The Incidence of Lead Shotgun Pellets in Waterfowl (Anatidae and Rallidae) Examined in South-Eastern Australia Between 1957 and 1973.

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
FI Norman

Data from the fluoroscopic examination of waterfowl (Anatidae and Rallidae) trapped at Lara, Vic., between 1957 and 1973 are summarized. The incidence of shotgun pellets in body tissues varied between species, and within age and sex groups; generally males contained more pellets than females, and juveniles fewer than adults. Larger species tended to contain proportionally more pellets than smaller species. Annual variations in pellet incidence were difficult to interpret, because birds examined before a shooting season contained pellets (presumably from the preceding seasons). Data from juveniles were of limited value since comparative large samples were not available after open seasons. Presence of pellets in body tissues seems to confer no disadvantage, since recovery rates, and distances travelled to recovery locations, were not significantly different for birds with or without pellets. Examination of gizzards revealed very few ingested pellets and the data did not suggest that lead poisoning was a potential mortality factor. It was concluded that fluoroscopic examination of waterfowl for pellet content offers little for the more effective management of the resource, since it provides, at best, post hoe information from birds whose source, and previous exposure to shooting, is generally unknown.

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allyson L. O'Brien ◽  
D. Jeff Ross ◽  
Michael J. Keough

Effective management of introduced species requires an understanding of their effects on native species and the processes that structure the habitat. The introduced European polychaete Sabella spallanzanii dominates epifaunal assemblages in south-eastern Australia, yet little is known about how it affects the structure of the surrounding assemblages. The present study investigated the differences between infaunal assemblages in the presence and absence of S. spallanzanii using clumps of real and mimic polychaetes. Both the real and mimic clumps had the same effect on an existing assemblage with fewer numbers of small crustaceans in the sediment under the clumps. The effects of S. spallanzanii on infaunal colonisation and larval abundances above and below the S. spallanzanii canopy were also investigated. Larval effects varied among taxa, depending on position (above and below the canopy) for bivalve larvae and presence/absence of S. spallanzanii for gastropod larvae. There was no effect of the S. spallanzanii clumps on infaunal colonisation. These results suggest that the effects of S. spallanzanii on larval abundances and colonisation may not be as significant as the effects on post-colonisation processes that structure macrofaunal assemblages in soft sediment habitats.


2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi E. Davis ◽  
Graeme Coulson ◽  
David M. Forsyth

Effective management of sympatric mammalian herbivore populations requires an understanding of interspecific interactions. At Wilsons Promontory National Park, Victoria, sympatric native and introduced mammalian herbivores are thought to be contributing to modification of shrub-encroached Coastal Grassy Woodland. We estimated the diets of the five terrestrial mammalian herbivore species present using microhistological techniques. The diets of introduced hog deer (Axis porcinus) and native swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) consisted mainly of dicots. The diet of introduced European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) contained similar proportions of monocots and dicots. The diets of native eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) and native common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) consisted mainly of monocots but kangaroos also consumed moderate amounts of dicots. Deer and wallabies consumed more native plants than did the other species and rabbits consumed more exotic plants than did all other species except kangaroos. Diet breadth was narrowest for kangaroos and broadest for swamp wallabies and hog deer. Overlap in food use by the five herbivores was high, particularly between deer and wallabies, and between kangaroos and both rabbits and wombats. Our results suggest that the potential impacts of native and introduced species on the vegetation of Coastal Grassy Woodland are similar, and that the entire herbivore assemblage will need to be managed to increase fine fuel loads if fire is used as a restoration tool.


2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 469 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Penman ◽  
R. A. Bradstock ◽  
O. Price

Variations in area burnt by fire are governed by four processes: biomass growth, availability to burn, fire weather and ignitions. Insight into these how these processes are shaped by biophysical and human influences is required to underpin the development of effective management strategies. Patterns of natural and arson ignitions were examined within the densely populated Sydney region of south-eastern Australia to determine the extent to which management can alter the risk of ignition. Arson ignitions were more likely on ridges in association with human infrastructure, i.e. roads and houses. Lightning ignitions also occurred more frequently on ridges, but at greater distances from human infrastructure. These patterns are consistent with those reported in studies from forested regions in the northern hemisphere. Fuel age had a variable effect with lightning more likely in older fuels (>25 years) and arson more likely in younger fuels (<10 years). Probability of both ignition types increased under more severe fire weather. Climate change is predicted to increase the severity of fire weather and is therefore likely to result in an increase in ignition frequency in the Sydney Basin. Urban expansion is also likely to have significant effects on ignitions and resultant risks to people and property via an increase in the probability of arson ignitions.


1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 196-196

In this paper the author communicates descriptions, with figures of the fossil remains at his command, of Diprotodon australis , which have been received from various localities in Australia, since the first announcement of the genus, founded on a fragment of the lower jaw and tusk, described and figured in the 'Appendix' to Sir Thos. Mitchell's ‘Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia,’ 8vo, 1838. The fossils in question include the entire cranium and lower jaw with most of the teeth, showing the dental formula of:— i .3–3/1–1, c . 0–0/0–0, m . 5–5/5–5=28; portions of jaws and teeth exemplifying characteristics of age and sex; many bones of the trunk and extremities.


2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi E. Davis ◽  
Ami Bennett ◽  
David M. Forsyth ◽  
David M. J. S. Bowman ◽  
Edward C. Lefroy ◽  
...  

Deer are among the world’s most successful invasive mammals and can have substantial deleterious impacts on natural and agricultural ecosystems. Six species have established wild populations in Australia, and the distributions and abundances of some species are increasing. Approaches to managing wild deer in Australia are diverse and complex, with some populations managed as ‘game’ and others as ‘pests’. Implementation of cost-effective management strategies that account for this complexity is hindered by a lack of knowledge of the nature, extent and severity of deer impacts. To clarify the knowledge base and identify research needs, we conducted a systematic review of the impacts and management of wild deer in Australia. Most wild deer are in south-eastern Australia, but bioclimatic analysis suggested that four species are well suited to the tropical and subtropical climates of northern Australia. Deer could potentially occupy most of the continent, including parts of the arid interior. The most significant impacts are likely to occur through direct effects of herbivory, with potentially cascading indirect effects on fauna and ecosystem processes. However, evidence of impacts in Australia is largely observational, and few studies have experimentally partitioned the impacts of deer from those of sympatric native and other introduced herbivores. Furthermore, there has been little rigorous testing of the efficacy of deer management in Australia, and our understanding of the deer ecology required to guide deer management is limited. We identified the following six priority research areas: (i) identifying long-term changes in plant communities caused by deer; (ii) understanding interactions with other fauna; (iii) measuring impacts on water quality; (iv) assessing economic impacts on agriculture (including as disease vectors); (v) evaluating efficacy of management for mitigating deer impacts; and (vi) quantifying changes in distribution and abundance. Addressing these knowledge gaps will assist the development and prioritisation of cost-effective management strategies and help increase stakeholder support for managing the impacts of deer on Australian ecosystems.


2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhavi A. Colton ◽  
Stephen E. Swearer

Marine communities are frequently biogeographically structured, despite the potential for dispersal. Previous research on a variety of marine taxa in south-eastern Australia has suggested that a biogeographic break occurs along the coastline of Victoria. However, little of this research has focussed on nearshore ichthyofauna and the location of the break remains debated. Using fish abundance measured by two methods: underwater visual census (UVC); and baited remote underwater video (BRUV) at six locations along the open coast of Victoria, we examined (1) whether there is sufficient concordance among species to indicate the presence of a faunal break; and if present (2) where any such breaks occur. Differences in assemblage composition between locations were tested with analyses of similarity and examination of residuals from regressions of pairwise dissimilarities against coastline distance. Data collected using UVC revealed two large faunal breaks co-located with a habitat discontinuity, the convergence of two currents and a thermal gradient. Data collected by BRUV revealed only a gradation of change across the study region. Greater understanding of the biogeographic structure of these communities will facilitate more effective management, especially in light of anticipated range shifts in response to global climate change.


The Condor ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel A. Iverson ◽  
Barry D. Smith ◽  
Fred Cooke

Abstract We assessed age- and sex-specific distribution patterns of Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) wintering in southern coastal British Columbia, Canada, and evaluated potential biases associated with the use of male age ratios as an index of their recruitment. For surveys conducted during 2000 through 2002, annual variations in male age ratios were evident, with estimates ranging from 0.07 ± 0.02 to 0.13 ± 0.03 (SE; first-year males:total males). Flock composition patterns indicated first-year males did not distribute independently, but tended to associate with other first-year males. With respect to habitat, male age- class proportions did not vary among shoreline substrate types, but higher proportions of first-year males were found in sites with low exposure to wind and waves (<50 km fetch). To determine the efficacy of male age ratios for indexing recruitment, we used a power analysis, which incorporated overdispersion in age-class segregation and determined the sample sizes required for precise estimates of the proportion of first-year male Surf Scoters. Samples of approximately 600–1000 total males were required to obtain 95% confidence limits within 5% of the estimated mean, with sampling accuracy leveling off at about 2% when 6000 or more males were aged. Recruitment among waterfowl species is typically modeled using the ratio of female recruits to breeding-age females. Based on the sex and male age-ratio estimates obtained in this study, we calculated a female age ratio of 0.23 (first-year females:adult females). Distribuciones Invernales de Edad y Sexo en Melanitta perspicillata: Implicancias del Uso de Cocientes de Edad como un Índice de Reclutamiento Resumen. Estimamos los patrones de distribución específicos de edad y sexo de Melanitta perspicillata invernando en la zona costera sur de la Columbia Británica, Canadá, y evaluamos los sesgos potenciales asociados con el uso de cocientes de edad de machos como un índice de su reclutamiento. Durante los muestreos realizados entre el 2000 y el 2002 las variaciones anuales en el cociente de edad de los machos fueron evidentes, con estimaciones que variaron entre 0.07 ± 0.02 (EE) y 0.13 ± 0.03 (machos del primer año: total de machos). Los patrones de composición de las bandadas indicaron que los machos del primer año no se distribuyeron independientemente, sino que tendieron a asociarse con otros machos del primer año. Con relación al hábitat, las proporciones de clases de edad de los machos no variaron entre los tipos de substrato de la línea de costa, pero se encontraron mayores proporciones de machos del primer año en sitios con baja exposición al viento y a las olas (sitios de mar abierto <50 km de ancho). Para determinar la eficacia de los cocientes de edad de los machos como índice de reclutamiento, usamos un análisis de poder, el cual incorporó sobre-dispersión en la segregación de las clases de edad y determinó los tamaños de muestreo necesarios para estimaciones precisas de la proporción de machos del primer año de M. perspicillata. Muestras totales de aproximadamente 600–1000 machos fueron necesarias para obtener límites de confianza del 95% dentro del 5% de la media estimada, con la exactitud de muestreo nivelándose cerca del 2% luego de estimarse la edad de 6000 o más machos. El reclutamiento entre las especies de Anseriformes es modelado típicamente usando el cociente entre nuevas hembras y hembras en edad reproductiva. Basados en las estimaciones de cocientes de sexo y edad de los machos obtenidas en este estudio, calculamos un cociente de edad de las hembras de 0.23 (hembras del primer año: hembras adultas).


Author(s):  
M.E. Cantino ◽  
M.K. Goddard ◽  
L.E. Wilkinson ◽  
D.E. Johnson

Quantification in biological x-ray microanalysis depends on accurate evaluation of mass loss. Although several studies have addressed the problem of electron beam induced mass loss from organic samples (eg., 1,2). uncertainty persists as to the dose dependence, the extent of loss, the elemental constituents affected, and the variation in loss for different materials and tissues. in the work described here, we used x-ray counting rate changes to measure mass loss in albumin (used as a quantification standard), salivary gland, and muscle.In order to measure mass loss at low doses (10-4 coul/cm2 ) large samples were needed. While freeze-dried salivary gland sections of the required dimensions were available, muscle sections of this size were difficult to obtain. To simulate large muscle sections, frog or rat muscle homogenate was injected between formvar films which were then stretched over slot grids and freeze-dried. Albumin samples were prepared by a similar procedure. using a solution of bovine serum albumin in water. Samples were irradiated in the STEM mode of a JEOL 100C.


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