Behaviour of the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss), in Captivity III*. Vocalisations

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Mating Season ◽  
Stimulus Contrast ◽  
Apparent Absence ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Weak Stimulus ◽  
Old Females

Vocalizations of koalas are classified as follows: squeak, the basic call of cubs; squawk, a sign of mild distress or aggression; low grunt, the response to very weak stimulus contrast; harsh grunt, of fighting males. All these are poorly structured, with many overlapping frequencies; they are not discrete but are linked by intermediates. The snarl, wail and scream are agonistic calls made by females: the snarl is brief and guttural, the others prolonged and well structured, with distinct harmonics; all three serve as defensive threats only. The bellow is the characteristic male call, and consists of a long series of deep, snoring inhalations and belching exhalations. It is most frequent during the mating season, and is fully developed at 3 years old. Females bellow less often and more softly. The context of all agonistic calls is analysed; those of females are related to the degree of excitement and the nature of the stimulus; bellowing is related to the presence or apparent absence of stimulus and the degree of motivation. Bellowing probably functions as a general broadcast vocalization, evolved from a call made during aggression.

Behavior of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in captivity during mating season

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-116
Author(s):  
Xu Li ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Yang Xiujuan
Keyword(s):  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Mating Season ◽  
Brown Bears ◽  
In Captivity

Behaviour of the Koala, Phascolarctos Cinereus Goldfuss, in Captivity. 2. Parental and Infantile Behaviour.

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
In Captivity

2. Young koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) began to eat leaves after they left the pouch but before they left the mother's back. The oldest seen sucking was about 13 months old and small for its age. Young koalas still in or returning to the pouch, one of them 240 days old, were seen to eat faeces directly from the mother; adults did not practise coprophagy.

Behaviour of the Koala, Phascolarctos Cinereus Goldfuss, in Captivity. 1. Non-Social Behaviour.

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
In Captivity

1. Feeding behaviour of koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) was observed at a sanctuary near Brisbane, Australia. They fed sporadically throughout the day, for a total of at least 19 h daily, on leaves; they ingested soil and gravel, and drank water when it was provided, but infrequently. Young were seen to leave the pouch at 220 days old and to eat leaves at 217 days old. None under 10 months old was seen to pull leaves forward before biting them.

Behaviour of the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss), in Captivity VI*. Aggression

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Aggressive Interactions ◽  
Single Motor ◽  
Low Level ◽  
In Captivity

'In a colony of captive koalas, all aggressive behaviour was a variation on the single motor pattern of throwing a foreleg around an opponent and biting. Squabbles (the most common aggressive behaviour) were brief, low level interactions usually arising from the efforts of one koala to climb past or over another. Minor fghts involved only single bites and the combatants stayed in the same place; major ,fights involved multiple bites and changes of position. Dependent young were seldom involved in aggression. Between males. minor fights were essentially intensified squabbles, but major fights involved wrestling and chasing; they were more likely between males unfamiliar with each other, or those already aroused by, e.g., other aggressive interactions. Females became aggressive especially during pregnancy and at the end of lactation. At such times they stood their ground and vocalized at other koalas, especially males, but attacked only if the opponent came within reach. Although the opponent usually withdrew. sometimes a male seemed provoked to attack. Males sometimes attacked females without obvious provocation. Aggression was slightly more common in than outside the breeding season. Competition for females or food, dominance hierarchies, appeasement, and the defence of young were not seen.

Behaviour of the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss), in Captivity IV.* Scent-Marking

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Scent Marking ◽  
Scent Mark ◽  
Sternal Gland ◽  
Displaced Aggression ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Rival Male ◽  
Agonistic Encounters

Male koalas scent-mark by grasping a vertical object, generally a tree, and rubbing the sternal gland against it. The behaviour first appears at 3 y of age, and reaches a peak a year or two later. It is frequently performed in conjunction with bellowing, especially in response to agonistic encounters or the bellow of a rival male, and often by itself in circumstances where a bellow might be expected. It is sometimes a response to unfamiliar surroundings or objects, and otherwise is performed by a male moving about a pen. Scent-marking may primarily be a response to unfamiliarity which, having become associated with displaced aggression, has been entrained to the bellowing drive.

scholarly journals Biological bases for whitebait culture Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842): a review

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-386
Author(s):  
Rolando Vega ◽  
Patricio Dantagnan ◽  
Alfonso Mardones ◽  
Iván Valdebenito ◽  
José Zamorano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Farming ◽  
Salt Bath ◽  
Average Life ◽  
Literature Information ◽  
Commercial Fish ◽  
Galaxias Maculatus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
One Year ◽  
Old Females ◽  
Ciliate Protozoa

Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842), is a gourmet fish of great commercial importance with overexploited fisheries. So, studies of its biology are essential in order to develop a technology for its cultivation (galaxiculture), which is at a pilot stage. The goals of this work are: 1) to provide a synthesis of the literature information on the biology of the species, and 2) to identify the lack of scientific knowledge and critical points for the development of a technology for mass commercial culture. G. maculatus is a small carnivorous fish with euryhaline populations differentiated between diadromic and freshwater. Diadromic populations spawn in the estuaries, and then the larvae migrates to the sea, returning aged 6 months and metamorphosing into adults. Studies of their systematic, populations and larvae stage in Chilean waters are scarce, but studies on feeding, reproduction and diseases are more numerous. One year old females lay about 1,200 adhesive eggs and an important number of them die after the first spawning (40%). G. maculatus has rapid growth (1.1% day-1) and a high metabolism, with an average life of 2 years. They can be cultivated in captivity, spawn and incubate their eggs to obtain larvae; adults eat salmon starter pellets and grow in tanks. The ciliate protozoa Ichtyophthirius multifilis (ich) produces high mortality in larvae and adults in confinement; mortality can be controlled with salt bath. The problems to be solved by research for future commercial fish farming are: recognising and selecting suitable populations for cultivation; increasing the number of eggs spawned by females; develop suitable diets for larvae and broodstock; and controlling ectoparasitic diseases. The critical point is achieving mass production by improving the techniques of reproduction and larviculture.

Courtship behaviour, mating season and male sexual interference in Salamandrina perspicillata (Savi, 1821)

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Bruni ◽  
Antonio Romano
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Social Communication ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Sperm Storage ◽  
Courtship Behaviour ◽  
Mating Season ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Sexual Interference ◽  
Available Information

AbstractThe knowledge of reproductive behaviour of Salamandrina perspicillata, an endemic Italian salamander, is still fragmented and not exhaustive; and the only detailed observations were made just once in a terrarium. We describe many aspects of the terrestrial courtship behaviour such as male alert posture, substrate marking trail, approach and pursuit, tail undulation and vent swinging, and spermatophore deposition and pick-up. The courting pair follows an ellipsoidal track during this manoeuvre a spermatophore is deposited by the male just in front of the female who will reach the spermatophore as she continues to circle. No body contacts were observed during the courtship. Tail movements play a key role in the communication between sexes as well as between antagonistic males. Male-male combat involves biting as the main deterrent. We found that the mating season in wild populations is in the spring, differing from that reported previously for mating in captivity (winter) or extrapolated from the beginning of sperm storage (autumn). Each of these points is discussed in light of available information on social communication, sexual dimorphism, courtship evolution, and sperm storage.

Notes on Reproduction and Growth in the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss)

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Old Females

Reproduction of koalas was studied at Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, Brisbane, where 80% of births fall between October and January. Gestation ranges from 34 to 36 days. Females are monotocous. Those who wean their young in the first half of the breeding season breed again in the second half. Although polyoestrous, most females conceive at their first oestrus, except 2-y-olds. Males are mature at 3 y old, females at 2 y old. Young emerge from the pouch at 7 months, leave it completely at 9 months, and are weaned at approximately 12 months. Growth curves are provided. Those born early in the season grow faster than those born later; the age when growth ceases is unknown. Longevity is about 12y; and the sex ratio may be slightly biased towards females.

Behaviour of the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (Goldfuss), in CAptivity V*. Sexual Behaviour

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Courtship Behaviour ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Penile Erections ◽  
In Captivity

At the height of the breeding season male koalas frequently attempted copulation. These attempts were often apparently spontaneous, but many followed bellowing or agonistic interactions. Sexual behaviour began at 3 y old in males, except for penile erections, which sometimes occurred in younger males. Males performed no courtship behaviour. Behavioural oestrus was brief, and consisted of four distinct types of activity: jerking, bellowing, mild aggression towards the male, and pseudomale behaviour. Oestrous females could become very excited by the presence of a male, and the four activities were very flexible in their expression. Copulation itself was quite brief and consisted of mounting, thrusting, convulsions, and disengagement. The pair were always in a vertical position in a tree, the male grasping the female's neck in his jaws.

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