A Correction Factor for Counting Emus from the Air, and its Application to Counts in Western Australia

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 253 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Caughley ◽  
D Grice
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Correction Factor ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
True Density ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

We used the mathematics of the mark-recapture model to derive a factor correcting counts of emus surveyed from the air. The emus were neither marked nor recaptured, the correction factor being derived from the number of emu groups counted independently by two observers simultaneously scanning the same transect. The analysis suggests that about 68% of emu groups on the transect are counted by a given observer during a standard survey, and that his counts must therefore be multiplied by 1.47 before they estimate true density of groups. Having determined independently the mean size of emu groups as 3.75 at that time of the year, we applied this factor to counts from a survey of 1480000 km2 in Western Australia. Overall density was 0.074 emus km-2, being highest in the pastoral zone at 0.103 km-2 and lowest in unoccupied land at 0.008 km-2. The difference probably reflects availability of drinking water.

scholarly journals Microtubule minus-end stability is dictated by the tubulin off-rate

2019 ◽  
Vol 218 (9) ◽  
pp. 2841-2853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Strothman ◽  
Veronica Farmer ◽  
Göker Arpağ ◽  
Nicole Rodgers ◽  
Marija Podolski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Instability ◽  
In Vitro Reconstitution ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Dynamic Organization ◽  
In Cells

Dynamic organization of microtubule minus ends is vital for the formation and maintenance of acentrosomal microtubule arrays. In vitro, both microtubule ends switch between phases of assembly and disassembly, a behavior called dynamic instability. Although minus ends grow slower, their lifetimes are similar to those of plus ends. The mechanisms underlying these distinct dynamics remain unknown. Here, we use an in vitro reconstitution approach to investigate minus-end dynamics. We find that minus-end lifetimes are not defined by the mean size of the protective GTP-tubulin cap. Rather, we conclude that the distinct tubulin off-rate is the primary determinant of the difference between plus- and minus-end dynamics. Further, our results show that the minus-end–directed kinesin-14 HSET/KIFC1 suppresses tubulin off-rate to specifically suppress minus-end catastrophe. HSET maintains its protective minus-end activity even when challenged by a known microtubule depolymerase, kinesin-13 MCAK. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms of minus-end dynamics, essential for our understanding of microtubule minus-end regulation in cells.

Size of tumour as a risk factor for malignancy in patients with peripheral pulmonary nodules

Folia Medica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georgi Tz. Prisadov ◽  
Angel P. Uchikov ◽  
Kathrin Welker ◽  
Herbert Wallimann ◽  
Krassimir A. Murdzhev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Tumour Size ◽  
Pulmonary Nodules ◽  
Malignant Tumours ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Malignant Lesions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Benign Tumours

ABSTRACT Peripheral pulmonary tumours are often quite difficult to diagnose and treat. Their detection brings immediately the problem of whether clinicians should just wait and observe or operate the patients. The AIM of this study was to determine if there is a direct correlation between tumour size and the risk for malignancy and whether the tumor size should be considered a risk factor for malignancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 1997 and 2009, 145 patients with peripheral pulmonary tumours of less than 3 cm in diameter underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) resection for the purpose of histologic examination of the tumor. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 62.60 ± 0.95 years. The youngest patient was 17 years old and the oldest - 82. The study sample included 61 women and 84 men; the men were statistically signifi cantly more than the women (57.3% and 42.07%, respectively) (t = 2.74 , P < 0.01). The total number of patients we operated were 145 with 198 resected tumours. The diameter of the lesions ranged between 0.30 cm and 3 cm (mean 1.41 ± 0.06 cm). We found that 108 (54.55%) of the tumours were malignant, and 90 (45.45%) were benign, the difference between them failing to reach statistical signifi cance (t = 1.82, P > 0.05). The mean size of malignant lesions was statistically signifi cantly greater than that of benign tumours (1.62 ± 0.08 cm vs 1.15 ± 0.06 cm). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the bigger the diameter of the nodule, the greater the percentage share of malignant tumours, which means that the size of the tumour is an important risk factor for malignancy.

scholarly journals Recurrent Pleomorphic Adenoma of the Parotid Gland: Experience of 128 Patients with First Recurrence

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Liyuan Dai ◽  
Weihua Lou ◽  
Qigen Fang ◽  
Xu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pleomorphic Adenoma ◽  
Disease Recurrence ◽  
Tumor Rupture ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
Surgical Field ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Recurrence

Objective. Recurrence is common after inappropriate surgical procedures for parotid pleomorphic adenoma (PA). However, there are some controversies regarding intraoperative tumor rupture and disease recurrence; therefore, our goal was to clarify this relationship by describing our experience with 128 cases of recurrent parotid PA. Methods. Patients suffering from a first recurrence of parotid PA were prospectively enrolled, and data regarding the operation, pathology, immunohistochemistry, and recurrence pattern (outside the previous surgical field vs. inside the previous surgical field) were extracted and analyzed. The recurrent lesions were divided into two groups based on the location of nodularity. Results. Thirty-five patients had recurrent disease outside the previous surgical field; there were 105 nodules with a mean size of 1.0 (range: 0.4–3.0) cm and 983 nodules with a mean size of 1.55 (range: 0.5–4.5) cm within the field, and the difference was significant ( p = 0.001 ). The mean values of Ki-67 in nodules outside of and within the previous surgical field were 4.7% (range: 2%–10%) and 2.1% (range: 1%–7%), respectively, and the difference was significant ( p < 0.001 ). In nodules outside the previous surgical field, cell-rich nodules were noted in 71.6% of cases; in nodules within the previous surgical field, cell-rich nodules were found in 30.4% of cases, and the difference was significant ( p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Tumor rupture is not the only cause of disease recurrence, and recurrent PAs outside the previous surgical field are smaller in size, have higher Ki-67 expression, and have more cell-rich nodules than those within the surgical scar.

Variability in the drinking behaviour of individual emus Dromaius novaehollandiae

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 489
Author(s):  
S. J. J. F. Davies ◽  
T. A. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Drinking Behaviour ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Water Influx ◽  
Dromaius Novaehollandiae ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Considerable Individual Variation

The drinking behaviour of four captive emus Dromaius novaehollandiae Latham 1790 was examined at the CSIRO Laboratory, Helena Valley, Western Australia. Considerable individual variation was found in the amount of water each emu drank daily, but for each bird the amount drunk was positively correlated with daily ambient maximum temperature. There was also considerable variation between individual birds in the number of sips of water taken daily, in the mean size of each sip and in the distribution of the size of sips taken in each drinking bout. Variability in drinking behaviour has been reported in other species of bird when their water influx has been calculated using double-labelled water. The availability of water to emus varies greatly in both time and space. More thirsty emus may do well when water is plentiful, whereas more abstemious ones may be favoured when water is scarce. Hence, variability in drinking behaviour would be maintained in populations.

Aspect of the reproductive biology of the Gummy Shark, Mustelus antarcticus Gunther, from waters off the South coast of Western Australia

1990 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 807 ◽  
Author(s):  
RCJ Lenanton ◽  
DI Heald ◽  
M Platell ◽  
M Cliff ◽  
J Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Major Target

The gummy shark (Mustelus antarcticus) is a major target species in two substantial shark fisheries that operate in temperate Australian waters. Data on the reproductive biology of M. antarcticus in the waters off south-western Australia were obtained from samples collected by commercial vessels operating from Albany to Esperance, Western Australia. The samples contained a ratio of four females to one male. M. antarcticus is a viviparous, aplacental species. Males mature at a smaller size than females. Since the overwhelming majority of sharks sampled were mature, it was not possible to estimate precisely the mean size at which sexual maturity was attained. Examination of seasonal changes in the development of ova and testes, in uterine contents, and in embryo growth established that the period of parturition, mating and ovulation occurred over the 3 months between early November and early February. The gestation period was 11-12 months. Full-term embryos ranged in size from 30 to 36 cm total length and occurred in a sex ratio of one male to one female. The ovarian and gestational cycles proceed concurrently, with reproduction occurring annually. Only one of the 224 females analysed for uterine content was considered to be in a true post-partum condition. The number of embryos (N) per mother increased with the length of the mother (L) according to the regression N = exp(-4.13398 + 0.049171L). The reproductive biology of females collected off Albany and Esperance differed in some respects from that of females collected off south-eastern Australia.

Activity area during the breeding season of Varanus gouldii (Reptilia : Varanidae) in an urban environment.

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Activity Area ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Activity Areas

The activity area of ten Varanus gouldii in Karrakatta Cemetery, Perth, Western Australia, was measured by daily locations obtained by telemetry, during the breeding season (October-December) in 1992. The mean size of activity area was 8.91 ha; activity area was positively correlated with body size. There were significant overlaps in activity areas and no evidence of territoriality for male or female V. gouldii. The animals often foraged in areas of dense leaf litter near the periphery of their activity area and retreated to burrows that were more centrally located.

Impact of mortality, possibly due to herpesvirus, on pilchard Sardinops sagax stocks along the south coast of Western Australia in 1998-99

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 601 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Gaughan ◽  
R. W. Mitchell ◽  
S. J. Blight
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

During progression of a mass mortality of Australian pilchards in late 1998 and early 1999, quantities of dead pilchards on the sea-surface, sea-floor and along beaches were estimated in three regions along southern Western Australia (WA) by use of transects. Total mortality was estimated at 17 590, 11193 and 144.4 t for Esperance, Bremer Bay and Albany respectively. Mortality rates at Esperance and Bremer Bay were similar at 74.5% and 64.7% respectively, with a mean of 69.6%. In contrast, estimated mortality at Albany was only 2.4%. Although the difference in total mortality between regions is probably related to differences in stock size, as determined by simulation models, the much lower estimate for Albany is probably an artefact of an over-estimated pilchard biomass and not due to large differences in actual mortality rates. Variability in estimates of both pilchard biomass and quantities killed resulted in a wide range of estimated mortality rates, with lower estimates for Esperance and Bremer Bay of 28.0% and 22.9% respectively. This represents a significant decline in the breeding stock of WA pilchards. If the impact was closer to the mean (69.6%), then pilchard stocks in WA are severely depressed.

Estimates of the mean size of the subset image under composition of random mappings

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey M. Zubkov ◽  
Aleksandr A. Serov
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bounds ◽  
Upper And Lower Bounds ◽  
Random Mappings ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Memory Tradeoff

Abstract Let XN be a set of N elements and F1, F2,… be a sequence of random independent equiprobable mappings XN → N. For a subset S0 ⊂ XN, |S0|=m, we consider a sequence of its images St=Ft(…F2(F1(S0))…), t=1,2… An approach to the exact recurrent computation of distribution of |St| is described. Two-sided inequalities forM{|St|||S0|=m} such that the difference between the upper and lower bounds is o(m)for m, t, N → ∞, mt=o(N) are derived. The results are of interest for the analysis of time-memory tradeoff algorithms.

Temporal patterns in the size of the main commercial shark species of Western Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matias Braccini
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean

Declines in the mean size of harvested organisms may indicate overexploitation. In the present study, temporal patterns in the mean size of the four main commercial shark species of Western Australia were evaluated. Unlike commonly observed for other shark populations, there were no strong temporal patterns in the mean size of gummy, dusky and whiskery sharks, whereas the mean size of sandbar sharks showed a gradual increase since 1993. These observations add further evidence that sharks can be fished sustainably when adequate monitoring, assessment and management actions are implemented.

EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY AND AGE ON THE INFUNDIBULAR NUCLEUS IN MAN

1974 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. R. HOMMES
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Cell Complex ◽  
Nuclear Size ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Neuronal Nuclei ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Increased Activity

SUMMARY Cell density, length of the infundibular complex and size of the neuronal nuclei were measured in a group of patients surviving hypophysectomy after breast cancer, and in a group of patients without hypophysectomy. Hypophysectomy decreased the length of the infundibular cell complex and the mean size of the neuronal nuclei and caused an increase in the difference between the cell density of the posterior and anterior part of the cell complex. In the hypophysectomized patients the mean nuclear size of neuronal nuclei and the length of the cell complex increased with survival time. These findings are interpreted as showing shrinkage of the infundibular nucleus after hypophysectomy. A return to normal values and possibly increased activity occur with survival times over 95 days. The significance of the marked correlation between decrease of supraoptic cell population and the increase of mean nuclear size in the infundibular neurones of the hypophysectomized patients is discussed. In both groups the mean nuclear size of the infundibular neurones increased with age. The significance of this finding is discussed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document