollow-bearing trees. Currently, artificial hollows appear to be the most likely interim solution to address this. Knowledge of the natural hollow requirements of species can be used to refine artificial-hollow designs. An increase in research effort is needed to address the many gaps in knowledge that currently exist. Priorities for research include (1) many additional studies to document the characteristics of the hollow-bearing trees used by species of microbat, (2) the need to conduct long-term bioregional studies of hollow-bearing tree attrition to help identify where management responses are most needed and (3) investigating whether fire plays a significant role in the creation of tree hollows of a range of size classes and therefore may have a management use. Such information has broad relevance because it will provide ecological insight that can be applied to the management of hollow-using birds and bats elsewhere in the world.

scholarly journals Classification of Tree Species as Well as Standing Dead Trees Using Triple Wavelength ALS in a Temperate Forest

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 2614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Amiri ◽  
Peter Krzystek ◽  
Marco Heurich ◽  
Andrew Skidmore
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Feature Selection Method ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Maximum Point ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
532 Nm

Knowledge about forest structures, particularly of deadwood, is fundamental for understanding, protecting, and conserving forest biodiversity. While individual tree-based approaches using single wavelength airborne laserscanning (ALS) can successfully distinguish broadleaf and coniferous trees, they still perform multiple tree species classifications with limited accuracy. Moreover, the mapping of standing dead trees is becoming increasingly important for damage calculation after pest infestation or biodiversity assessment. Recent advances in sensor technology have led to the development of new ALS systems that provide up to three different wavelengths. In this study, we present a novel method which classifies three tree species (Norway spruce, European beech, Silver fir), and dead spruce trees with crowns using full waveform ALS data acquired from three different sensors (wavelengths 532 nm, 1064 nm, 1550 nm). The ALS data were acquired in the Bavarian Forest National Park (Germany) under leaf-on conditions with a maximum point density of 200 points/m 2 . To avoid overfitting of the classifier and to find the most prominent features, we embed a forward feature selection method. We tested our classification procedure using 20 sample plots with 586 measured reference trees. Using single wavelength datasets, the highest accuracy achieved was 74% (wavelength = 1064 nm), followed by 69% (wavelength = 1550 nm) and 65% (wavelength = 532 nm). An improvement of 8–17% over single wavelength datasets was achieved when the multi wavelength data were used. Overall, the contribution of the waveform-based features to the classification accuracy was higher than that of the geometric features by approximately 10%. Our results show that the features derived from a multi wavelength ALS point cloud significantly improve the detailed mapping of tree species and standing dead trees.

scholarly journals Standing Dead Trees are a Conduit for the Atmospheric Flux of CH4 and CO2 from Wetlands

Wetlands ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Carmichael ◽  
Ashley M. Helton ◽  
Joseph C. White ◽  
William K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Flux ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

scholarly journals MENAKAR SIFAT INVASIF SPESIES AKASIA MANGIUM (Acacia mangium Willd.) DI HUTAN PENELITIAN DAN PENDIDIKAN BUKIT SOEHARTO

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sutedjo Sutedjo ◽  
Warsudi Warsudi
Keyword(s):  
Acacia Mangium ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

 Akasia mangium (Acacia mangium Willd) bukan tumbuhan asli Kalimantan namun sejak puluhan tahun tumbuh berkembang pesat di berbagai wilayah Kalimantan termasuk Kalimantan Timur. Dikenal sebagai tumbuhan yang mampu tumbuh di lahan kritis sehingga pada awal tahun 1990-an dijadikan tanaman  reboisasi sekaligus pengendali alang-alang di wilayah kritis hutan penelitian dan pendidikan Universitas Mulawarman di Bukit Soeharto. Mengherankan, bahwa beberapa tahun taerkhir sebagian praktisi kehutanan dan reklamasi pascatambang merasa gamang menggunakan A. mangium, khawatir jika jenis tersebut akan benar benar menjadi spesies invasif.  Gejala untuk menolak bahkan menghindari  A. mangium sebagai komoditas kehutanan terutama sebagai jenis pengendali lahan kritis mulai meluas. Untuk mengetahui seberapa benar anggapan Acacia mangium sebagai jenis invasif maka dilakukan evaluasi dengan melakukan analisis vegetasi terhadap 3 ha tegakan hutan A. mangium yang ditanam di Bukit Soeharto sebagai uji petik yang saat sekarang telah berumur sekitar 25 tahun. Hasil evaluasi membuktikan bahwa jumlah tanaman per ha (kerapatan) pohon A. mangium menurun (kurang dari jumlah saat ditanam atau sekitar 800 individu/ha). Jumlah yang menurun itupun cenderung mengelompok. Sebagian pohon bahkan ditemukan dalam kondisi mati generasi (standing dead trees). Sementara itu jumlah spesies pohon setempat (local trees species) juga mulai muncul di antara tegakan A.mangium. Dengan demikian terbukti  bahwa A. mngium bukanlah tipe invasif  yang sesungguhnya dan tidak ada alasan utuk menolak penggunaannya sebagai tanaman pengendali lahan kritis selama potensi ancaman terjadinya kebakaran lahan hutan dapat dicegah.

scholarly journals The structure of forest stands in the Tatra National Park: The results of 2016–2017 inventory

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Bodziarczyk ◽  
Jerzy Szwagrzyk ◽  
Tomasz Zwijacz-Kozica ◽  
Antoni Zięba ◽  
Janusz Szewczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
National Park ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Protection Zone ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Elevation Zone ◽  
Standing Dead Trees ◽  
Tatra National Park

Abstract The composition and structure of forest stands in the Tatra National Park were examined using data gathered in 2016 and 2017 from 617 circular sample plots (0.05 ha each). The diameter at breast height of all living trees, standing dead trees, snags, and wind throws was measured along with diameters and lengths of fallen logs within the plot boundaries. Tree height was measured for all living trees within the core (0.01 ha) of the sample plots. Using the obtained data, height-diameter curves were calculated for all major tree species and in the case of spruce, the height-diameter relationships were also calculated separately for each of the three elevation zones (up to 1200 m, between 1200 and 1400 m, above 1400 m). For each elevation zone and park protection zone, we also determined the volumes of live and dead trees. The volume of living trees in the Tatra National Park amounted to 259 m3/ha, which was higher than the volume of dead trees (176 m3/ha). Snags constituted the largest part of the dead wood whilst over 97% of the standing dead trees were spruce Picea abies. Among living trees, the share of spruce ranged from 81% in the low elevation zone to 98% in the middle zone. Other significant species in the lower zone were Abies alba (11%) and Fagus sylvatica (4.5%), while in the middle and upper elevation zones only Sorbus aucuparia occurred in significant numbers. Furthermore, in the lower elevation zone, Fagus sylvatica was the only species displaying significantly higher volumes in the ‘strict protection’ zone compared to the other park areas. In the ‘landscape protection’ zone, Picea abies was the most dominant species and the share of other species in the lowest elevation zones calculated based on tree density was smaller than calculated based on tree volume, indicating problems with stand conversion from spruce monoculture to mixed forest.

Decay patterns and carbon density of standing dead trees in California mixed conifer forests

2015 ◽  
Vol 353 ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella J.M. Cousins ◽  
John J. Battles ◽  
John E. Sanders ◽  
Robert A. York
Keyword(s):  
Conifer Forests ◽  
Carbon Density ◽  
Mixed Conifer ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Mixed Conifer Forests ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

Relationship of root rot to black spruce windfall and mortality following strip clear-cutting

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
R D Whitney ◽  
R L Fleming ◽  
K Zhou ◽  
D S Mossa
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Armillaria Ostoyae ◽  
Stem Breakage ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Standing Dead Trees

Root and butt rots are often implicated as causal factors influencing windfall and mortality of residual trees following partial cutting. Measurements of decay at stump level (i.e., the upward extension of root rot) were made on cross-sectional discs taken from windfallen and standing dead 100- to 130-year-old black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) near Nipigon in northwestern Ontario. Subsequently, causal fungi were identified using laboratory culturing procedures. The incidence and amount of decay in windfallen trees within leave strips following alternate strip clear-cutting was higher than the general stand levels but lower than that found in windfallen trees in uncut forest. The incidence and amount of decay was also higher in windfallen trees near the centres of the leave strips than in those near the edges and corners of these strips. These results indicate a strong association between root rot and windfall and suggest that for comparable windfirmness, trees near the edges of residual stands must have less decay than those in more sheltered locations. Decay levels tended to be lower on poorly drained sites than on well-drained sites. In uncut forest, and especially in the leave strips, more trees were uprooted than died standing or suffered stem breakage. The incidence and amount of decay tended to be lower in uprooted trees than in standing dead trees or those with stem breakage, although in uncut forest virtually all windfallen or standing dead trees had some degree of stump-level decay. Of the 21 wood-rotting Basidiomycetes isolated from windfallen and standing dead trees, Inonotus tomentosus (Fr.:Fr.) Teng was the most frequent, followed in order by Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink, Coniophora puteana (Schum.:Fr.) Karst., and Scytinostroma galactinum (Fr.) Donk. The incidence of I. tomentosus, C. puteana, Xeromphalina campanella (Batsch.:Fr.) Kuhner & Maire, and Serpula himantioides (Fr.:Fr.) Karst., but not Armillaria ostoyae, Scytinostroma galactinum, and Sistotrema brinkmanii (Bres.) Erik., was greater in windfallen and standing dead trees from the leave strips than in the general stand populations. In the leave strips, I. tomentosus, Amylostereum chailletii (Pers.:Fr.) Boid., and Trichaptum abietinum (Dickson:Fr.) Ryv. tended to greater relative abundance in standing dead trees, while the relative abundance of C. puteana and Serpula himantioides was greater in trees with stem breakage. Armillaria ostoyae and Scytinostroma galactinum were as abundant in uprooted trees as in standing dead trees or those with stem breakage. Ascocoryne sarcoides (Jacq.:Fr.) G. & W., a staining fungus that may protect against decay fungi, was frequently isolated in this study.

Impact of wetland disturbance on phosphorus loadings to lakes

2014 ◽  
Vol 71 (11) ◽  
pp. 1695-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieran C. Pinder ◽  
M. Catherine Eimers ◽  
Shaun A. Watmough
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
The Past ◽  
South Central ◽  
Tree Community ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Standing Dead ◽  
Mixed Age ◽  
Wetland Cover

Total phosphorus (TP) concentrations have declined in many lakes and streams across south-central Ontario, Canada, over the past three decades, and changes have been most pronounced in wetland-dominated catchments. In this study, long-term (1980–2007) patterns in TP concentrations in streams were assessed at four wetland-dominated catchments that drain into Dickie Lake (DE) in south-central Ontario. Two of the subcatchments (DE5 and DE6) have particularly large wetland components (31%–34% of catchment area), and these wetlands are characterized by numerous standing dead trees and many young live trees (18–27 years old). These two streams exhibited large peaks in TP and potassium (K) export in the early 1980s. In contrast, TP and K export from DE8 and DE10 (wetland cover 19%–20%) were relatively flat over the entire record (1980–2007), and field surveys indicated negligible standing dead biomass in these wetlands and a relatively healthy, mixed-age tree community. The coincidence of high TP and K concentrations in the DE5 and DE6 streams as well as evidence of a disturbance event in their wetlands during the early 1980s suggest that disturbance events (e.g., flooding) that lead to wetland tree mortality may contribute to patterns in surface water TP observed in this region.

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