Growth, survival and activity patterns of recently metamorphosed Bufo marinus

1993 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
MP Cohen ◽  
RA Alford
Keyword(s):  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Larval Habitat ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stage 1

We examined factors affecting the growth and survival of postmetamorphic Bufo marinus using sampling and experiments. Bufo metamorphs, defined as newly emerged terrestrial toads of 9-29mm snout-ischium length (SIL), were classified into four stages on the basis of colour and size. Stage 1 were uniformly black and about 9-12 mm SIL, stage 2 were mottled with orange spots and about 12-16mm SL, stage 3 had a white mid-dorsal line and were about 16-25mm SIL, and stage 4 had enlarged parotoid glands and were about 25-29 mm SIL. We determined the density of each stage at three distances (0-1, 2-3, 4-5m) from their larval habitat using 1 x 1-m quadrat samples. The mean densities of all metamorphs within 1 m of water were 2.6m-2 and 2.1m-2 for the wet and early dry seasons, respectively. The mean densities of all metamorphs during both seasons at 2-3m and 4-5m from water were 0.8m-2 and 0.6m-2, respectively. Stage 2 metamorphs were most common in samples. Most stage 1 metamorphs occurred within 1m of the water in both seasons (98% wet; 95% dry). Increasing percentages of stage 2, 3 and 4 metamorphs occurred in samples 2-3 and 4-5m from water (38, 49 and 80%, respectively, averaged over both seasons). Three experiments examined the response of metamorph growth and survival rates to density in open-topped flyscreen enclosures. Stage 1 or 2 metamorphs were established at initial densities of 3.3, 6.7 and 16.7m-2. Metamorphs in the lower-density enclosures grew more rapidly than metamorphs in the higher-density enclosures. A profile analysis showed that daily survival rate was not densitydependent. Correlation analyses showed that daily metamorph survival was influenced by daily maximum and minimum temperatures. Metamorphs at lower densities attain juvenile size (30mm) more rapidly; because they survive at the same daily rates as metamorphs at higher densities they experience lower cumulative mortality as metamorphs.

scholarly journals How to recover from a bad start: size at metamorphosis affects growth and survival in a tropical amphibian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Szekely ◽  
Dan Cogalniceanu ◽  
Paul Szekely ◽  
Diego Armijos-Ojeda ◽  
Valentina Espinosa-Mogrovejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Larval Habitat ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background: In species with complex life cycles, size at metamorphosis is a key life-history trait which reflects the complex interactions between costs and benefits of life in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Whereas the effects of a deteriorating larval habitat (e.g. pond desiccation) on triggering an early metamorphosis have been extensively investigated in amphibians, the consequences of the resulting reduced size at metamorphosis on fitness in the post-metamorphic terrestrial stage remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a smaller size at metamorphosis negatively affects performance and survival in the ensuing terrestrial stage. Using as model a tropical amphibian ( Ceratophrys stolzmanni ) showing a large phenotypic plasticity in metamorphosing traits, we evaluated the effects of size at metamorphosis on fitness-related trophic and locomotor performance traits, as well as on growth and survival rates. Results: Our results support the hypothesis that a larger size at metamorphosis is correlated with better survival and performance. The survival rate of large metamorphosing individuals was 95%, compared to 60% for those completing metamorphosis at a small size. Locomotor performance and gape size were positively correlated with body size, larger animals being more mobile and capable to ingest larger prey. However, smaller individuals achieved higher growth rates, thus reducing the size gap. Conclusions: Overall, size at metamorphosis affected profoundly the chances of survival in the short term, but smaller surviving individuals partly compensated their initial disadvantages by increasing growth rates.

An evaluation of the success of MOET in two breeds of hill sheep maintained under normal systems of hill flock management

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Bari ◽  
M. Khalid ◽  
W. Haresign ◽  
B. Merrell ◽  
A. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Embryo Quality ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Embryo Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Embryo Recovery ◽  
Multiple Ovulation ◽  
Middle Range ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThis study was undertaken to investigate factors affecting the success of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) in Scottish Blackface (no. = 120) and Welsh Mountain (no. = 120) ewes, over a period of 2 years using a laparoscopic procedure for both embryo recovery and transfer. Superovulation was induced with ovine FSH, with 98 to 100% of ewes of both the breeds responding to the treatment. The overall mean superovulatory responses were 15⋅0 (s.e. 0⋅8) and 12⋅5 (s.e. 0⋅7) for Scottish Blackface and 15⋅3 (s.e. 0⋅9) and 12·8 (s.e. 0⋅8) for Welsh Mountain ewes in years 1 and 2, respectively. However, there was a wide degree of variation in superovulatory responses within each breed, with a range of 3 to 29 in Scottish Blackface and 1 to 40 in Welsh Mountain ewes. The mean embryo recovery rate was 71⋅9 (s.e. 3⋅5) % and 69⋅6 (s.e. 3⋅4) % for Scottish Blackface and 57⋅5 (s.e. 4⋅1) % and 60⋅6 (s.e. 3⋅6) % for Welsh Mountain ewes in years 1 and 2, respectively. The mean number of embryos recovered from Welsh Mountain ewes was significantly (P < 0⋅05) lower than that from Scottish Blackface ewes in both years. The lower mean number of embryos recovered in year 2 for both breeds was entirely a reflexion of the lower superovulatory responses in year 2. A significant (P < 0⋅001) relationship was observed between superovulatory response and the number of embryos recovered for both breeds. Some 77% and 72% of Scottish Blackface ewes and 65% and 73% of Welsh Mountain ewes yielded four or more transferable embryos in years 1 and 2, respectively. Neither the mean number nor the mean percentage of transferable embryos per donor ewe differed between breeds or years. A significant (P < 0⋅001) negative relationship was observed between the time of onset of oestrus and both superovulatory response and number of embryos recovered in Scottish Blackface ewes only. Embryo quality was affected by the time of onset of oestrus. In both breeds, the highest proportion of grade 1+2 embryos and the lowest proportion of unfertilized/degenerate embryos occurred in the middle range time, with a reduction in the proportion of grade 1+2 embryos in ewes that came into oestrus either early <19 h) or late (>30 h) after sponge removal. Only one embryo was transferred to each recipient and the embryo survival rates were 76⋅8% and 74⋅6% (Scottish Blackface), and 69⋅6% and 87⋅3% (Welsh Mountain) for years 1 and 2, respectively. Overall the results of this study suggest that MOET is as successful in hill ewes as has been reported for lowland breeds, even without making any major concessions to their hill status.

scholarly journals How to recover from a bad start: size at metamorphosis affects growth and survival in a tropical amphibian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Szekely ◽  
Dan Cogalniceanu ◽  
Paul Szekely ◽  
Diego Armijos-Ojeda ◽  
Valentina Espinosa-Mogrovejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Larval Habitat ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background: In species with complex life cycles, size at metamorphosis is a key life-history trait which reflects the complex interactions between costs and benefits of life in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Whereas the effects of a deteriorating larval habitat (e.g. pond desiccation) on triggering an early metamorphosis have been extensively investigated in amphibians, the consequences of the resulting reduced size at metamorphosis on fitness in the post-metamorphic terrestrial stage remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a smaller size at metamorphosis negatively affects performance and survival in the ensuing terrestrial stage. Using as model a tropical amphibian (Ceratophrys stolzmanni) showing a large phenotypic plasticity in metamorphosing traits, we evaluated the effects of size at metamorphosis on fitness-related trophic and locomotor performance traits, as well as on growth and survival rates. Results: Our results support the hypothesis that a larger size at metamorphosis is correlated with better survival and performance. The survival rate of large metamorphosing individuals was 95%, compared to 60% for those completing metamorphosis at a small size. Locomotor performance and gape size were positively correlated with body size, larger animals being more mobile and capable to ingest larger prey. However, smaller individuals achieved higher growth rates, thus reducing the size gap. Conclusions: Overall, size at metamorphosis affected profoundly the chances of survival in the short term, but smaller surviving individuals partly compensated their initial disadvantages by increasing growth rates.

Differences in clonal integration between the sexes: long-term demographic patterns in the dioecious, multi-stemmed shrub Lindera triloba

Botany ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (10) ◽  
pp. 1028-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michinari Matsushita ◽  
Nobuhiro Tomaru
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Clonal Plants ◽  
Clonal Integration ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
Demographic Patterns

In clonal plants, ramets connected within a genet can share resources through clonal integration, and clonal integration often facilitates the growth and survival of young ramets. However, in dioecious plants, it is not fully understood whether female and male genets differ in their integration patterns affecting the demographic processes. To test between-sex differences in the demographic process in relation to clonal integration, we conducted a long-term census for the dioecious sprouting shrub Lindera triloba (Sieb. et Zucc.) Blume. In an old-growth forest, we selected 73 female and 82 male genets, and the recruitment, growth, and mortality of ramets within those genets were monitored over six years. Ramet recruitment was greater in males than in females, whereas ramet growth and survival rates did not differ, on average, between sexes. Females and males showed different sensitivities to factors affecting their ramet dynamics. The ramet recruitment, growth, and survival within male genets were significantly positively affected by the largest main ramet size, whereas females were not sensitive to the effect. This suggested that demographic patterns of ramets within male genets were more sensitive to assimilates translocated from the main ramets than those within female genets, and the role of clonal integration worked differently on ramet dynamics between sexes.

scholarly journals How to recover from a bad start: size at metamorphosis affects growth and survival in a tropical amphibian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Szekely ◽  
Dan Cogalniceanu ◽  
Paul Szekely ◽  
Diego Armijos-Ojeda ◽  
Valentina Espinosa-Mogrovejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Larval Habitat ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background: In species with complex life cycles, size at metamorphosis is a key life-history trait which reflects the complex interactions between costs and benefits of life in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Whereas the effects of a deteriorating larval habitat (e.g. pond desiccation) on triggering an early metamorphosis have been extensively investigated in amphibians, the consequences of the resulting reduced size at metamorphosis on fitness in the post-metamorphic terrestrial stage remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a smaller size at metamorphosis negatively affects performance and survival in the ensuing terrestrial stage. Using as model a tropical amphibian (Ceratophrys stolzmanni) showing a large phenotypic plasticity in metamorphosing traits, we evaluated the effects of size at metamorphosis on fitness-related trophic and locomotor performance traits, as well as on growth and survival rates. Results: Our results support the hypothesis that a larger size at metamorphosis is correlated with better survival and performance. The survival rate of large metamorphosing individuals was 95%, compared to 60% for those completing metamorphosis at a small size. Locomotor performance and gape size were positively correlated with body size, larger animals being more mobile and capable to ingest larger prey. However, smaller individuals achieved higher growth rates, thus reducing the size gap. Conclusions: Overall, size at metamorphosis affected profoundly the chances of survival in the short term, but smaller surviving individuals partly compensated their initial disadvantages by increasing growth rates.

On-farm performance of Bunaji (White Fulani) cattle 2. Growth, reproductive performance, milk offtake and mortality

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. O. Rege ◽  
R. R. von Kaufmann ◽  
W. N. M. Mwenya ◽  
E. O. Otchere ◽  
R. I. Mani
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Age At First Calving ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Daily Milk

AbstractAn on-farm study was conducted over a 12-year period (1979 through 1990) at four locations in the subhumid zone of Nigeria to estimate levels of performance of Bunaji cattle and to examine factors affecting productivity in these production systems. Average weight at birth, at 9 months and at 12 months were 19·6 kg, 76·2 kg and 93·1 kg, respectively. Average daily gain between birth and 9 months was 211 g/day. The corresponding figure between 9 months and 12 months was 176 g/day. Cumulative calf mortality at 9 months and at 12 months were proportionately 0·14 and 0·15, respectively. Mean age at first calving was 62·5 months while interval between consecutive calvings averaged 22·5 months. Mean daily milk offtake was 510 ml. Mean length of offtake period varied substantially between locations ranging from 339 days in Kurmin Biri to 425 days in Madauchi. Lactation milk offtake was estimated at between 200 and 260 I. Peri-urban Madauchi had the highest daily milk offtake, the longest milk extraction period but the poorest calf growth and survival rates. Locations with low milk offtake had superior calf performance both in terms of growth and survival. Calves born in late wet and early dry seasons had superior growth and survival rates. Most calvings occurred in the dry season mainly because of the effect of season on conception rates. There was a tendency towards improved productivity on a per-animal basis over the years. This ivas so for age at first calving, calving interval, calf survival and milk offtake. Improved reproductive performance provided opportunity for higher offtakes. However, growth between 9 months and 12 months and weight at 12 months declined during the study period.

Regeneration Development in an Upland Hardwood Stand Following a Shelterwood Harvest

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jeff Martin ◽  
David M. Hix
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Red Oak ◽  
East Central ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Predominant Species ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The Mean

Abstract In 1958, 85 permanent milacre plots were established in a 3.5-ac shelterwood harvest area to monitor regeneration over time. Individual seedlings were numbered with metal tags in this predominantly red oak stand in east-central Wisconsin. Findings, after 26 growing seasons, indicate a low proportion of red oak in the present stand (7.8% of the basal area, 3.6% of the stems). The predominant species is now eastern hophornbeam (ironwood), although other species such as white ash and basswood are common. All of the present red oak became established after the initial regeneration counts. Height growth and survival rates were significantly higher for those stems taller than the mean seedling height in 1959. North. J. Appl. For. 5:46-49, March 1988.

scholarly journals How to recover from a bad start: size at metamorphosis affects growth and survival in a tropical amphibian

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Szekely ◽  
Dan Cogalniceanu ◽  
Paul Szekely ◽  
Diego Armijos-Ojeda ◽  
Valentina Espinosa-Mogrovejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Larval Habitat ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Locomotor Performance ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Size At Metamorphosis ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Background:In species with complex life cycles, metamorphosing size is a key life-history trait which reflects the complex interactions between costs and benefits of life in the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Whereas the effects of a deteriorating larval habitat (e.g. pond desiccation) on triggering an early metamorphosis have been extensively investigated in amphibians, the consequences of the resulting reduced size at metamorphosis on fitness in the post-metamorphic terrestrial stage remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a smaller size at metamorphosis negatively affects performance and fitness in the ensuing terrestrial stage. Using as model a tropical amphibian (Ceratophrys stolzmanni) showing a large phenotypic plasticity in metamorphosing traits, we evaluated the effects of froglets' size at metamorphosis on fitness-related trophic and locomotor performance traits, as well as on growth and survival rates. Results: Our results support the hypothesis that a bigger size at metamorphosis is correlated with better survival and performance. Survival rate of large metamorphosing individuals was 95%, compared to 60% for those completing metamorphosis at a small size. Locomotor performance and gape were positively correlated with size, larger animals being more mobile and capable to ingest larger preys. However, smaller individuals achieved higher growth rates, thus reducing the size gap. Conclusions: Overall, size at metamorphosis had a profound impact on short-term fitness, but smaller surviving individuals compensated their initial disadvantages by increasing growth rates.

scholarly journals A longitudinal analysis of the progression from normal blood pressure to stage 2 hypertension: A 12-year Korean cohort

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun Sun Yu ◽  
Kwan Hong ◽  
Byung Chul Chun
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
American Heart Association ◽  
American Heart ◽  
Heart Association ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Normal Blood Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stage 1

Abstract Background The study aimed to estimate the incidence of and period of progression to stage 2 hypertension from normal blood pressure. Methods We selected a total of 21,172 normotensive individuals between 2003 and 2004 from the National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening and followed them up until 2015. The criteria for blood pressure were based on the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2017 guideline (normal BP: SBP < 120 and DBP < 80 mmHg, elevated BP: SBP 120–129 and DBP < 80 mmHg, stage 1 hypertension: SBP 130–139 or DBP 80–89 mmHg, stage 2 hypertension: SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg). We classified the participants into four courses (Course A: normal BP → elevated BP → stage 1 hypertension→ stage 2 hypertension, Course B: normal BP → elevated BP → stage 2 hypertension, Course C: normal BP → stage 1 hypertension → stage 2 hypertension, Course D: normal BP → stage 2 hypertension) according to their progression from normal blood pressure to stage 2 hypertension. Results During the median 12.23 years of follow-up period, 52.8% (n= 11,168) and 23.6% (n=5004) of the participants had stage 1 and stage 2 hypertension, respectively. In particular, over 60 years old had a 2.8-fold higher incidence of stage 2 hypertension than 40–49 years old. After the follow-up period, 77.5% (n=3879) of participants with stage 2 hypertension were found to be course C (n= 2378) and D (n=1501). After the follow-up period, 77.5% (n=3879) of participants with stage 2 hypertension were found to be course C (n= 2378) and D (n=1501). The mean years of progression from normal blood pressure to stage 2 hypertension were 8.7±2.6 years (course A), 6.1±2.9 years (course B), 7.5±2.8 years (course C) and 3.2±2.0 years, respectively. Conclusions This study found that the incidence of hypertension is associated with the progression at each stage. We suggest that the strategies necessary to prevent progression to stage 2 hypertension need to be set differently for each target course.

Symptomatic osteonecrosis of the hip and knee in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Prevalence, pattern, and comparison of natural course

Lupus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 096120332110310
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ersin ◽  
Mehmet Demirel ◽  
Mehmet Ekinci ◽  
Lezgin Mert ◽  
Çiğdem Çetin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Rheumatic Diseases ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Bone Structure ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Knee Joints ◽  
Joint Involvement ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
The Mean

Objective Osteonecrosis (ON), also known as avascular necrosis, is characterized by the collapse of the architectural bone structure secondary to the death of the bone marrow and trabecular bone. Osteonecrosis may accompany many conditions, especially rheumatic diseases. Among rheumatic diseases, osteonecrosis is most commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We assessed prevalence and distribution pattern of symptomatic ON in patients with SLE and compare the natural courses of hip and knee ON. Methods 912 SLE patients admitted between 1981 and 2012 were reviewed. SLE patients with symptomatic ON were retrospectively identified both from the existing SLE/APS database. The prevalence of symptomatic ON was calculated; with ON, the joint involvement pattern was determined by examining the distribution of the joints involved, and then the data about the hip and knee joints were entered in the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to calculate 5- and 10-year rates of ON-related hip (the hip group) and knee survival (the knee group). Results Symptomatic ON developed in various joints in 97 of 912 patients with SLE, and the overall prevalence of ON was detected as 10.6%. The mean age at the time of SLE and ON diagnoses were 27.9 ± 9.9 (14–53) and 34.2 ± 11.3 (16–62) years, respectively. The mean duration from diagnosis of SLE to the first development of ON was 70.7± 60.2 (range = 0–216) months. The most common site for symptomatic ON was the hips (68%, n=66), followed by the knees (38%, n = 37). According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, hip and knee joint survival rates associated with 5-year ON were 51% and 88%, and 10-year survival rates were 43% and 84%, respectively. Conclusion We observed that the prevalence of symptomatic ON in patients with SLE was 10.6%. With the estimated 10-year survival rates of 40% versus 84% for the hip and knee joints, respectively, hip involvement may demonstrate a more aggressive course to end-stage osteoarthritis than the knee involvement.

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