The ecology of female receptivity in the territorial butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.) (Nymphalidae): implications for mate location by males

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell J. Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Refractory Period ◽  
Mate Location ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
Female Receptivity ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Territory Selection ◽  
General Explanation

Many male insects aggressively defend specific perching sites containing larval resources. There are three main explanations for how this behaviour could contribute to increased matings: perching males may aim to encounter (1) eclosing or freshly eclosed virgin females, (2) previously mated, ovipositing females, or (3) receptive females that visit these sites either specifically to mate or for other reasons. I evaluated these hypotheses by investigating the timing of post-eclosion female receptivity and the extent of polyandry within an Australian population of the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). This species represents the group of butterflies in which males defend specific, geographically prominent, sites that overlap with the distribution of larval resources. Freshly emerged female H. bolina refrained from mating until their ovaries were close to maturation, resulting in a pre-mating period of 4–8 days. The presence of this substantial refractory period rules out the hypothesis that males defend pupation sites with the aim of mating with eclosing or freshly eclosed females. Secondly, almost 90% of females within the studied population carried only one spermatophore, a finding that mediates against the possibility that most perching males target (already mated) ovipositing females. The ‘rendezvous-site’ hypothesis is the most likely general explanation for territoriality in H. bolina; however, it remains unclear whether the distribution of larval hostplants per se has a primary influence on territory selection by males in this species.

scholarly journals Benefiting from Wrongdoing and Sustaining Wrongful Harm

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Barry ◽  
David Wiens
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Reasonable Disagreement ◽  
Per Se ◽  
General Explanation ◽  
Moral Requirements ◽  
Special Duty ◽  
Special Duties

Some moral theorists argue that innocent beneficiaries of wrongdoing may have special remedial duties to address the hardships suffered by the victims of the wrongdoing. These arguments generally aim to simply motivate the idea that being a beneficiary can provide an independent ground for charging agents with remedial duties to the victims of wrongdoing. Consequently, they have neglected contexts in which it is implausible to charge beneficiaries with remedial duties to the victims of wrongdoing, thereby failing to explore the limits of the benefiting relation in detail. Our aim in this article is to identify a criterion to distinguish contexts in which innocent beneficiaries plausibly bear remedial duties to the victims of wrongdoing from those in which they do not. We argue that innocent beneficiaries incur special duties to the victims of wrongdoing (qua beneficiary) if and only if receiving and retaining the benefits sustains wrongful harm. We develop this criterion by identifying and explicating two general modes of sustaining wrongful harm. We also show that our criterion offers a general explanation for why some innocent beneficiaries incur a special duty to the victims of wrongdoing while others do not. By sustaining wrongful harm, beneficiaries-with-duties contribute to wrongful harm, and we ordinarily have relatively stringent moral requirements against contributing to wrongful harm. On our account, innocently benefiting from wrongdoing per se does not generate duties to the victims of wrongdoing. Rather, beneficiaries acquire such duties because their receipt and retention of the benefits of wrongdoing contribute to the persistence of the wrongful harm suffered by the victim. We conclude by showing that our proposed criterion also illuminates why there can be reasonable disagreement about whether beneficiaries have a duty to victims in some social contexts.

It takes two to tango: female movement facilitates male mate location in wild northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon)

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Jellen ◽  
Robert D. Aldridge
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Mate Location ◽  
Female Sex Pheromone ◽  
Nerodia Sipedon ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Male Mate ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Limited Period

To facilitate location of mating partners, females of many taxa emit chemical signals (i.e., sex pheromones) to inform male conspecifics of their location and reproductive status. Males subsequently alter their movements to increase their likelihood of encountering females and this movement has been historically viewed as a primary determinant of mate location. However, because of the method of female sex pheromone release, particularly via terrestrial trails, female movement likely contributes to mate location; however, information on this topic is lacking. We monitored the movements of 27 free-ranging radio-equipped adult female northern watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon) during the 2007–2009 mating seasons to determine if females employed movement tactics to facilitate location by males. For a limited period following shedding, female movement increased. During this period, they were approximately five times more likely to be located by a male than during the remainder of the mating period. Further, females experienced maximum male mate location following shedding. Because increased movement is associated with increased costs, females may minimise these costs by restricting this risky behavior to a limited period of time when their attractiveness and/or receptiveness is presumed to peak.

SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN THE BLISTER BEETLE GENUS CYSTEODEMUS (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)

1977 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
John D. Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Simple Form ◽  
Female Receptivity ◽  
Mating Period ◽  
Previous Mating ◽  
Blister Beetle

AbstractSexual behavior in the two species of Cysteodemus LeConte consists of: (1) a simple form of courtship that lacks an elaborate tactual display, (2) a prolonged mating period during which the male remains mounted on the female, (3) high levels of female receptivity regardless of previous mating, and (4) postcopulatory behavior. This behavior represents a condition intermediate between that found in the Meloinae and Nemognathinae, the two major subfamilies of blister beetles.

Origin of Hepatic Nuclear Inclusion Bodies

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
J. A. Greenlee ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Liver Cells ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Experimental Liver

Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in human liver cells may appear in light microscopy as deposits of fat or glycogen resulting from various diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, cholestasis or glycogen storage disease. These deposits have been also encountered in experimental liver injury and in our animals subjected to nutritional deficiencies, drug intoxication and hepatocarcinogens. Sometimes these deposits fail to demonstrate the presence of fat or glycogen and show PAS negative reaction. Such deposits are considered as viral products.Electron microscopic studies of these nuclei revealed that such inclusion bodies were not products of the nucleus per se but were mere segments of endoplasmic reticulum trapped inside invaginating nuclei (Fig. 1-3).

The Eleventh Circuit Holds that Agreements in which Pharmaceutical Companies Pay Generic Companies Not to Compete May be Valid

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Amy Garrigues
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Trial Court ◽  
Court Of Appeals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antitrust Laws ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Appeals Court ◽  
Two Sides

On September 15, 2003, the US. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit held that agreements between pharmaceutical and generic companies not to compete are not per se unlawful if these agreements do not expand the existing exclusionary right of a patent. The Valley DrugCo.v.Geneva Pharmaceuticals decision emphasizes that the nature of a patent gives the patent holder exclusive rights, and if an agreement merely confirms that exclusivity, then it is not per se unlawful. With this holding, the appeals court reversed the decision of the trial court, which held that agreements under which competitors are paid to stay out of the market are per se violations of the antitrust laws. An examination of the Valley Drugtrial and appeals court decisions sheds light on the two sides of an emerging legal debate concerning the validity of pay-not-to-compete agreements, and more broadly, on the appropriate balance between the seemingly competing interests of patent and antitrust laws.

Fusion and Fission Processes in Exocytosis: Possible Roles for Synexin and Osmotic Lysis in the Two Events

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 594-597
Author(s):  
H.B. Pollard ◽  
C.E. Creutz ◽  
C.J. Pazoles ◽  
J.H. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
Chromaffin Cells ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Extracellular Calcium ◽  
Large Protein ◽  
Granule Membrane ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Chemical Evidence

Exocytosis is a general concept describing secretion of enzymes, hormones and transmitters that are otherwise sequestered in intracellular granules. Chemical evidence for this concept was first gathered from studies on chromaffin cells in perfused adrenal glands, in which it was found that granule contents, including both large protein and small molecules such as adrenaline and ATP, were released together while the granule membrane was retained in the cell. A number of exhaustive reviews of this early work have been published and are summarized in Reference 1. The critical experiments demonstrating the importance of extracellular calcium for exocytosis per se were also first performed in this system (2,3), further indicating the substantial service given by chromaffin cells to those interested in secretory phenomena over the years.

The importance of physical training for preventive care in the elderly

2002 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 323-327
Author(s):  
Baum
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Care ◽  
Körperliche Aktivität ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
Ältere Menschen ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Per Se

Der mit zunehmendem Alter beobachtbare Verlust an Kraft, Koordination, Ausdauer und Flexibilität ist nur zum Teil als Alterungsprozess per se zu verstehen. Ein wesentlicher Einflussfaktor ist die körperliche Aktivität, d.h. die impliziten oder expliziten Trainingsreize. Denn alle körperlichen Leistungsmerkmale sind noch bis ins höchste Alter unter der Voraussetzung trainierbar, dass die Trainingsintensität und die Reizdichte hinreichend hoch sind. Bei Trainingsangeboten für ältere Menschen kommen der Kraft und der Koordination eine besondere Bedeutung zu, da sie die Basis für eine selbständige Lebensführung darstellen. Um das Krafttraining aus kardio-vaskulärer Sicht möglichst sicher zu gestalten, wurde von uns eine Trainingsform entwickelt und erprobt, bei der es im Gegensatz zu herkömmlichen Methoden zu signifikant geringeren Blutdruckanstiegen kommt.

Hausstaubmilbenallergie

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrard ◽  
E. Pichler
Keyword(s):  
Per Se

Hausstaubmilben sind kleine Spinnentiere, die weltweit vom gemäßigten bis zum tropischen Klima gefunden werden. Proteine, alle mit enzymatischen Eigenschaften, aus dem Gastrointestinaltrakt und folglich im Hausstaubmilbenkot sind Auslöser von allergischen Erkrankungen, die aufgrund einer kontinuierlichen Exposition von geringen Allergenmengen meist chronisch verlaufen. Klinisch äußert sich dies mit einem schleichenden Krankheitsbeginn: eine chronisch verstopfte Nase und - zu Beginn typischerweise - einem Anstrengungsasthma, das sich bei längerer Dauer verstärkt. Bei Vorliegen einer atopischen Dermatitis kann es auch nach Milbenkontakt zu einer Verstärkung der Dermatitis kommen. Die Anzahl an Hausstaubmilben und die Menge an Milbenallergen hängt von der relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit ab, wobei eine Luftfeuchtigkeit von > 50 %, wie es in sehr gut isolierten Häusern oder durch das Klima per se vorkommt, zu einem guten Gedeihen der Hausstaubmilben führt. Nahrungsquelle der Hausstaubmilben sind Hautschuppen, die ubiquitär in Polstermöbeln, Matratzen und Teppichen vorkommen. Die chronischen, recht unspezifischen und oft allergenunabhängigen Beschwerden verzögern oft die Diagnostik, welche durch eine ausgedehnte Allergieabklärung z. B. mittels Hauttestung erfolgt. Die Therapie besteht in erster Linie aus topischen Kortikosteroiden. Trotz widersprüchlicher Daten und Metaanalysen in der Literatur zur Hausstaubsanierung scheint das allgemein eher trockene Klima im Winter in der Schweiz eine Hausstaubsanierung in den Wohnungen zu begünstigen und wird deshalb auch empfohlen. Eine weitere Therapieoption ist die Durchführung einer spezifischen Immuntherapie mit gutem Erfolg bei Kindern und Erwachsenen. Verbesserungen der Diagnostik und Immuntherapie sind durch Einsatz der rekombinanten Allergene zu erwarten.

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