Changes in the physical properties of stomach digesta during fasting in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii eugenii)

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 383 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Lentle ◽  
K. J. Stafford ◽  
Y. Hemar ◽  
P. Aseruvujanon ◽  
D. J. Mellor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Elastic Solid ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Sheep Rumen

We compared changes in the particle size profiles, permeability and elastic shear modulus of digesta in the forestomach and rumen of fasting tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii eugenii) and fistulated sheep respectively that had been fed chopped lucerne hay. The wet mass of digesta in the tammar wallaby stomach declined curvilinearly over 24 h. The relative proportion of particles >2 mm in size in tammar wallaby digesta increased significantly and that of particles <2 mm in size decreased significantly after 12 h of fasting. This contrasted with the sheep rumen digesta, in which the relative proportions of coarse and fine particles did not change significantly over time. The permeability of wallaby digesta increased significantly after 24 h whilst that of sheep declined. All samples of tammar digesta had a significant elastic component (G′) that was preserved throughout the period of fasting. Interaction between component particles was significant at all times, digesta behaving as a weak gel. The ratio of energy lost to energy stored during flow of digesta tended to decrease during the period of fasting, indicating an increase in behaviour as an elastic solid. The relationship between G′ and dry matter content and mean particle size indicated that these phenomena resulted from progressive loss of finer digesta particles and that digestion in the wallaby stomach, via permeation of the particulate by the fluid phase, was possible for up to 33 h after eating.

Ingesta particle size, food handling and ingestion in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii Desmarest)

1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 75 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Lentle ◽  
K. J. Stafford ◽  
M. A. Potter ◽  
B. P. Springett ◽  
S. Haslett
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Food Handling ◽  
Macropus Eugenii ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Chewing Rates ◽  
Free Ranging

The particle size distribution of stomach contents from 25 tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii Desmarest) shot in the Okataina State Forest and adjoining farmland near Rotorua, New Zealand, were determined. There was a greater percentage of finer, and a smaller percentage of larger, particles than reported in the stomach contents of larger macropods. The chewing and biting activities of four free-ranging tammars fitted with radio-microphone collars were monitored. Chewing rates (chews per minute) were similar to those of other small herbivorous vertebrates. There were significantly lower rates of chewing and higher chew-to- bite ratios when browsing than when grazing. Observations of browsing by three captive tammars showed inefficient handling by mutually opposed palms and digitopalmar grip, resulting in low rates of ingestion. We suggest that tammars lower the time necessary for fermentation of food by reducing the size of food particles, and that their choice between graze and browse is influenced by food handling and chewing investment.

Effect of particle size on in vitro fermentation of silages differing in dry matter content

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 197-197
Author(s):  
R. Sanderson ◽  
S.J. Lister ◽  
A. Sargeant ◽  
M.S. Dhanoa
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size

The objectives of this study were a) to examine the effect of particle size and silage dry matter (DM) content on the rate and pattern of fermentation of fresh silages in vitro as an aid to modelling the in vivo situation and b) to compare the rate and pattern of fermentation of fresh silage samples with those obtained for freeze-dried material.

Observations on fresh forage intake, ingesta particle size and nutrient digestibility in four species of macropod

2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Lentle ◽  
I. D. Hume ◽  
K. J. Stafford ◽  
M. Kennedy ◽  
B. P. Springett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Tammar Wallaby ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Tooth Morphology ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Oral Processing ◽  
Free Ranging

The particle-size distributions of the ingesta of the sacciform forestomach in free-ranging animals of a grazing macropod species [Macropus eugenii (tammar wallaby)], a grazer/browser [Macropus parma (parma wallaby)], a browser/grazer [Petrogale penicillata (brush-tailed rock-wallaby)] and a browser [Wallabia bicolor (swamp wallaby)] from Kawau Island, New Zealand, were compared with those of captive animals maintained on a standing ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sward. Nutrient digestibility was also measured in tammar and parma wallabies fed ryegrass or browse, i.e. fresh mahoe (Melicytus ramiflora) and this was related to particle-size distributions of the ingesta.There were significant differences in the particle size distributions of digesta from tammar and parma wallabies in the wild but not in captivity. In free-ranging animals the ingesta from both browsing species, the brush-tailed rock-wallaby and the parma wallaby, contained consistently greater proportions of coarse particles and smaller proportions of fine particles than did those of the tammar wallaby. These differences may be correlated with reported differences in their tooth morphologies. However, the presence of significant differences in particle-size distributions of the digesta between brush-tailed rock-wallabies and parma wallabies when constrained to grass, despite reported similarities in their tooth morphology, suggests that factors other than tooth morphology contribute to differences in the oral processing of food by browsing and grazing macropods. There were greater proportions of grass fragments in the coarse than in the finer fractions of ingesta from free-ranging brush-tailed rock-wallabies, indicating that this species is less effective at chewing grass.There were no overall differences between tammar and parma wallabies in the digestibilities of organic matter, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) or acid-detergent fibre (ADF) but the NDF and ADF digestibilites of both species increased significantly with increase in the proportion of fine ingesta particles and with increase in mass of fermentative digesta.These findings indicate the importance of oral processing to digestive efficiency in macropods and the relationship between oral processing and tooth morphology.

scholarly journals Changes in some physical characteristics of the digesta in the reticulo-rumen of cows fed once daily

1973 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Evans ◽  
G. R. Pearce ◽  
J. Burnett ◽  
Susan L. Pillinger
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Particle Density ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
High Density ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Coarse Particles ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Once Daily

1. Three cows were given 3, 5 or 7 kg hay once daily in a Latin-square design, and samples of digesta from four sites in the rumen and one site in the reticulum were taken at six times within the 24 h period after the feed. Dry-matter content and distribution of particle size and of particle density were measured for each sample. The changes in these measurements with time were studied. The incidence of rumination was also recorded.2. Dry-matter contents of samples ranged from 15 to 3%. Values for samples from the dorsal sacs of the rumen were considerably higher than those for samples from the ventral sites; they also changed more with time after feeding and with level of feeding.3. Particles were fractionated by sieving into six size groups with mean dimensions (mm) of 9·3 × 0·8, 4·4 × 0·6, 2·6 × 0·3, 1·6 × 0·25, 0·5 × 0·1 and smaller than 0·5 × 0·1. Coarse particles occurred at highest concentrations in the dorsal sacs of the rumen and responded to effects of time and level of feeding; smaller particles showed less response.4. Particle densities ranged from 800 g/l to 1500 g/l. The proportions of low-density particles were higher in samples from the dorsal sacs of the rumen than in samples from ventral sites; the latter samples had higher proportions of high-density particles than of low-density particles. The changes which occurred are discussed.5. The density of coarse particles tended to be low and that of fine particles tended to be high.6. Rumination started at the time of maximum concentration of particles of low density and minimum concentration of particles of high density. Conversely, rumination ended when the concentration of the low-density particles was a minimum and that of the dense particles a maximum.7. The results are discussed in relation to the possible movement of particles within the reticulo-rumen and the kinetics of particle breakdown.

Fractionated protein and vitamin meal from wheat bran in the diets of laying quails

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-48
Author(s):  
B. A. Rogachyev ◽  
O. G. Merzlyakova ◽  
B. G. Chegodaev ◽  
N. L. Lukyanchikova
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Scientific Center

The results of the experiment on the use of fractionated protein and vitamin meal from wheat bran with a particle size of 140, 400 and 800 microns as a new feed from environmentally friendly raw materials in the diet of quails have been presented. The experiment with duration of 92 days has been carried out according to the generally accepted method on laying quails of Japanese breed formed at the age of 60 days in four similar groups (one control and three experimental) of 50 heads in each. All poultry received compound feed (the main diet) prepared taking into account the age and physiological characteristics of quails, but in the diet of laying quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups part of wheat (7 %) was replaced with protein and vitamin meal from wheat bran with the particle size of 140, 400 and 800 microns, respectively. The poultry was housed in the physiological yard of the Siberian Research and Design Technological Institute of Animal Husbandry of the Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agrobiotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in a cage battery under the required microclimate conditions. It has been found that feeding the laying quails with fractionated protein and vitamin meal from wheat bran with the particle size of 140 microns increased the egg production of the poultry by 4,59 %, the eggs weight by 4,63 %. The use of meal with the particle size of 140 and 400 microns in the diet increased the yield of egg mass by 9,48 and 3,79 %, reduced the feed consumption for obtaining 10 eggs by 26,74 and 17,67 %, respectively. Feeding of the laying quails meal with the particle size of 140, 400 and 800 microns increased the amino acid index of protein by 57,84, 34,31 and 17,64 %, respectively, the dry matter content in the shell by 2,19, 1,88 and 3,49 %. The introduction of fractionated wheat bran meal into the poultry diet did not significantly affect the yield of hatching eggs. The use of experimental meal with the particle size of 400 microns reduced incubation waste by 22,22 %, increased the hatchability of chicks by 6,77 %. The live weight of the chick when feeding the laying quails with meal of various fractions increased by 5,81–9,94 % (P < 0,05), the economics effect was 11,69–27,03 %.

Optimum harvest date of maize for biogas and silage purposes

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
G. Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Vegetative Organs

The dry matter and moisture contents of the aboveground vegetative organs and kernels of four maize hybrids were studied in Martonvásár at five harvest dates, with four replications per hybrid. The dry matter yield per hectare of the kernels and other plant organs were investigated in order to obtain data on the optimum date of harvest for the purposes of biogas and silage production.It was found that the dry mass of the aboveground vegetative organs, both individually and in total, did not increase after silking. During the last third of the ripening period, however, a significant reduction in the dry matter content was sometimes observed as a function of the length of the vegetation period. The data suggest that, with the exception of extreme weather conditions or an extremely long vegetation period, the maximum dry matter yield could be expected to range from 22–42%, depending on the vegetation period of the variety. The harvest date should be chosen to give a kernel moisture content of above 35% for biogas production and below 35% for silage production. In this phenophase most varieties mature when the stalks are still green, so it is unlikely that transport costs can be reduced by waiting for the vegetative mass to dry.

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