Aerial baiting with 1080 to control wild dogs does not affect the populations of two common small mammal species

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally Fenner ◽  
Gerhard Körtner ◽  
Karl Vernes
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Antechinus Stuartii ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
The Impact

More than most other animal control techniques, toxic baiting is fraught with the potential impact on non-target species. In the present study, we investigated the effect of aerial baiting with 1080 to control wild dogs in north-eastern New South Wales (NSW), Australia, on populations of southern bush rats (Rattus fuscipes assimilis) and brown antechinus (Antechinus stuartii), using a controlled experiment. Six populations, three each within widely spaced baited and unbaited trapping grids, were monitored before and after bait laying. To develop capture–mark–recapture indices, separate 4-day trapping surveys were undertaken twice before and twice after meat baits (250 g containing 6 mg sodium fluoroacetate, 1080) were delivered from a helicopter at 40 baits per kilometre. To assess non-fatal bait consumption, all baits contained rhodamine B (RhB), which gets incorporated into the vibrissae of animals that have ingested this marker. Neither mammal population decreased in size after baiting, nor was there any increase in population turnover rates or changes in the movement patterns of either species. Furthermore, no trapped animal tested positive for RhB, suggesting that these small mammals rarely consume meat baits, and that, at the population level, the impact of baiting on them was likely negligible. It is therefore unlikely that the current practise of aerial baiting in NSW, although effective in reducing dog activity, threatens populations of these two common species and perhaps small mammals in general.

Powerline Easements: Do They Promote Edge Effects in Eucalypt Forest for Small Mammals?

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross L. Goldingay ◽  
Robert J. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Edge Effects ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Vegetative Cover ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Hair Sampling ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Antechinus Stuartii

The distribution and abundance of small terrestrial mammals were assessed in forest adjacent to powerline easements at three different sites in New South Wales. At each site, four transects of 300 m length extended into the forest from the edge of the easement. The abundances of two native species (Antechinus stuartii, Rattus fuscipes) did not differ significantly with distance from the easement but abundances differed markedly among sites. Mammals were captured in only one easement where dense vegetation was present. Feral carnivores, which may mediate edge effects on small mammals, were surveyed by using hair-sampling tubes. Cats and dogs were detected only 50–200 m inside the forest. Foxes were not detected by hair-tubes but were observed on two easements. These results suggest that powerline easements may not create edge effects in eucalypt forest for some native mammal species, although further studies are needed to determine the generality of this conclusion. We recommend that easement management should be more benign to native mammals, given the ubiquity of this form of habitat fragmentation. Promotion of dense vegetative cover and habitat linkages within easements could achieve this.

scholarly journals Long-Term Trends in Small Mammals on a Right-of-Way in Pennsylvania, U.S.

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152
Author(s):  
Richard Yahner ◽  
Richard Yahner ◽  
Russell Hutnik
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Common Species ◽  
The State ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Live Trapping ◽  
Long Term Trends

The State Game Lands 33 Research and Demonstration Area, Centre County, Pennsylvania, U.S., has been studied since 1953 with the objective of comparing the effectiveness of commonly used mechanical and herbicidal maintenance treatments on vegetation and wildlife on a right-of-way (ROW). Small mammals are important wildlife species on a ROW by consuming tree seeds, thereby reducing invasion of undesirable tree species, and these mammals are important components of a healthy ecosystem. As a follow up to a 2-year study of small mammals conducted 15 years earlier (1989 to 1990) on the State Game Lands 33 ROW, we initiated a 2-year live-trapping study in 2004 on small mammal populations on this ROW. The objectives of our study were to determine relative abundance and species richness (number of species) in six major cover types and in the adjacent forest. One hundred twenty-one individuals of eight species were observed in 2004 and 2005 combined; the most common species was the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus). One of the most important cover types to small mammals on the ROW was forb-grass, whereas the forest cover type tended to be less diverse in terms of number of mammal species than in cover types on the ROW.

The Response of Small Mammals to Clearing and Burning of Eucalypt Forest in South-eastern Australia

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
GR Friend
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Pine Plantation ◽  
Eucalypt Forest ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Antechinus Stuartii ◽  
Rattus Fuscipes

Before, during and after a clearing operation for pine plantation establishment, small mammals were trapped on ridges which were to be cleared of all vegetation, and in adjacent gullies which were to be permanently retained under native forest. Rattus fuscipes was the most abundant native species on all grids throughout the study, while R. lutreolus, Antechinus stuartii and A. swainsonii were in low abundance. Clearing in early summer, the breeding season in most of these species, resulted in an acceleration and accentuation of population turnover. Some juveniles and subadults may have moved from the ridges during clearing, while breeding adults remained and probably perished. Populations of R. fuscipes on ridge areas were drastically reduced by clearing and windrowing, but subadults recolonized the affected areas within 1-2 months. Results for the other three native species were inconclusive, due to the few individuals captured at any time during the study. The exotic species Mus musculus began to invade immediately following windrow burning.

Ecology of Small Mammals in Coastal Heathland at Anglesea, Victoria

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
BA Wilson ◽  
AR Bourne ◽  
RE Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Small Mammals ◽  
Vegetation Type ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Habitat Differences ◽  
Antechinus Stuartii ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
The Difference

Aspects of ecology and reproduction of small mammals in a heathland community near Anglesea were investigated in the field by means of mark-recapture trapping. Population size, animal movements and reproductive state were estimated. The floristic and structural habitat preferences were also determined. The most common species were Antechinus stuartii, A. minimus maritimus, Sminthopsis leucopus, Rattus fuscipes assimilis and R. lutreolus. For Antechinus the populations were maximal throughout February-June (A. stuartii) and December-June (A. minimus) inclusive. A marked decline in numbers of Antechinus during late winter and early spring was associated with the total loss of males from the population. The maximal numbers of animals (per hectare) were 21 (A. stuartii), 14 (A. m. maritimus), 14 (R. f. assimilis) 7 (R. lutreolus), and 8 (S. leucopus). Young were born to A. m. maritimus during August, and 1 month later to A. stuartii. R. f. assimilis bred during late winter and spring, and S. leucopus from September to November. None of the species showed an overall preference for any floristic or structural vegetation type. This study confirms male 'die-off' in A. m. maritimus. The data also indicate that the difference in breeding times of A. m. maritimus between Anglesea and Dartmoor, Vic., is due to climatic or habitat differences rather than to sympatry with A. stuartii.

scholarly journals The effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in different socioeconomic populations in Kuwait: A modelling study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Khadadah ◽  
Abdullah A. Al-Shammari ◽  
Ahmad Alhashemi ◽  
Dari Alhuwail ◽  
Bader Al-Saif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Socioeconomic Groups ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cross Transmission ◽  
Community Transmission ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Background: Aggressive non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) may reduce transmission of SARS-CoV2. The extent to which these interventions are successful in stopping the spread have not been characterized in countries with distinct socioeconomic groups. We compared the effects of a partial lockdown on disease transmission among Kuwaitis (P1) and non-Kuwaitis (P2) living in Kuwait. Methods: We fit a metapopulation Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model to reported cases stratified by two groups to estimate the impact of a lockdown on the effective reproduction number (Re). We estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) for the transmission in each group and simulated the potential trajectories of an outbreak from the first recorded case of community transmission until 12 days after the lockdown. We estimated R­e values of both groups before and after the lockdown, simulated the effect of these values on epidemic curves and explored a range of cross-transmission scenarios. Results: We estimate R0 at 1·06 (95% CI: 1·05-1·28) for P1 and 1·83 (1·58-2·33) for P2. On March 22nd, Re for P1 and P2 are estimated at 1·13 (1·07-1·17) and 1·38 (1·25-1·63) respectively. After the curfew had taken effect, Re for P1 dropped modestly to 1·04 (1·02-1·06) but almost doubled for P2 to 2·47 (1·98-3·45). Our simulated epidemic trajectories show that the partial curfew measure modestly reduced and delayed the height of the peak in P1, yet significantly elevated and hastened the peak in P2. Modest cross-transmission from P2 to P1 elevated the height of the peak in P1 and brought it forward in time closer to the peak of P2.    Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that a lockdown can reduce SARS-CoV2 transmission in one subpopulation but accelerate it in another. At the population level, the consequences of lockdowns may vary across the socioeconomic spectrum. Any public health intervention needs to be sensitive to disparities within populations.

scholarly journals Multi-species prey dynamics influence local survival in resident and wintering generalist predators

Oecologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Oro ◽  
Ana Sanz-Aguilar ◽  
Francesc Carbonell ◽  
Joan Grajera ◽  
Ignasi Torre
Keyword(s):  
Food Availability ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Environmental Stochasticity ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Local Survival ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
Wintering Area ◽  
The Impact

AbstractStochasticity in food availability influences vital rates such as survival and fertility. Life-history theory predicts that in long-lived organisms, survival should be buffered against environmental stochasticity showing little temporal variability. Furthermore, to optimize survival prospects, many animal species perform migrations to wintering areas where food availability is larger. Species with large latitudinal distribution ranges may show populations that migrate and others that are resident, and they may co-occur in winter. One example of these species is the predatory raptor buzzard Buteo buteo. Here, we test whether temporal variability in the density of five small mammal species of prey inhabiting different habitats (shrubland and forests) influences local annual survival of buzzards in a wintering area depending on their age and residency status (residents versus wintering individuals). We found that prey density explained a considerable amount of annual changes in local survival, which was higher for older and resident birds. This difference in local survival likely corresponded to philopatry to the wintering area, which was larger for residents and increased when prey density was larger. The total density of prey inhabiting open shrublands was the variable explaining more variance in temporal variability of local survival, even though the study area is mostly occupied by woodlands. Temporal population dynamics of the different small mammals inhabiting shrublands were not synchronous, which suggests that buzzards preyed opportunistically on the most abundant prey each winter. Generalist predation may buffer the impact of resource unpredictability for pulsed and asynchronous prey dynamics, typical of small mammals in winter.

scholarly journals Variability of Bartonella Genotypes among Small Mammals in Spain

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (24) ◽  
pp. 8062-8070 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gil ◽  
C. García-Esteban ◽  
J. F. Barandika ◽  
J. Peig ◽  
A. Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Small Mammals ◽  
Basque Country ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Reverse Line Blot ◽  
Northern Spain ◽  
Central Spain ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT In order to study which Bartonella genotypes are circulating among small mammals in Spain, we analyzed the spleens of 395 animals from three different areas—247 animals from the Basque Country (northern Spain), 121 animals from Catalonia (northeastern Spain), and 27 animals from Madrid (central Spain)—by a triplex PCR combined with a reverse line blot previously described by our group. The prevalence of Bartonella was 26.8% (106/395), and in 4.8% (19/395) of the animals more than one Bartonella genotype was detected. The study of gltA and the intergenic transcribed spacer in the positive samples demonstrated a large diversity, allowing the assignation of them into 22 genotypes. The most prevalent genotypes were 2 and 3, which are closely related to Bartonella taylorii. In addition, nine genotypes were associated with specific mammal species. Genotypes close to the zoonotic Bartonella grahamii, Bartonella elizabethae, and Bartonella rochalimae were also detected. Ten genotypes showed a percentage of similarity with known Bartonella species lower than 96%, suggesting the presence of potential new species. Further studies of the impact of these pathogens on human health and especially in cases of febrile illness in Spain are strongly recommended. Furthermore, our method has been updated with 21 new probes in a final panel of 36, which represents a robust molecular tool for clinical and environmental Bartonella studies.

scholarly journals Cohort profile: l’Actuel Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Cohort study in Montreal, Canada

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. e028768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoë R Greenwald ◽  
Mathieu Maheu-Giroux ◽  
Jason Szabo ◽  
Judith Alexia B Robin ◽  
Michel Boissonnault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Level ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Moderate Increase ◽  
Hiv Incidence ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThel’Actuel PrEP Cohortwas established to monitor the uptake, effectiveness, safety and changes in sexual risk behaviours among individuals receiving pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for the prevention of HIV. This prospective dynamic cohort is based at Clinique médicale l’Actuel, a large sexual health clinic located in Montreal, Canada.ParticipantsSince the cohort inception in January of 2013 through June 2018, 2156 individuals consulted for PrEP as participants in the l’Actuel PrEP Cohort. Median age was 35 years (IQR: 29–44 years) and the majority (96%) were men who have sex with men. Among 1551 individuals who initiated PrEP care, the median duration of follow-up was 9.2 months (IQR: 3.7–19.6), with substantial variation based on year of cohort entry. Thel’Actuel PrEP Cohortcontains both daily and intermittent ‘on-demand’ PrEP users and has the largest reported population of intermittent PrEP users (n=406) in North America.Findings to dateNo incident HIV infections have occurred among individuals using PrEP over 1637 person-years of follow-up. However, retention in PrEP care is essential as three individuals who discontinued PrEP subsequently acquired HIV, translating to an HIV incidence of 3.9 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI: 1.3 to 12.1). Among a sample of participants with 1 year of follow-up before and after PrEP initiation (n=109), a moderate increase in sexually transmitted infections was observed following PrEP start.Future plansThel’Actuel PrEP Cohortcontinues to grow with new participants starting PrEP monthly and extended follow-up for existing users. The cohort data will be used for ongoing monitoring of PrEP and for population-level modelling of the impact of PrEP on HIV incidence in Montreal.

scholarly journals Wildlife in the line of fire: evaluating the stress physiology of a critically endangered Australian marsupial after bushfire

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (6) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Hing ◽  
Krista L. Jones ◽  
Christine Rafferty ◽  
R. C. Andrew Thompson ◽  
Edward J. Narayan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Stress Physiology ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Bettongia Penicillata ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Australian Marsupial

Australian native fauna are thought to be well adapted to fire-prone landscapes, but bushfires may still pose considerable challenges or stressors to wildlife. We investigated the impact of bushfire on the stress physiology of the woylie (brush-tailed bettong, Bettongia penicillata) a critically endangered Australian marsupial, and assessed whether fitness indices (body condition and parasite load) influenced stress physiology before and after the fire. We hypothesised that there would be a significant change in stress physiology indicators (in the form of faecal cortisol metabolites, FCM) following the fire, compared with the months previous. We trapped woylies (n = 19) at Whiteman Park Reserve in Perth, Western Australia, two days after a major bushfire and measured FCM concentration by enzyme immunoassay. Population-level comparisons of FCM were made between these samples and those collected in previous months (n = 58). While mean FCM varied by month of sample collection, it was not higher after the fire. We suggest that woylies may be able to maintain homeostasis through change (allostasis), at least in the period immediately after the fire. This is supported by our finding that FCM did not relate significantly to body condition or parasite load. Our results potentially highlight the physiological and behavioural adaptations of woylies to fire, which could be further explored in future studies.

scholarly journals 928. Major Decrease in Prevalence of Hepatitis C Viremia in Key Populations following the Second Year of Treatment as Prevention for Hepatitis C (TraP HepC) Program in Iceland

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S30-S30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Gottfredsson ◽  
Thorarinn Tyrfingsson ◽  
Valgerdur Runarsdottir ◽  
Ingunn Hansdottir ◽  
Ottar M Bergmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Treatment As Prevention ◽  
Direct Acting Antiviral ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) commonly affects people who inject drugs (PWID) and/or with history of injection drug use (IDU). They are also disproportionately represented in addiction treatment centers and the penitentiary system. In order to curtail spread of HCV it is therefore important to approach these groups. PWID and prisoners have been prioritized in the TraP HepC program. The impact can thus be assessed by monitoring HCV prevalence at sentinel sites, such as addiction hospitals and prisons. Methods TraP HepC offers direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) to all HCV patients in Iceland, starting in January 2016. HCV PCR is performed at the end of treatment and 12 weeks later (SVR12). PWID and prisoners are monitored for reinfection and retreated if needed. We compared the prevalence of HCV viremia among PWID admitted for treatment at Vogur addiction hospital and inmates of the penitentiary system, before and after 2 years of TraP HepC. Results Two years into the program 667 patients had been evaluated of which 632 were initiated on their first course of DAAs and 7 were pending, representing 80% of the estimated total patient population. Of those who completed first treatment according to guidelines the SVR12 is 95.5%. Drop-out from first treatment was 8.2%; nevertheless, the SVR12 was >40% and most of the remaining viremic patients completed or are undergoing retreatment. In 2012–2015, prior to TraP HepC the prevalence of HCV viremia among actively injecting PWID admitted for addiction treatment was 47.9%, dropping to 39.8% in 2016 and 16.2% in 2017 (P < 0.001). Likewise, the prevalence of viremia among patients with history of IDU but not recently injecting fell from 27.4% (2012–2015) to 19.8% in 2016 and 4.1% in 2017 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of viremia among inmates of the penitentiary system was 29% prior to initiation of TraP HepC, dropping to 7% in 2017 (P < 0.01). These results are not explained by declining IDU in the community. Conclusion On a population level the domestic transmission of HCV can be reduced by DAAs when combined with other efforts. Two years into the TraP HepC program the prevalence of viremia among two of the most important drivers of the epidemic has been markedly reduced. The program is ongoing, with further emphasis on increased intensity of screening, retreatment and harm reduction. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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