Water Turnover and Estimated Food-Consumption in 3 Species of Fairy-Wren (Malurus Spp)

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Tidemann ◽  
B Green ◽  
K Newgrain
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Malurus Cyaneus

Water influx rates and estimated food consumption rates were determined for adults, juveniles and nestlings of three co-existing species of fairy-wrens: superb (Malurus cyaneus), variegated (M. lamberti) and white-winged (M. leucopterus). There were no significant interspecific differences with respect to water influxes of either juveniles or adults, but variation within species was large. Adults and juveniles had higher water influx values and daily food requirements than nestlings. M. cyaneus nestlings had higher mass-specific water influxes and food intakes than both M. leucopterus and M, lamberti, but the latter two did not differ in these parameters. The higher mortality of M. cyaneus and the requirement for drinking water during hot, dry conditions indicate that the inland distribution and abundance of this species are more constrained by climatic conditions than are populations of M. lamberti and M. leucopterus.

Parental Care and Feeding Ecology of Golden Eagle Nestlings

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael W. Collopy
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Birds Of Prey ◽  
Brood Rearing ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Golden Eagles ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Capture Rates

AbstractA field study of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) nesting in and near the Snake River Birds of Prey Area was conducted during 1977-1979. Patterns of parental care differed between female and male eagles during incubation and chick rearing; males consistently captured more food throughout all phases of brood rearing (1.2 vs. 0.6 prey/day), while females typically fed and tended the offspring. During the 7th through 9th week of chick rearing, when the food requirements of nestlings were greatest, the female contributed 43% of the prey biomass. No differences were observed in mean daily capture rates between 1978 and 1979 or between parents of one-chick broods and parents of two-chick broods. Although there were no differences between the sexes in the mean weight of prey captured, there were significant differences among pairs, suggesting differences in prey availability or hunting ability. The daily food consumption of eaglets increased as chick rearing progressed and peaked between the 7th and 9th week. Comparisons between eaglets in different-sized broods revealed that individuals in multiple-chick broods received more food from adults than those in one-chick broods. Late in chick rearing, however, those chicks competing with siblings for food had lower consumption rates.

Comparative water flux and daily energy expenditure of lizards of the genus Gallotia (Lacertidae) from the Canary Islands

1995 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Baez ◽  
Roland Vernet ◽  
Jacques Castanet
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Daily Energy Expenditure ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Average Water

AbstractWater fluxes and daily energy expenditure (DEE) of Gallotia galloti, G. stehlini and G. atlantica, were estimated over a three-year period using the doubly-labelled water (DLW) method. Water influx varied little between seasons and between sexual categories. Juveniles tended to have higher water fluxes in spring in all three species; after a dry period the water turnover tended to decrease for all sexes in G. galloti and G. stehlini, whereas little variation was observed for G. atlantica. The average water influx, combined for all periods, was 46.27, 50.97 and 38.20 ml H2O.kg-1 d-1 for the three species respectively; only the last value differs significantly from the remaining two. The mean DEE, for all periods combined, were 189.7, 179.4 and 146.5 J g-1 d-1 for the three species respectively. As for water turnover, only the value for G. atlantica differed significantly. These data suggest that: G. atlantica may be better adaptated to maintain homeostasis during dry periods and that differences in interspecific DEE can also be explained by others factors than differences in habitat, climatic conditions, daily profiles of activity or body temperatures. We suspect that the incidence of intraspecific competition has more importance in G. atlantica than in the two other species.

Cereal Consumption, Production, and Prices in West Pakistan (Notes & Comments)

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Hufbauer
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Early Settlement ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Better Than

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, several Punjab Settlement Officers attempted to estimate food consumption rates. These estimates, based on direct observation and ad hoc guesses, were made partly out of academic curiosity, but more urgently, as an aid in establishing the land revenue (i.e., tax) rates. The pre-1926 estimates are summarized in Table I, expressed in pounds of wheat and other foodgrain consumption per person per year1. Broadly speaking, the later, more systemtic observers (e.g., Sir Ganga Ram and C. B. Barry), found lower consumption levels than the earlier observers. It was generally accepted that the rural populace ate better than urban dwellers. Despite the ingenuity of the early Settlement Officers, their compiled estimates suffer from all the difficulties of haphazard small sample observation. Given the revenue purpose of the estimates, they may be biased towards the able-bodied, economically active, population. Further, the very early estimates may have confused dry weight with cooked weight, including water.

Must Desert Chukars (Alectoris chukar sinaica) Drink Water? Water Influx and Body Mass Changes in Response to Dietary Water Content

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Allan Degen ◽  
Berry Pinshow ◽  
Peter J. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Alectoris Chukar ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Green Vegetation ◽  
Body Mass Changes ◽  
Vegetation Water

Abstract The Chukar subspecies Alectoris chukar sinaica inhabits the Negev desert, which is characterized by hot, dry summers, and little winter rainfall. Vegetation is dry and dormant during the summer and autumn; green, succulent vegetation is available following winter rain. We studied whether or not and under what dietary conditions Chukars require drinking water. Four groups of Chukars in an outdoor aviary received either a dry ration + water, a dry ration + green vegetation, a dry ration + green vegetation + water, or green vegetation only. The birds offered only greens lost 15% of their body mass in the first 8 days and 2.9% over the next 6 days, while birds on the other three treatments maintained body mass. The birds receiving only greens had the highest total body water to body mass ratio and the highest water influx. We concluded that the Chukars receiving only green vegetation met their water requirements but not their maintenance energy requirements. Chukars fulfilled both their water and energy requirements on a dry ration + green vegetation (without drinking water); the green vegetation comprised approximately 60% of their total fresh matter intake, or 26% of their total dry matter intake. Our analysis suggests that wild desert Chukars do not require drinking water from early winter to late spring, when succulent forage is available, but probably need free water during summer and autumn, when the bulk of their diet is seeds.

scholarly journals Glacial and Postglacial History of the White Cloud Peaks-Boulder Mountains, Idaho, U.S.A.

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F. P. Cotter ◽  
James M. Bloomfield ◽  
Edward B. Evenson
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Accumulation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The North ◽  
Stratigraphic Model ◽  
Glaciofluvial Deposits ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Minimum Age ◽  
Late Wisconsinan ◽  
Mount St Helens ◽  
Peak Set

ABSTRACT Glacial and glaciofluvial deposits are mapped and differentiated to develop new local, relative-age (RD) stratigraphies for the North Fork of the Big Lost River, Slate Creek and Pole Creek drainages in the White Cloud Peaks and Boulder Mountains, Idaho. This stratigraphic model expands the areal extent of the "Idaho glacial model". Volcanic ash samples collected from the study area are petrographically characterized and correlated, on the basis of mineralogy and glass geochemistry, to reference samples of identified Cascade Range tephras. Four distinct tephras are recognized including; Mount St. Helens-Set S (13,600-13,300 yr BP), Glacier Peak-Set B (11,250 yr BP), Mount Mazama (6600 yr BP) and Mount St. Helens-Set Ye (4350 yr BP). A core of lake sediments containing two tephra units was obtained from a site called "Pole Creek kettle". Pollen and sediment analyses indicate three intervals of late Pleistocene and Holocene climatic change. Cool and wet climatic conditions prevailed in the region shortly before and immediately following the deposition of the Glacier Peak-Set B ash (11,250 yr BP). Climatic warming occurred from approximately 10,500 to 6600 yr BP after which warm, dry conditions prevailed. Sediment accumulation in the kettle ceased by 4350 yr BP. The presence of Glacier Peak-Set B tephra in the base of the Pole Creek kettle core provides a minimum age of 11,250 yr BP for the retreat of valley glaciers from their Late Wisconsinan maximum position. A radiocarbon date of 8450 + 85 yr BP (SI-5181), and the presence of Mount Mazama ash (6600 yr BP) up-core support the Glacier Peak-Set B identification.

Hygienic assessment of potential ecotoxicological risk of the use of new insecticide spiromesifen in agriculture of Ukraine

2021 ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
I.V. Tkachenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Ecotoxicological Risk ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Agricultural Use

Objective: The aim of our work was to study the potential ecotoxicological hazard of a new chemical from the class of tetramic and tetronic acid derivatives - the insecticide spiromesifen, taking into account its physico-chemical properties and impact on the environmental objects. Materials and methods: An assessment of the potential danger of spiromesifen use for ecosystems was carried out on the basis of the calculation of the ecotoxicological hazard (ecotox) by N.N. Melnikov’s method. The field studies were carried out in different agro-climatic zones of Ukraine. The treatment of vineyards and apple trees was carried out at the maximum consumption rates of spiromesifen. Results: According to the literary data and our research, it was found that in the soil-and-climatic conditions of Ukraine, the ecotoxicological risk, when using the new insecticide spiromesifen, is 10,000 times and 7,000 times low than the analogous characteristics of DDT. Ecotox abamectin is 154 times low than ecotox DDT. This makes preparations, based on these substances, more promising and competitive among other pesticides in agricultural use. We can conclude that spiromesifen does not pose a threat to terrestrial ecosystems and health of the population.

Feeding Schedule and Daily Food Consumption in Red-Throated Loons (Gavia stellata) over the Prefledging Period

The Auk ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Reimchen ◽  
Sheila Douglas
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Marine Fish ◽  
Average Duration ◽  
Fish Populations ◽  
Feeding Schedule ◽  
Parental Feeding ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Coastal British Columbia

Abstract We describe parental feeding activities of Red-throated Loons (Gavia stellata) throughout the prefledging period at two freshwater nesting territories in coastal British Columbia. The nesting lake contained resident fish populations, but adult loons fed marine fish to their young, making an average of 11 flights per day (average duration 60 min per flight) to the ocean and returning each time with a single fish. Small shallow-bodied fish (Ammodytidae, Pholidae), which were easily swallowed by chicks, predominated in the diet during the 3 days following hatching. The total weight of fish fed to the chicks per day (8-194 g) increased over the prefledging period: adults returned fewer but larger fish (Embiotocidae) as the chick aged. Of the fish offered, 4% were too large for the chick to swallow.

scholarly journals Production and Purification of Water from Humid Air by Using Activated Carbon Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.24) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
R. Gnanasekaran ◽  
Ramya. K ◽  
D. Yuvaraj ◽  
Noorul Jamela
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Peltier Effect ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Is Design ◽  
Water Purity ◽  
Purification Of Water

Drinking Water scarcity is one of the leading issue in our growing world. The atmospheric air contains large amount of water in the form of water vapor, fog, mist etc.In which 30% of water is wasted.Under this situation the climatic conditions of many regions are suitable for generating water. This moisture content is processed by condensation principle to produce fresh water that may be used as distilled water in laboratory and further purification leads to drinking water purity level. Here cooling is produced by Peltier effect and hot air is passed to cooling medium and when it reaches dew point it start condensing water from air. The obtained water from air contain excess of contaminants such as bacteria, nitrate, nitrate, odor, ammonium etc.., these toxic substances are remove by using biofiltration method. In this research filter medium is constructed by extraction of Activated charcoal from coconut waste. . The main aim of our project is utilization of renewable resources that are already available in nature and turn back this energy into water. This project is design a device that can convert humid air directly into clean water.    

scholarly journals Development of a foraging model framework to reliably estimate daily food consumption by young fishes

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (10) ◽  
pp. 1668-1681 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Deslauriers ◽  
Alex J. Rosburg ◽  
Steven R. Chipps
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Fish Feeding ◽  
Daily Food Consumption ◽  
Daily Food

We developed a foraging model for young fishes that incorporates handling and digestion rate to estimate daily food consumption. Feeding trials were used to quantify functional feeding response, satiation, and gut evacuation rate. Once parameterized, the foraging model was then applied to evaluate effects of prey type, prey density, water temperature, and fish size on daily feeding rate by age-0 (19–70 mm) pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus). Prey consumption was positively related to prey density (for fish >30 mm) and water temperature, but negatively related to prey size and the presence of sand substrate. Model evaluation results revealed good agreement between observed estimates of daily consumption and those predicted by the model (r2 = 0.95). Model simulations showed that fish feeding on Chironomidae or Ephemeroptera larvae were able to gain mass, whereas fish feeding solely on zooplankton lost mass under most conditions. By accounting for satiation and digestive processes in addition to handling time and prey density, the model provides realistic estimates of daily food consumption that can prove useful for evaluating rearing conditions for age-0 fishes.

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