Does Dingo Predation or Buffalo Competition Regulate Feral Pig Populations in the Australian Wet-Dry Tropics? An Experimental Study.

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Dingo (Canis farniliaris dingo) predation on feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in response to experimental changes in prey populations was measured over seven years in the seasonally wet-dry tropics of northern Australia. Following the removal of feral swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) from half of the 614-km*2 study area, the number of pigs doubled and there was a 3-fold increase of pig in dingo diet. The relationship between the functional response of the dingo and pig abundance was negative and significant for both the treatment and control areas. This indicated that dingoes were not regulating the pig population. Instead, dingo predation probably acted in concert with interference competition by buffalo which decreased access to critical subterranean food for pigs during the dry season and thus limited population growth in pigs.

Ingestion Rates and Aspects of Water, Sodium and Energy Metabolism in Caged Swamp Buffalo, Bubalus Bubalis, From Isotope Dilution and Materials Balances.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
CK Williams ◽  
B Green
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Close Agreement ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Evaporative Heat Loss ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Swamp Buffalo

Exchanges of DM, sodium, water and energy were estimated on caged swamp buffalo of body mass (W) 297 plus or minus 13 kg. Estimates of feed ingestion estimated from rates of 22Na and 3H turnover were in close agreement with estimates from weighing. Tritium equilibrated in 6 h and 22Na in 12 h. Tritium space was 78.9 plus or minus 1.6% of body mass at 6 h and 83.9 plus or minus 1.1% at 24 h. The body pool of exchangable Na was 40.56 plus or minus 1.79 mmol/kg W at 12 h, and 44.62 plus or minus 2.12 mmol/kg W at 24 h. The daily rate of water turnover was 34.72 plus or minus 2.33 litres or 326.1 plus or minus 17.2 ml/kg W0.82, about three times that expected on the basis of body size, reflecting adaptation to a tropical swamp habitat. It was due mainly to the high rate of imbibition, 30.78 plus or minus 2.15 litres daily or 289.1 plus or minus 16.3 ml/kg W0.82 daily. Daily rates of water loss were partitioned as: faecal, 9.99 plus or minus 0.761 (94.1 plus or minus 7.0 ml/kg W0.82); urinary, 10.39 plus or minus 0.76 litres (98.2 plus or minus 7.6 ml/kg W0.82); pulmocutaneous, 14.34 plus or minus 1.37 litres (133.8 plus or minus 8.9 ml/kg W0.82). Swamp buffalo are unlikely to be able to satisfy their water requirements from food alone during the dry season in northern Australia. The daily rate of Na turnover was 6.29 plus or minus 0.41 mmol/kg W0.75. Na in the faeces was low, 8.3 plus or minus 0.9 mmol/kg dry faeces, indicating very effective alimentary absorption of Na. Apparent digestible energy intake (DE) per day for maintenance was about 651 plus or minus 41 kJ/kg W0.75. Daily rates of evaporative heat loss were high, 481 plus or minus 33 kJ/kg W0.75, exceeding the non-evaporative component of the DE, 321 plus or minus 35 kJ/kg W0.75; evaporative processes may have contributed to the high maintenance DE.

scholarly journals Genomic Analysis Revealed a Convergent Evolution of LINE-1 in Coat Color: A Case Study in Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Liang ◽  
Pengju Zhao ◽  
Jingfang Si ◽  
Lingzhao Fang ◽  
Erola Pairo-Castineira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Population Genomics ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Proximal Promoter ◽  
Causative Mutation ◽  
Swamp Buffalo

Abstract Visible pigmentation phenotypes can be used to explore the regulation of gene expression and the evolution of coat color patterns in animals. Here, we performed whole-genome and RNA sequencing and applied genome-wide association study, comparative population genomics and biological experiments to show that the 2,809-bp-long LINE-1 insertion in the ASIP (agouti signaling protein) gene is the causative mutation for the white coat phenotype in swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). This LINE-1 insertion (3′ truncated and containing only 5′ UTR) functions as a strong proximal promoter that leads to a 10-fold increase in the transcription of ASIP in white buffalo skin. The 165 bp of 5′ UTR transcribed from the LINE-1 is spliced into the first coding exon of ASIP, resulting in a chimeric transcript. The increased expression of ASIP prevents melanocyte maturation, leading to the absence of pigment in white buffalo skin and hairs. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the white buffalo-specific ASIP allele originated from a recent genetic transposition event in swamp buffalo. Interestingly, as a similar LINE-1 insertion has been identified in the cattle ASIP gene, we discuss the convergent mechanism of coat color evolution in the Bovini tribe.

scholarly journals Landscape-scale effects of homesteads, water, and dingoes on invading chital deer in Australia’s dry tropics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M Forsyth ◽  
Anthony Pople ◽  
Luke Woodford ◽  
Michael Brennan ◽  
Matt Amos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Dry Tropics ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Axis Axis

Abstract Identifying landscape features and processes that facilitate the persistence of populations is particularly important for invasive mammal species, because it can focus management interventions on relatively small areas. We used camera traps to test predictions concerning the relative abundance of invading chital deer (Axis axis) on seven cattle ranches in northern Australia: that abundance of chital deer would be highest near permanent water and near homesteads, and that dingoes (Canis dingo) reduce abundance of chital deer. Distance from the nearest homestead determined deer abundance (as indexed by images per camera-day), with negligible abundance > 4 km from homesteads. In contrast, distance from homestead did not predict abundance of feral pigs (Sus scrofa), macropods, or dingoes. Abundance of chital deer also declined with increasing distance from water, as did feral pig abundance. There was no relationship between either macropod or dingo abundance and distance to water. The abundance of chital deer was unaffected by dingo abundance, but 75–100% of dingo scats collected within 1 km of homesteads contained chital deer. The high abundances of chital deer near homesteads are likely due to increased food quality or quantity, or protection from dingoes, but these hypotheses require further testing. We conclude that homesteads and permanent water are important determinants of the distribution and abundance of invasive chital deer in northern Australia (i.e., they are “invasion hubs” for this species). Our results suggest that, during the dry season, managers should survey for and attempt to control chital deer within 4 km of homesteads and within 3 km of water.

Rates of Herbage Ingestion and Turnover of Water and Sodium in Feral Swamp Buffalo, Bubalus Bubalis, in Relation to Primary Production in a Cyperaceous Swamp in Monsoonal Northern Australia.

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
CK Williams ◽  
MG Ridpath
Keyword(s):  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Daily Rate ◽  
Swamp Buffalo ◽  
Total Body

During a monsoonal dry season, a free-living population of swamp buffalo inhabiting an ephemeral cyperaceous swamp on the floodplain of the South Alligator River had high rates of water turnover. The daily rate of consumption of Eleocharis sphacelata was c. 5.79 kg DM/animal or 49.2 plus or minus 2.77 g/l total body water-0.82. Annual herbage production in the 13.1 ha swamp was estimated at 80.43 t. Buffalo using the swamp varied from 42 in the mid-wet season and 20 in the late-wet season to c. 200 in the dry season. Herbaceous vegetation was grazed out by the end of the arid phase of the monsoonal cycle. The dependence of buffalo on water which confines them during the arid season and results in intense grazing and changes in floristic composition is discussed.

Monitoring Anticoagulant Therapy by Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time: Hirudin Assessment

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (05) ◽  
pp. 685-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T Nurmohamed ◽  
René J Berckmans ◽  
Willy M Morriën-Salomons ◽  
Fenny Berends ◽  
Daan W Hommes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Whole Blood ◽  
Partial Thromboplastin Time ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Heparin Therapy ◽  
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time ◽  
Recombinant Hirudin ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryBackground. Recombinant hirudin (RH) is a new anticoagulant for prophylaxis and treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis. To which extent the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is suitable for monitoring of RH has not been properly evaluated. Recently, a capillary whole blood device was developed for bed-side monitoring of the APTT and it was demonstrated that this device was suitable to monitor heparin therapy. However, monitoring of RH was not evaluated.Study Objectives. To evaluate in vitro and ex vivo the responsiveness and reproducibility for hirudin monitoring of the whole blood monitor and of plasma APTT assays, which were performed with several reagents and two conventional coagulometers.Results. Large interindividual differences in hirudin responsiveness were noted in both the in vitro and the ex vivo experiments. The relationship between the APTT, expressed as clotting time or ratio of initial and prolonged APTT, and the hirudin concentration was nonlinear. A 1.5-fold increase of the clotting times was obtained at 150-200 ng/ml plasma. However, only a 2-fold increase was obtained at hirudin levels varying from 300 ng to more than 750 ng RH/ml plasma regardless of the assays. The relationship linearized upon logarithmic conversion of the ratio and the hirudin concentration. Disregarding the interindividual differences, and presuming full linearity of the relationship, all combinations were equally responsive to hirudin.Conclusions. All assays were equally responsive to hirudin. Levels up to 300 ng/ml plasma can be reliably estimated with each assay. The manual device may be preferable in situations where rapid availability of test results is necessary.

From Container to Claustrum: Projective Identification in Couples

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Projective Identification ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Intimate Partners ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

This paper is a contribution to the growing literature on the role of projective identification in understanding couples' dynamics. Projective identification as a defence is well suited to couples, as intimate partners provide an ideal location to deposit unwanted parts of the self. This paper illustrates how projective identification functions differently depending on the psychological health of the couple. It elucidates how healthier couples use projective identification more as a form of communication, whereas disturbed couples are inclined to employ it to invade and control the other, as captured by Meltzer's concept of "intrusive identification". These different uses of projective identification affect couples' capacities to provide what Bion called "containment". In disturbed couples, partners serve as what Meltzer termed "claustrums" whereby projections are not contained, but imprisoned or entombed in the other. Applying the concept of claustrum helps illuminate common feelings these couples express, such as feeling suffocated, stifled, trapped, held hostage, or feeling as if the relationship is killing them. Finally, this paper presents treatment challenges in working with more disturbed couples.

Content Analysis (Analisis Isi) terhadap Peraturan Daerah Bernuansa Syariat Islam di Kabupaten Banyumas

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Dody Nur Andriyan
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Public Issues ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Administrative Sanctions ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship

Regional Regulation (Perda) which regulates public issues such as prostitution, alcoholic beverages, gambling, and the relationship between men and women turns out to be identified as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law. in Banyumas Regency there is a Regional Regulation which if used by the identification of Arfiansyah above, it can be referred to as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law. The regulation is: Banyumas District Regulation Number 15 of 2014 concerning Control, Supervision and Control of Circulation of Alcoholic Beverages and Regional Regulations of Banyumas Regency Number 16 of 2015 concerning Community Disease Management. This research has two formulations of the first problem related to the results of the content of the analysis on the Perda that are nuanced by Islamic law in Banyumas Regency. Both of the results of the analysis content on the Regional Regulations that are nuanced by Islamic law in Banyumas Regency are not contrary to Law-Invitation Number 12 of 2011? This research is a qualitative-descriptive study. The research method used is normative juridical. The main source of data is the Banyumas District Regulation Number 15 of 2014 concerning Control, Supervision and Control of Circulation of Alcoholic Beverages and Regional Regulations of Banyumas Regency Number 16 of 2015 concerning Community Disease Management. Interviews were also conducted with resource persons. Furthermore, the results of the analysis were carried out. Regional Regulation No. 15 of 2014 is actually a Regional Regulation that has a broad purpose of public interest, for the nation and state. So that the claim that Perda No 15 of 2014 as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law is not true. Regional Regulation No. 16 of 2015 is actually a Regional Regulation that has a broad purpose of public interest, for the nation and state. So that the claim that Perda No 16 of 2015 as a Regional Regulation with nuances of Islamic law is not true. Both of these Perda (Perda No 15 of 2014 and Perda No. 16 of 2015) are not in conflict with Law No. 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Legislation. Both in terms of content, principles, goals, arrangements, administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions. Formally and procedurally the two Perda are in accordance with Law Number 12 of 2011

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