The distribution of sodium fluoroacetate within 1080 egg-baits used for canid control

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 234
Author(s):  
Laurie E. Twigg ◽  
Win E. Kirkpatrick ◽  
Tim J. Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Potential Risk ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Operator Error ◽  
Diffusion Pattern ◽  
Rapid Diffusion ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Nominal Amount

Egg-baits prepared by the insertion of a 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate)-treated rhodamine-dyed oat-grain into each egg are used for controlling foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Australia. However, the diffusion pattern of 1080 from the inserted oat into the egg and the distribution of 1080 within the egg are unknown. As both factors will influence whether the target species needs to consume the oat to receive a lethal dose, and also the withholding period required before the baits can be laid, we examined the rate of diffusion and the ultimate distribution of 1080 within these baits. Rhodamine oats containing 4.5 mg of 1080 were inserted into the white of intact eggs, or into eggs where the white and yolk was mixed (scrambled). 1080 rapidly dispersed into the eggs (but not the yolk of intact eggs) irrespective of which technique was used: 72–88% (3.22–3.96 mg 1080) of the recovered 1080 was found in the scrambled egg fraction or in the egg-whites within 1–2 h. Most of the remaining 1080 was found in the rhodamine oats, with the yolks containing only 2–8% of the nominal amount. The rapid diffusion of 1080 into the egg fraction, together with the very low levels of 1080 remaining in the rhodamine oats, indicate that: (1) target species such as foxes would not need to consume the oat to ingest a lethal dose, (2) providing a 2–3 h withholding period is allowed before baits are laid, any rhodamine oats not ingested would contain minimal amounts of 1080 and therefore pose little potential risk to non-target species, and (3) foxes would not need to ingest an entire egg-bait to receive a lethal dose. However, in preparing these baits, we recommend that the eggs be scrambled before the insertion of the rhodamine oats (to reduce the potential for operator error) and that a 2–3-h withholding period be allowed (to ensure that most 1080 is within the egg fraction) before these baits can be consumed by foxes or other target species.

Assessment of the M-44 ejector for the delivery of 1080 for red fox (Vulpes vulpes) control

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive A. Marks ◽  
Frank Busana ◽  
Frank Gigliotti
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Target Specificity ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Margin Of Safety

The M-44 ejector delivered a reliable lethal dose of 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) to captive foxes, with a capsule dose of 2.0 mg of 1080, if a ‘collar’ modification was used. Behavioural observations indicated that the collar influenced the orientation of the fox’s mouth to the M-44 bait upon activation, resulting in a much greater amount of 1080 entering its mouth. This dose is below the 3 mg currently used in fox baits in Victoria and may increase the margin of safety for non-target species during 1080 baiting programs. The authors discuss some of the potential advantages of the ejector over the use of meat baits, such as the elimination of bait caching and improved target specificity. The potential for the M-44 to deliver an even lower lethal dose of 1080, which is closer to the reported theoretical bait LD100 of 1.25 mg for this species, may further reduce the risk of 1080 baiting to non-target species such as tiger quolls.

DNA methylation in 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine-resistant variants of C3H 10T1/2 C18 cells

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 2098-2102
Author(s):  
E Flatau ◽  
F A Gonzales ◽  
L A Michalowsky ◽  
P A Jones
Keyword(s):  
Cell Line ◽  
Cytosine Methylation ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Cytotoxic Effects ◽  
Drug Treatments ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Mouse Cells ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dna Cytosine Methylation

A cell line (T17) was derived from C3H 10T1/2 C18 cells after 17 treatments with increasing concentrations of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine. The T17 cell line was very resistant to the cytotoxic effects of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, and the 50% lethal dose for 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine was ca. 3 microM, which was 30-fold greater than that of the parental C3H 10T1/2 C18 cells. Increased drug resistance was not due to a failure of the T17 cell line to incorporate 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine into DNA. The cells were also slightly cross-resistant to 5-azacytidine. The percentage of cytosines modified to 5-methylcytosine in T17 cells was 0.7%, a 78% decrease from the level of 3.22% in C3H 10T1/2 C18 cells. The DNA cytosine methylation levels in several clones isolated from the treated lines were on the order of 0.7%, and clones with methylation levels lower than 0.45% were not obtained even after further drug treatments. These highly decreased methylation levels appeared to be unstable, and DNA modification increased as the cells divided in the absence of further drug treatment. The results suggest that it may not be possible to derive mouse cells with vanishingly low levels of 5-methylcytosine and that considerable de novo methylation can occur in cultured lines.

scholarly journals PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS ELIGIBLE FOR BARIATRIC SURGERY

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziela Aparecida Nogueira de Almeida RIBEIRO ◽  
Helenice Brizolla GIAMPIETRO ◽  
Lídia Barbieri BELARMINO ◽  
Wilson SALGADO-JÚNIOR
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Psychological Profile ◽  
Psychosocial Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Binge Eating Scale ◽  
To Receive

Abstract Background: The psychologist who works in bariatric surgery has a role to receive, evaluate, prepare and educate the patient who will undergo the surgical procedure. Psychological evaluation becomes important in so far as allows us to obtain data on personal and familiar history and allow tracing of possible psychopathology. Aim: To collect data on psychological evaluations of patients in a bariatric surgery service of a public hospital in order to describe the psychological profile of patients in this service. Method: Data were collected from 827 patients between 2001 and 2015, using data from an interview, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Binge Eating Scale (BES). Results: The mean age of patients before surgery was 39 years+/- 10, the mean BMI was 51 kg/m²+7, and most patients (81%) were female. The average score on the BDI was 14.8+8 and women had significantly higher scores than men. On the BAI the average score was 11+8 and on the ECAP was 14+8, both with no difference between groups. Conclusions: Psychosocial characteristics of the patients points to the significant presence of indicators of depression, with low levels of anxiety and binge eating.

scholarly journals Bone marrow function. I. Peripheral T cells are responsible for the increased auto-antiidiotype response of older mice.

1985 ◽  
Vol 161 (5) ◽  
pp. 1237-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y T Kim ◽  
E A Goidl ◽  
C Samarut ◽  
M E Weksler ◽  
G J Thorbecke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Spleen Cells ◽  
Peripheral T Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow Function ◽  
Low Levels

After immunization with trinitrophenyl (TNP)-Ficoll, mice produced both anti-TNP antibodies and auto-anti-idiotype (auto-anti-Id) antibodies specific for the anti-TNP antibody. Older animals produced more auto-anti-Id than did young animals. When mice were exposed to a normally lethal dose of irradiation while their bone marrow (BM) was partially shielded, they survived and slowly (6 wk) regained immune function, as indicated by the number of nucleated cells in their spleen and the in vitro primary plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of their spleen cells to TNP-treated aminoethylated polyacrylamide beads. Recovery is presumably the result of repopulation of the peripheral lymphoid system by cells originating in the BM. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and by hapten-augmentable PFC assay, we show that, after recovery from irradiation with their BM shielded, old animals produce low auto-anti-Id responses, like those of young animals. The transfer of splenic T cells into mice irradiated with their BM shielded provided evidence that the magnitude of the auto-anti-Id response is controlled by the peripheral T cells. Thus, mice that received splenic T cells from aged donors produced high levels of auto-anti-Id while those that received splenic T cells from young donors produce low levels of auto-anti-Id.

The fate of dried meat baits laid for fox control: the effects of bait presentation on take by foxes and non-target species, and on caching by foxes

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 371 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Thomson ◽  
N. E. Kok
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Mixed Farming ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Fox Control

Non-toxic, dried meat baits (45 g) containing small radio-transmitters were laid on cleared sandplots in mixed farming and grain-growing areas in Western Australia. Baits were either buried, tethered by wire trace to a hidden peg, or simply laid untethered on the surface. Baits were exposed for 1 night only and new transects were established each day. Data were available on 1521 baits. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) visited 23% of plots and took baits from 64% of those visited. Unburied baits (both tethered and untethered) were taken significantly more frequently than the buried baits. Of all baits taken by foxes, 25% were cached. Foxes were more likely to cache buried baits than either tethered or untethered baits. Excluding baits taken to cubs, foxes cached baits 3–380 m (mean 87�m) from their original locations. Some baits were carried to cub dens up to 1.25�km away. The fate of 27�cached baits was monitored for varying periods. Of these baits, 59% were later eaten by foxes, most within 3�days. Non-target species took 3% of the baits on offer. Birds were the most common non-target animals to take baits, and in some cases dropped baits up to 400 m away. In terms of takes relative to visits, most takes by birds were of the untethered baits (88%, cf. 33% for tethered, 17% for buried baits). Compared with other baits, a significantly lower proportion of the untethered baits that were taken by birds was actually eaten. Baits cached by foxes and baits moved by birds represent a potential hazard to farm dogs and vulnerable fauna. Recommendations on bait presentation, distance restrictions, and likely risk to farm dogs and non-target species are discussed.

Long-term movement patterns of continental shelf and inner gulf snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae) from tagging in the Shark Bay region of Western Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 913 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Moran ◽  
C. Burton ◽  
J. Jenke
Keyword(s):  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Release Point ◽  
Shark Bay ◽  
Movement Characteristics ◽  
Pagrus Auratus ◽  
Low Levels

Snapper is an important commercial and recreational target species in the Shark Bay region of Western Australia. The present study aimed to define the range of movements of snapper by tagging in the two inner gulfs of Shark Bay and on oceanic fishing grounds adjacent to the Bay. Recaptures by fishers fell to low levels within 4 years after tagging, but small numbers of recaptures were still being made up to 15 years after release. There was no mixing of snapper populations between the two inner gulfs nor was there any movement between the ocean and the inner bay. This supports genetic and other evidence for the existence of several separate stocks in the region. Snapper of the ocean stock were mostly recaptured within 20 km of their release point, although a few fish moved long distances of up to 370 km southwards along the continental shelf. The tagged snapper tended to become more dispersed along the shelf with increasing years at liberty. Yet, an empirical model indicated that of the snapper recruiting to the main oceanic fishing grounds near Koks Island, which have a mean life expectancy in the fishery of 1.5 years, 76% would remain within 93 km (50 nautical miles), even after 6 years. The distinct stocks and their movement characteristics are significant for snapper fishery management in the Shark Bay region.

Anti- nutrient contents of herbs used in the treatment of “ailments of ‘‘utmost native importance” in Cross River State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Vincent Tawo Ebu ◽  
John Edward Mgbang ◽  
James Oshita Bukie
Keyword(s):  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Nutrient Analysis ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Low Levels

The use of herbs as medications are enthusiastically recognized and extensively utilized in rural regions and in most developing countries. The lack of knowledge of the anti-nutrient contents of herbs reduces their use by the educated ones. To unveil these in the treatment of “ailments of utmost native importance” in Cross River State, this research carried out anti-nutrient analysis of the species used. Identified plants were separated from weeds and washed with water. The plant parts were processed and their extracts prepared according to the method described by Kumar et al., (2007). Hydrocyanic acid was estimated by the alkaline titration method, oxalate was determined according to procedures stipulated by Day and Underwood (1986) while phytic acid was determined using methods stipulated by Reddy and Love (1999). Results revealed that Phytic acid, oxalate and hydrocyanide all had low levels ranges of 2.47mg/100gDM to 6.17mg/100g DM, 12.82mg/100g DM to 30.41mg/100g DM and 1.62mg/100g to 6.23mg/100g DM respectively. Findings shows that these anti-nutrients are not within harmful ranges, and as such cannot interfere with the availability of potentially useful nutrients embedded in the species. These are below lethal doses to inflict any injury on humans. Keywords: Herbs, Anti-nutrients, Ailments, Lethal dose, Efficacy.

Assessing the effects of anticoagulant rodenticides on non-target fish species

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rachelle Catharine-Rose Riegerix
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Coral Reef Fish ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Hawaiian Islands ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Target Species ◽  
Fish Tissues ◽  
Anticoagulant Rodenticides

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] Invasive rat species have negatively affected island ecosystems contributing to the decline and extinction of many endemic species. The eradication of rodents on islands can leads to restoration of native ecosystems. Anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs) have been an effective tool for rat eradication on many oceanic island systems (Wilmer et al 2007). The Hawaiian Islands, USA have used first generation AR, diphacinone (DPN), for pest and rodent control. Rodent populations, found on the Hawaiian Islands, have not only caused the extinction small shorebird and plant populations but have also been in direct competition for resources. ARs, in the form of a bait pellet containing 0.005% DPN, have been aerially and hand broadcast across the islands. Aerial broadcasting via helicopter has allowed for remote islands with uneven and dangerous terrain. Successful Hawaiian rodent eradications have occurred on Kure Atoll, Mokoli'i Island, and Mokapu Island. Lehua Island, a remote and uninhabited island near Ni'ihau, successfully eradicated rabbits in 2006 but was unable to eradicate the rodent population via aerial broadcasting of DPN in 2009. Following this attempt in 2009, a fish mortality event was reported on Ni'ihau and a dead whale calf also was found around the same time. Analysis of the affected fish were done and found no rodenticide in tissues. Despite these results, concerns of AR exposure to non-target species such as fish were voiced by the public. To determine AR effects on coral reef fish found in Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey was asked to address their sensitivity as a prerequisite of another DPN aerial broadcast over Lehua Island. In December 2016, we presented our preliminary findings, which were used in the planning processes of an aerial broadcast which was conducted in August 2017. My dissertation research used acute toxicity testing, tissue analysis, and pharmacokinetics to determine the relative sensitivity of fish species to ARs. The primary objectives for my dissertation were (1) determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of three common ARs in four fish species. (2) Assess AR concentrations in fish tissues over time, effects on clotting, and AR half-lives in fish tissue. and (3) Evaluate diphacinone concentrations in coral reef fish species muscle and liver pre and post-aerial broadcasting. Direct toxicity to ARs does not appear to be a primary concern as not only did fish in this study refuse to eat rodenticide dosed bait pellets in the lab aquaria but in comparison to target and non-target species, they appear to be less sensitive. Exposure to ARs delays clotting in fish species. There is a lag-time of effects to clotting time (up to 24 hours) but clotting times return to baseline or control values between 5-7 days post dosing. DPN and BROD half-lives in fish tissues, plasma, muscle, and liver were fairly rapid. DPN and BROD half-lives in plasma were longer than half-lives in muscle and the target organ, liver. I found no detectable or quantifiable amount of DPN in the sixteen species of coral reef fish liver and muscles samples examined from Lehua Island, Hawaii. Overall, these studies suggest that the use of rodenticides near waterways with a possibility of accidental exposure to fish species, should have little to no effect on fish communities.

scholarly journals Involvement of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase and procollagen I carboxy-terminal propeptide as predictors of early fracture risk in Chinese Children with juvenile osteoporosis: An interventional clinical trial

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Jingxin Zhao ◽  
Lingwei Kong ◽  
Yu Jin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Bone Fracture ◽  
Specific Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Carboxy Terminal ◽  
To Receive

<p class="Abstract">This clinical trial was designed to understand whether the children with juvenile osteoporosis receiving tablet containing vitamin D and calcium had lower incidence of bone fracture compared to the children receiving a diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and protein. We assessed whether plasma levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) and procollagen I carboxy-terminal propeptide levels (PIPC) could be used as predictors of early bone fracture in children. A total of 120 children of either gender with a juvenile osteoporosis were enrolled and randomized (1:1 ratio) to receive tablet containing vitamin D and calcium (n=60) or diet rich in calcium, vitamin D, and protein (n=60), and undergone follow-up for up to 3 years.  Blood sample was collected and BSAP and PIPC levels were measured. The results suggested that therapeutic intervention (vitamin D and calcium) does not predict bone fracture in children. However, correlations analysis revealed that the decreased level of BSAP and PIPC were associated with higher incidence of fracture. The results suggest that the low levels of BSAP and PIPC cause increase susceptibility of fracture among children with juvenile osteoporosis.</p>

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