An assessment of animal welfare for the culling of peri-urban kangaroos

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan O. Hampton ◽  
David M. Forsyth
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Shooting Methods ◽  
Flight Duration ◽  
Independent Observer ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Group Methods

Context Shooting is used to reduce the abundance of kangaroo (Macropus sp.) populations in many peri-urban areas in Australia, but there is uncertainty surrounding the animal welfare outcomes of this practice. Aim We assessed the animal welfare outcomes of night shooting for peri-urban eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). We quantified the duration of stress for: (1) shot animals; (2) euthanased pouch young; and (3) other animals in the same social group. Methods An independent observer collected thermal imagery data, enabling four key animal welfare parameters to be quantified: instantaneous death rate, median time to death, wounding rate and flight duration of conspecifics. The duration between pouch removal and insensibility was recorded for pouch young. Post-mortem data were recorded to confirm the location and extent of pathology from shooting. Key results Of the 136 kangaroos that were shot at, two were missed. The wounding rate was zero, with a 98% instantaneous death rate. The median time to death for the three animals not killed instantaneously was 12 s. For pouch young considered sentient, the median stress time was 4 s. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed that the median flight duration of conspecifics was 5 s. Conclusions Our results indicate that night shooting produces a very short duration of stress to shot kangaroos, their pouch young and their conspecifics. Implications When compared to other wildlife shooting methods, night shooting is a humane method for culling peri-urban kangaroos.

Quantitative analysis of animal-welfare outcomes in helicopter shooting: a case study with feral dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)

2014 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan O. Hampton ◽  
Brendan D. Cowled ◽  
Andrew L. Perry ◽  
Corissa J. Miller ◽  
Bidda Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Camelus Dromedarius ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Dromedary Camel ◽  
Shooting Methods ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Bullet Wound

Context Helicopter shooting is a common and effective tool for reducing overabundant wildlife populations. However, there is little quantitative information on the humaneness of the method, leading to uncertainty in wildlife-management policy. There is, subsequently, a need for an improved understanding of the welfare implications of helicopter shooting. Aim A study was undertaken to infer the humaneness of helicopter shooting for a case study species, the feral dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius). Methods Seven post-mortem studies (n = 715) and one ante-mortem study (n = 192) were undertaken during routine helicopter shooting programs of free-ranging camels. In these studies, we measured four animal-welfare parameters to allow inference on the humaneness of the technique. These parameters were time to death, instantaneous death rate (proportion of animals for which time to death = 0), wounding rate and location of bullet-wound tract. We also modelled these welfare variables against hypothesised explanatory variables to assist improvement of future programs. Key results The mean wounding rate was 0.4%, and the killing efficacy of the technique was 99.6%. Mean time to death was 4 s, and mean instantaneous death rate was 83%. Each animal displayed a mean 2.4 bullet-wound tracts, with 75%, 63% and 35% of animals shot at least once in the thorax, cranium and cervical spine, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that the identity of the shooter and the nature of the local vegetation were the most important factors associated with an animal experiencing an inferred instantaneous death or not. Conclusions Helicopter shooting of feral camels produces a very low wounding rate and rapid time to death. Shooter identity is the most important consideration for determining animal-welfare outcomes. Improvements to the humaneness of programs can be made by increasing the rigour of shooter selection and training. Implications Wildlife killing methods must be demonstrated to be humane to receive public support; however, few shooting methods are objectively examined. Helicopter shooting can be independently examined and operators assessed. Adoption of this examination template may allow continual improvement by industry as well as increasing societal acceptance of helicopter shooting.

scholarly journals Median time to pain improvement and the impact of baseline pain severity on pain response in patients with psoriatic arthritis treated with tofacitinib

RMD Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. e001609
Author(s):  
Kurt de Vlam ◽  
Alexis Ogdie ◽  
Andrew G Bushmakin ◽  
Joseph C Cappelleri ◽  
Roy Fleischmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Pain Severity ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale Pain ◽  
Pain Response ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Analogue Scale Pain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pain Improvement

BackgroundPain is a core domain of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). This post hoc analysis evaluated time to pain improvement and the impact of baseline pain severity on pain response in patients with PsA receiving tofacitinib.MethodsData from two trials (NCT01877668; NCT01882439) in patients receiving tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily, placebo switching to tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily at month 3 (placebo-to-tofacitinib) or adalimumab (NCT01877668 only) were included. Improvement in pain (≥30%/≥50% decrease from baseline in Visual Analogue Scale pain score) was assessed; median time to initial (first post-baseline visit)/continued (first two consecutive post-baseline visits) pain improvement was estimated (Kaplan-Meier) for all treatment arms. A parametric model was used to determine the relationship between baseline pain severity and time to pain response in patients receiving tofacitinib.ResultsAt month 3, more patients experienced pain improvements with tofacitinib/adalimumab versus placebo. Median days (95% CI) to initial/continued pain improvements of ≥30% and ≥50%, respectively, were 55 (29–57)/60 (57–85) and 85 (57–92)/171 (90–not estimable (NE)) for tofacitinib, versus 106 (64–115)/126 (113–173) and 169 (120–189)/NE (247–NE) for placebo-to-tofacitinib. Pain improvements were also experienced more quickly for adalimumab versus placebo. Predicted time to ≥30%/≥50% pain improvement was shorter in patients with higher baseline pain versus lower baseline pain (tofacitinib arm only).ConclusionsIn patients with PsA, pain improvements were experienced by more patients, and more rapidly, with tofacitinib and adalimumab versus placebo. In those receiving tofacitinib, higher baseline pain was associated with faster pain improvements.

Abstract 13: Sex Differences in Mortality Among Patients With Covid-19 Related Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhaan S Vahidy ◽  
Jennifer Meeks ◽  
Alan Pan ◽  
Thomas Potter ◽  
Osman Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Matched Sample ◽  
Healthcare Organizations ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
Icd 10

Introduction: Overall poor COVID-19 outcomes have been reported among males. We evaluated sex differences in mortality among patients with stroke related to COVID-19. Methods: Utilizing pooled deidentified data from 30 healthcare organizations, we identified COVID-19 patients via ICD-10 diagnosis or documented laboratory confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or antibodies. Patients with ICD-10 diagnoses of ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage within 30 days before or after the COVID-19 event were flagged. Male and female patients were propensity score (PS) matched on other demographic and comorbidity variables. Risk Ratio (RR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for association between sex and 90-day mortality is reported. Kaplan-Meier analyses with log rank test (LRT) were conducted for time-to-death. As a sensitivity analysis, we only included a smaller sub-set with first instance of IS or ICH ± 30-days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Results: Among 149,410 COVID-19 patients, 1,618 (1.1%) had a stroke diagnosis ± 30-days of confirmed COVID-19. Of whom, 1,609 patients (847 males and 762 females) were included in primary analyses. Females were older (67.7 vs. 65.7 years) and were more likely to be of black race (34.1% vs. 27.6%). Females had a significantly higher proportion of chronic pulmonary disease (38.8% vs. 28.8%) and obesity (34.2% vs. 24.8%); whereas males had higher proportion of alcohol abuse (8.5% vs. 3.8%). A 1:1 PS algorithm yielded an optimally matched sample of 634 males and females each, balanced on all covariates. In the matched sample, 11.7% of females and 15.8% of males experienced 90-day mortality; RR (CI): 1.35 (1.02 - 1.78), LRT p value 0.04. Higher risk of 90-day mortality among males with COVID-19 and stroke was maintained in the sensitivity analyses, RR (CI): 1.47 (1.06 - 2.00), LRT p value = 0.03 (graphic). Conclusion: Future studies examining the socio-demographic and biological mechanisms for poor stroke outcomes among males with COVID-19 are needed.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Persistence in Immunocompromised Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Dolan ◽  
Jean Mulcahy Levy ◽  
Angla Moss ◽  
Kelly Pearce ◽  
Samuel Dominguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽  
Viral Persistence ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Diagnostic Panel ◽  
Event Times

Introduction/Objectives: We evaluated the length of time immunocompromised children (ICC) remain positive for SARS-CoV-2, identified factors associated with viral persistence and determined cycle threshold (CT) values of children with viral persistence as a surrogate of viral load. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of ICC at a pediatric hospital from March 2020-2021. Immunocompromised status was defined as primary, secondary or acquired due to medical comorbidities/immunosuppressive treatment. The primary outcome was time to first-of-two consecutive negative SARS-CoV-2 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests at least 24 hours apart. Testing of sequential clinical specimens from the same subject was conducted using the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 2019-nCoV Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel assay. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curve median event times and log-rank-sum tests were used to compare outcomes between groups. Results: Ninety-one children met inclusion criteria. Median age was 15.5 years (IQR 8-18 yrs), 64% were male, 58% were white, and 43% were Hispanic/Latinx. Most (67%) were tested in outpatient settings and 58% were asymptomatic. The median time to two negative tests was 42 days (IQR 25.0,55.0), with no differences in median time by illness presentation or level of immunosuppression. Seven children had >1 sample available for repeat testing, and 5/7 (71%) children had initial CT values of <30, (moderate to high viral load); 4 children had CT values of <30 3-4 weeks later, suggesting persistent moderate to high viral loads. Conclusions: Most ICC with SARS-CoV-2 infection had mild disease, with prolonged viral persistence >6 weeks and moderate to high viral load.

scholarly journals Baseline Quantitative Hepatitis B Core Antibody Titer Is a Predictor for Hepatitis B Virus Infection Recurrence After Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Lou ◽  
Guanghua Ma ◽  
Feifei LV ◽  
Quan Yuan ◽  
Fanjie Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
Hepatitis B Virus ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Orthotopic Liver Transplantation ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Hbsag Loss ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
B Virus

ObjectiveHepatitis B virus (HBV) reinfection is a serious complication that arise in patients who undergo hepatitis B virus related liver transplantation. We aimed to use biomarkers to evaluate the HBV reinfection in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation.MethodsSeventy-nine patients who underwent liver transplantation between 2009 and 2015 were enrolled, and levels of biomarkers were analyzed at different time points. Cox regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of different markers at baseline were used to analyze sustained hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the levels of the biomarkers.ResultsAmong the 79 patients, 42 sustained HBsAg loss with a median time of 65.2 months (12.0-114.5, IQR 19.5) after liver transplantation and 37 patients exhibited HBsAg recurrence with a median time of 8.8 (0.47-59.53, IQR 19.47) months. In the ROC curve analysis, at baseline, 4.25 log10 IU/mL qHBcAb and 2.82 log10 IU/mL qHBsAg showed the maximum Youden’s index values with area under the curves (AUCs) of 0.685and 0.651, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier method indicated that qHBsAg and quantitative antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (qHBcAb) levels in the two groups were significantly different (p = 0.031 and 0.006, respectively). Furthermore, the Cox regression model confirmed the predictive ability of qHBcAb at baseline (AUC = 0.685).ConclusionLower pretransplantation qHBcAb is associated with HBV infection. The baseline concentration of qHBcAb is a promising predictor for the recurrence of HBV in patients undergoing liver transplantation and can be used to guide antiviral treatment for HBV infection.

scholarly journals Analysis of remote results of treatment of patients with laryngeal cancer

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Bogdan V. Shportko ◽  
Alexander V. Kovtunenko ◽  
Sergey N. Tymchuk
Keyword(s):  
Median Time ◽  
Laryngeal Cancer ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Lymph Node Status ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Regional Metastases

Topicality: Today, laryngeal cancer occupies an important place in the structure of tumors of the head and neck. Malignant tumors of the larynx are most represented by squamous cell carcinoma, the main pathogenetic factors are smoking, alcohol and human papillomavirus. The key factor is the presence of regional metastases, which significantly affects the survival of patients. Data on the five-year survival of patients with laryngeal cancer vary depending of the presence of metastases to regional lymph nodes from 60% lor patients with negative lymph node status to 18% lor stage N3b. Aim of the study: To assess the survival of patients with laryngeal cancer, taking into account the presence of metastases and recurrences of the disease, to analyze the relationship between tumor recurrence and the presence of metastases at the beginning of observation. Object and methods: 70 patients with laryngeal cancer of III-IV stages (T3-4N0-3M0) and II clinical group were understudy. Of these, 39 patients from the main group had regional metastases of laryngeal cancer, in 31 patients of the comparison group regional metastases were not detected. We investigated the frequency and timing of disease recurrence, metastasis, and death. Results: During the observation period, metastases were detected in 6 patients (8.5%). During 1 year, metastases developed in 4 patients (percentage of patients without metastases – 93.1% (95% CI=86.8-99.9). Percentage of patients without metastases after 5 years – 85.7% (95% CI=74.2-99.1). The median time to metastasis in our study was 9.7 [7.2; 12.7] months. During the follow-up period, 18 patients (26.4%) died of cancer-related causes. The majority of fatalities in our follow-up developed among patients with recurrence of the disease during the follow-up period. All patients who relapsed died during the follow-up period. One patient died within 1 year (survival – 98.4% (95% CI=95.2-100.0), five-year survival was 63.2% (95% CI=47.6-83.9), and the median time to death in our study was 21.4 [16.6; 26.2] months. Conclusion: The critical period lor recurrence and metastasis was the first 12 months after treatment. Local recurrence during the first year of follow-up was associated with earlier mortality. The presence of metastases at the beginning of treatment reduced the risk of further metastasis by 7 times. The percentage of patients without metastases after 5 years was 85.7%. The five-year survival rate was 63.2%. The mean time to death in our study was 49.9 (2.7) months.

Twenty-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed glaucoma: mortality and visual function

2018 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1663-1666
Author(s):  
Christopher King ◽  
Justin C Sherwin ◽  
Gokulan Ratnarajan ◽  
John F Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Open Angle Glaucoma ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Visual Outcome ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Two Stages

Background/aimsTo determine the mortality within 20 years of diagnosis of chronic open-angle glaucoma (COAG) and visual acuity and visual field progression of a cohort followed for 20 years.MethodsTwenty years following the diagnosis of COAG in 68 of 436 (16%) patients seen in a glaucoma case-finding clinic, visual and mortality outcomes were audited from medical records. Causes of death were obtained from general practitioner records and death certificates. Probability of death was calculated using a Kaplan-Meier survival curve. The visual field of each eye of survivors was graded using a nine-stage severity scale. Visual outcome was analysed at the 20-year follow-up visit.ResultsFrom 68, 14 (21%) were lost to follow-up. In the remaining 54, 20 (37%) were alive 20 years after diagnosis. Of 63% who died, mean age of death was 84 years, most commonly due to vascular disease. Mean age at presentation of those who died was 73.7 years versus 63.2 years for survivors (P=0.001). The median time to death was 16 years. On visual field analysis, nearly half (48.9%) of eyes did not deteriorate, but 28.3% eyes deteriorated by more than two stages. Those who died had worse final visual acuity than survivors (P<0.001). Three who died were registered severely visually impaired mainly from macular disease, but no survivors were registered (P<0.001).ConclusionIn this cohort, approximately two-thirds of patients with glaucoma died within 20 years of diagnosis. In most older patients with glaucoma, the overall goal of preventing visual handicap and blindness is achievable 20 years after diagnosis.

scholarly journals DOP81 Time to loss of efficacy among patients in remission following induction treatment with tofacitinib 10 mg BID who reduced tofacitinib dose or discontinued tofacitinib in OCTAVE sustain

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S120-S121
Author(s):  
M C Dubinsky ◽  
J W Chou ◽  
C Su ◽  
W Wang ◽  
I Modesto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Clinical Response ◽  
Median Time ◽  
Induction Treatment ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Time To Treatment ◽  
Mayo Score ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Time To Treatment Failure

Abstract Background Tofacitinib is an oral, small-molecule JAK inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Safety and efficacy of tofacitinib were evaluated in two Phase 3 induction studies (OCTAVE Induction 1 and 2; NCT01465763, NCT01458951), a 52-week, Phase 3 maintenance study (OCTAVE Sustain, NCT01458574) and an ongoing, open-label, long-term extension study (NCT01470612).1,2 Here, we assess time to treatment failure among patients in remission at the end of OCTAVE Induction 1 and 2 who enrolled in OCTAVE Sustain. Methods In OCTAVE Induction 1 and 2, patients received placebo or tofacitinib 10 mg twice daily (BID) for 8 weeks; clinical responders were re-randomised to placebo, tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg BID in OCTAVE Sustain for 52 weeks. Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate median time to treatment failure (withdrawal due to insufficient clinical response) in patients who received 10 mg BID in induction studies and entered OCTAVE Sustain in remission (total Mayo score ≤2 with no subscore &gt;1, and rectal bleeding subscore [RB] 0). Treatment failure: ≥3-point increase from baseline total Mayo score, plus ≥1-point increase in RB and endoscopic subscore (ES; centrally read) and absolute ES ≥2 after ≥8 weeks of maintenance therapy. Results Following induction, 156 patients in remission entered OCTAVE Sustain and received tofacitinib 5 mg BID (N = 57) or 10 mg BID (N = 50), or placebo (N = 49). Estimated treatment failure rates are reported in the table. At Week 52, Kaplan–Meier rates of treatment failure were higher in patients who switched to placebo (81.8% [95% confidence interval 67.0, 90.4]) vs. those who continued to receive tofacitinib 10 mg BID (25.6% [14.2, 38.6]) or reduced their dose to 5 mg BID (34.4% [21.8, 47.3]). Median time to treatment failure was 169 days for placebo and &gt;52 weeks for tofacitinib 5 and 10 mg BID (due to the low number of treatment failure events, exact median time to treatment failure was not available for tofacitinib 5 or 10 mg BID). Conclusion For patients in remission following 8 weeks of induction treatment with tofacitinib 10 mg BID, median time to treatment failure for those who continued tofacitinib treatment (5 or 10 mg BID) was &gt;52 weeks. After treatment interruption (remission patients who were re-randomised to placebo), median time to treatment failure was 169 days; this was similar to previously published time-to-treatment-failure data for patients with clinical response (including remission) following 8 weeks of induction treatment with tofacitinib who were re-randomised to placebo.3. References

scholarly journals The development of the marriage rate, the divorce rate, the birth rate and the death rate

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
J. Dufek
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Divorce Rate ◽  
Marriage Rate ◽  
Natural Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Basic Characteristics ◽  
Characteristics Development

The article aims to analyze the development of the basic characteristics of the demographic dynamics in the CR in urban areas divided according to size in 1993&minus;2004 and to express the changes in the development of the natural increase. Urban areas in the CR were divided into 3 groups according to their size (size-related groups): urban areas of up to 2 000 inhabitants &minus; a country type, urban areas with 2 000 to 10 000 inhabitants &minus; a transition type, urban areas with more than 10 000 inhabitants &minus; towns. In 2004, there were 26% of inhabitants living in the country group, 20% in the transition group and 54% in towns. There was a decline in marriage rate in all the groups; in the country, with its higher level, the decline was more moderate. The divorce rate shows a moderate increase except 1999, when it dramatically fell thanks to the legislation. The divorce rate was the highest in towns and the lowest in the country. The birth rate continued its sharp decline in urban areas of all sizes during the first four years of the researched period, then it levelled off, and it has even been slightly rising in the last years. It was considerably lower in bigger towns than in the other two groups, which had practically an identical development. There was a kind of balance at the end of the period. The death rate was generally going down; it was the highest in the country areas, however, it was approximating the values in the other two groups. The dramatic fall of the natural increase levelled off and it also showed a moderate rise. Trends are expressed with polynomial functions. The article presents the characteristics development in graphs and the reasons for changes are being commented upon.

scholarly journals The Systemic Inflammation Index on Admission Predicts In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Patients

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 5725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro G. Fois ◽  
Panagiotis Paliogiannis ◽  
Valentina Scano ◽  
Stefania Cau ◽  
Sergio Babudieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Group Methods ◽  
Aggregate Index ◽  
Inflammatory State

Background. The rapid onset of a systemic pro-inflammatory state followed by acute respiratory distress syndrome is the leading cause of mortality in patients with COVID-19. We performed a retrospective observational study to explore the capacity of different complete blood cell count (CBC)-derived inflammation indexes to predict in-hospital mortality in this group. Methods. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR (dNLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), mean platelet volume to platelet ratio (MPR), neutrophil to lymphocyte × platelet ratio (NLPR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), systemic inflammation index (SII), and the aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) were calculated on hospital admission in 119 patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19. Results. Non-survivors had significantly higher AISI, dNLR, NLPR, NLR, SII, and SIRI values when compared to survivors. Similarly, Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed significantly lower survival in patients with higher AISI, dNLR, MLR, NLPR, NLR, SII, and SIRI. However, after adjusting for confounders, only the SII remained significantly associated with survival (HR = 1.0001; 95% CI, 1.0000–1.0001, p = 0.029) in multivariate Cox regression analysis. Conclusions. The SII on admission independently predicts in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients and may assist with early risk stratification in this group.

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