There's no accounting for taste: bait attractants and infrared digital cameras for detecting small to medium ground-dwelling mammals

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 188 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Paull ◽  
Andrew W. Claridge ◽  
Simon C. Barry
Keyword(s):  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Digital Cameras ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Detection Probabilities ◽  
By Catch ◽  
Conservation Plans

Context Reliable information about the occurrence and distribution of threatened forest-dwelling mammals is critical for developing effective conservation plans. To optimise limited resources, advances need to be made to the toolkit available for detecting rare and cryptic fauna. Aims We trialled three bait attractants (peanut butter with oats, live mealworms and black truffle oil) in combination with infrared digital cameras to determine whether detection rates of forest-dwelling native mammals in south-eastern Australia were influenced by: (1) bait type; (2) previous visits by conspecifics; (3) previous visits by Rattus; and (4) duration of bait deployment. Methods Bait attractants were set at 40 camera stations in combination with odourless controls. Over two fortnight-long deployments, 1327 images were captured of 22 mammal and bird species. From these data, detailed statistical analyses were conducted of six mammal genera. Key results Peanut butter with oats was found to be a significantly better attractant than empty bait holders for Antechinus, Isoodon, Perameles and Rattus, but not for Potorous or Pseudocheirus. Truffle oil and mealworms were also significantly better attractants than the control for Rattus but not the other five genera. When Antechinus, Isoodon, Potorous or Rattus were detected at a bait station there was a significant likelihood they had been detected there during the previous 24 h. This was not the case for Perameles or Pseudocheirus. A prior visit by Rattus to a station had no significant influence on the detection probabilities of Antechinus, Isoodon, Perameles, Potorous and Pseudocheirus during the subsequent 24 h. Detection probabilities for Isoodon and Rattus declined significantly during the fortnight-long deployments but trends for the other genera were not significant. Conclusions Peanut butter with oats is an excellent general purpose bait for detecting small to medium-sized mammals. However, scope exists for using other baits to target species. For example, truffle oil baits may reduce by-catch of non-target Rattus in labour intensive cage trapping of bandicoots. Regardless of bait type, longer deployments are necessary to detect Perameles, Potorous or Pseudocheirus than Antechinus, Isoodon or Rattus. Implications Targeted detection of predominantly ground-dwelling mammals may be improved by better understanding the attraction of species to baits and required bait deployment times.

SAE 1039

Alloy Digest ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
The Other ◽  
Steel Mills ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Hot Rolled

Abstract SAF 1039 steel can be used in the hot-rolled, normalized, oil-quenched-and-tempered or water-quenched-and-tempered condition for general-purpose construction and engineering. Its manganese content is a little higher than some of the other standard carbon steels with comparable carbon levels; this gives it slightly higher hardenability and hardness. It provides medium strength and toughness at low cost. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, machining, joining, and surface treatment. Filing Code: CS-66. Producer or source: Carbon steel mills.

scholarly journals General Environment Description Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zatwarnicki ◽  
Waldemar Pokuta ◽  
Anna Bryniarska ◽  
Anna Zatwarnicka ◽  
Andrzej Metelski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Potential Fields ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Description Language ◽  
It Systems ◽  
New Research ◽  
Future Work

Artificial intelligence has been developed since the beginning of IT systems. Today there are many AI techniques that are successfully applied. Most of the AI field is, however, concerned with the so-called “narrow AI” demonstrating intelligence only in specialized areas. There is a need to work on general AI solutions that would constitute a framework enabling the integration of already developed narrow solutions and contribute to solving general problems. In this work, we present a new language that potentially can become a base for building intelligent systems of general purpose in the future. This language is called the General Environment Description Language (GEDL). We present the motivation for our research based on the other works in the field. Furthermore, there is an overall description of the idea and basic definitions of elements of the language. We also present an example of the GEDL language usage in the JSON notation. The example shows how to store the knowledge and define the problem to be solved, and the solution to the problem itself. In the end, we present potential fields of application and future work. This article is an introduction to new research in the field of Artificial General Intelligence.

Two new species of Terebrasabella (Annelida: Sabellidae: Sabellinae) from Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1434 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANNA MURRAY ◽  
GREG W. ROUSE
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Barrier Reef ◽  
Lizard Island ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Coral Rock

Two new species of Terebrasabella Fitzhugh & Rouse, 1999 are described from eastern Australia. Terebrasabella hutchingsae sp. nov., was found from preserved coral rock debris collected in 1977 on the outer Barrier Reef near Lizard Island, Queensland. Terebrasabella fitzhughi sp. nov., was found alive in burrows in and among spirorbin serpulid tubes on intertidal rocks in Tasmania in 1996. Both species were found in mucoid tubes, and brood their young in a manner similar to the only other described species of Terebrasabella, T. heterouncinata Fitzhugh & Rouse, 1999. Terebrasabella hutchingsae sp. nov., is exceptional as it possesses a type of thoracic neurochaetal uncinus different from the other two species, and which is similar to the notochaetal acicular “palmate hook” seen in Caobangia. Descriptions of both species are given, and the diagnosis for Terebrasabella is emended. Larval and chaetal morphology and relationships among of the three known Terebrasabella spp. are discussed.

scholarly journals Morphological variation in Leptorhynchos squamatus (Gnaphalieae: Asteraceae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Flann ◽  
Pauline Y. Ladiges ◽  
Neville G. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
High Altitude ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Alpine Plants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Low Altitude

A study of morphological variation in Leptorhynchos squamatus (Labill.) Less. across its range in south-eastern Australia was undertaken to test the hypothesis that L. squamatus includes two taxa. Phenetic pattern analyses of both field-collected and herbarium specimens on the basis of morphology confirmed two major groups. Bract, cypsela, pappus bristle and leaf characters were particularly important in separating the two groups. The taxa are separated by altitude differences with one being a low-altitude plant found in many habitats and the other being a high-altitude taxon that is a major component of alpine meadows. Lowland plants have dark bract tips, fewer and wider pappus bristles than alpine plants, papillae on the cypselas and more linear leaves. A somewhat intermediate population from the Major Mitchell Plateau in the Grampians shows some alpine and some lowland characters but is included in the lowland taxon. Seeds from five populations (two alpine, two lowland and Major Mitchell) were germinated and plants grown for 18 weeks under four controlled sets of environmental conditions. The experiment showed that leaf size and some other characters are affected by environmental conditions, but that there are underlying genetic differences between the lowland and alpine forms. Leptorhynchos squamatus subsp. alpinus Flann is described here to accommodate the highland taxon.

scholarly journals Bird Species Identification Using Spectrogram Based on Multi-Channel Fusion of DCNNs

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1507
Author(s):  
Feiyu Zhang ◽  
Luyang Zhang ◽  
Hongxiang Chen ◽  
Jiangjian Xie
Keyword(s):  
Species Identification ◽  
Feature Fusion ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Mean Average Precision ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Average Precision ◽  
Fusion Mode

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have achieved breakthrough performance on bird species identification using a spectrogram of bird vocalization. Aiming at the imbalance of the bird vocalization dataset, a single feature identification model (SFIM) with residual blocks and modified, weighted, cross-entropy function was proposed. To further improve the identification accuracy, two multi-channel fusion methods were built with three SFIMs. One of these fused the outputs of the feature extraction parts of three SFIMs (feature fusion mode), the other fused the outputs of the classifiers of three SFIMs (result fusion mode). The SFIMs were trained with three different kinds of spectrograms, which were calculated through short-time Fourier transform, mel-frequency cepstrum transform and chirplet transform, respectively. To overcome the shortage of the huge number of trainable model parameters, transfer learning was used in the multi-channel models. Using our own vocalization dataset as a sample set, it is found that the result fusion mode model outperforms the other proposed models, the best mean average precision (MAP) reaches 0.914. Choosing three durations of spectrograms, 100 ms, 300 ms and 500 ms for comparison, the results reveal that the 300 ms duration is the best for our own dataset. The duration is suggested to be determined based on the duration distribution of bird syllables. As for the performance with the training dataset of BirdCLEF2019, the highest classification mean average precision (cmAP) reached 0.135, which means the proposed model has certain generalization ability.

scholarly journals Linguistic Synaesthesia in Turkish: A Corpus-Based Study of Cross-Modal Directionality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alper Kumcu
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Taste And Smell ◽  
Universal Pattern ◽  
Large Corpus

Linguistic synaesthesia (i.e., synaesthetic metaphor, intrafield metaphor or cross-modal metaphor) refers to instances in which expressions in different sensory modalities are combined as in the case of sweet (taste) melody (sound). Ullmann (1957) and later, Williams (1976) were first to show that synaesthetic transfers seem to follow a potentially universal pattern that goes from the lower (i.e., touch, taste and smell) to higher senses (i.e., hearing and sight) but not the other way around (e.g., melodious sweetness) Studies across languages, cultures, domains, and text types presented mixed results as to the universality claim of cross-modal mappings in linguistic synaesthesia (e.g., Jo, 2019; Strik Lievers, 2015; Zhao et al., 2019). To extend results to an underrepresented language and thus, to test the universality of the directionality principle, 5699 cases of linguistic synaesthesia in written and spoken Turkish were investigated using a general-purpose, large corpus. Results show that except for the transfers from smell to hearing which is unidirectional, synaesthetic transfers in Turkish do not comply with the directionality principle in the strictest sense. Although most transfers that follow the canonical direction were also significantly more frequent, there were instances of “backward transfers”. Further, two of the backward transfers (i.e., from smell to touch and from taste to touch) were significantly more frequent than their canonical counterparts (i.e., from touch to smell and from touch to taste). Results are compared against synaesthesia in other languages and discussed in the framework of linguistic universals and embodied cognition. Supplemental materials: https://osf.io/2unvy

scholarly journals Electromagnetic Pollution as a Possible Explanation for the Decline of House Sparrows in Interaction with Other Factors

Birds ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-337
Author(s):  
Alfonso Balmori
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
House Sparrow ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
House Sparrows ◽  
Electromagnetic Pollution ◽  
The Impact

In recent decades, there has been a decline of the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), mainly in European cities, and several hypotheses have been proposed that attempt to determine the causes of this rapid decline. Previous studies indicated that house sparrows were significantly negatively associated with increasing electromagnetic radiation and sparrows disappeared from areas most polluted. In addition, there are many studies on the impact of radiation on other bird and non-bird species, as well as numerous laboratory studies that demonstrated detrimental effects at electric field strength levels that can be found in cities today. Electromagnetic radiation is the most plausible factor for multiple reasons, including that this is the only one that affects the other hypotheses proposed so far. It is a type of pollution that affects productivity, fertility, decreases insects (chicken feed), causes loss of habitat, decreases immunity and can promote disease. Additionally, the recent sparrow decline matches the deployment of mobile telephony networks. Further, there are known mechanisms of action for non-thermal effects of electromagnetic radiation that may affect sparrows causing their decline. Thus, electromagnetic radiation must be seriously considered as a factor for house sparrows’ decline, probably in synergy with the other factors previously proposed.

Problems with Avian Point Counts for Estimating Density of Northern Bobwhite—A Case Study

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Applegate ◽  
Robert E. Kissell ◽  
E. Daniel Moss ◽  
Edward L. Warr ◽  
Michael L. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Count Data ◽  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Northern Bobwhite ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Point Counts ◽  
Occupancy Estimation ◽  
Detection Probabilities

Abstract Point count data are used increasingly to provide density estimates of bird species. A favored approach to analyze point count data uses distance sampling theory where model selection and model fit are important considerations. We used uniform and half normal models and assessed model fit using χ2 analysis. We were unsuccessful in fitting models to 635 northern bobwhite Colinus virginianus observations from 85 avian point locations spanning 6 y (P ≤ 0.05). Most observations (74%) occurred in the outermost (>100-m) distance radius. Our results violated the assumptions that all observations at the point are detected. The assumption that birds were assigned to the correct distance interval also was probably violated. We caution managers in implementing avian point counts with distance sampling when estimating northern bobwhite population density. We recommend exploring other approaches such as occupancy-estimation and modeling for estimating detection probabilities.

scholarly journals Spatial and temporal patterns of bird species diversity in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso, Brazil: implications for conservation

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (2a) ◽  
pp. 393-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. C. Figueira ◽  
R. Cintra ◽  
L. R. Viana ◽  
C. Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resident Species ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Bird Survey ◽  
Bird Species Diversity ◽  
Habitat Generalists

Analysis of a three-year bird survey in the pantanal of Poconé revealed that most of the resident and seasonal birds are habitat generalists, using two or more habitats. In this study, previously sampled habitats were ranked in relation to species richness and stability (as measured by the ratio of seasonal to resident species). In all, nine habitats were grouped into three categories; results are as follows: 1) forests: more species-rich and more stable; 2) cerrado: intermediate levels; and 3) aquatic: less species-rich and less stable. The number of seasonal species remained relatively constant in forests throughout the year, while increasing in the other habitats during the dry season. The abundance of resident species seems to be related to species use of multiple habitats. Although many species were found to be habitat generalists, we discuss possible consequences of habitat loss and other human impacts on efforts to conserve this important bird community.

scholarly journals The Moyjil site, south-west Victoria, Australia: fire and environment in a 120,000-year coastal midden — nature or people?

2018 ◽  
Vol 130 (2) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jim M. Bowler ◽  
David M. Price ◽  
John E. Sherwood ◽  
Stephen P. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Thermal Alteration ◽  
South West ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Dark Staining ◽  
Mis 5E

At Moyjil (Point Ritchie), a cliffed site at the mouth of the Hopkins River at Warrnambool, south-eastern Australia, an erosional disconformity of Last Interglacial age on both a rock stack and the adjacent headland represents a surface of possible human occupation. Shells of edible marine molluscs occur on the disconformity, together with a distinctive population of transported stones derived from a calcrete of MIS 7 age and bearing variable dark grey to near-black colouration suggestive of fire. Experimental fire produced similar thermal alteration of calcrete. A strong correlation exists between intensity and depth of dark staining on one hand and increased magnetic susceptibility on the other. Thermal luminescence analyses of blackened stones provide ages in the MIS 5e range, 100–130 ka, consistent with independent stratigraphic evidence and contemporaneous with the age of the surface on which they lie. The distribution of fire-darkened stones is inconsistent with wildfire effects. Two hearth-like features closely associated with the disconformity provide further indications of potential human agency. The data are consistent with the suggestion of human presence at Warrnambool during the Last Interglacial.

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