Clinical signs and duration of cyanide toxicosis delivered by the M-44 ejector in wild dogs

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber L. Hooke ◽  
Lee Allen ◽  
Luke K.-P. Leung
Keyword(s):  
Initial Phase ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Sodium Cyanide ◽  
Cerebral Hypoxia ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Mean Time

Sodium cyanide poison is potentially a more humane method to control wild dogs than sodium fluoroacetate (1080) poison. This study quantified the clinical signs and duration of cyanide toxicosis delivered by the M-44 ejector. The device delivered a nominal 0.88 g of sodium cyanide, which caused the animal to loose the menace reflex in a mean of 43 s, and the animal was assumed to have undergone cerebral hypoxia after the last visible breath. The mean time to cerebral hypoxia was 156 s for a vertical pull and 434 s for a side pull. The difference was possibly because some cyanide may be lost in a side pull. There were three distinct phases of cyanide toxicosis: the initial phase was characterised by head shaking, panting and salivation; the immobilisation phase by incontinence, ataxia and loss of the righting reflex; and the cerebral hypoxia phase by a tetanic seizure. Clinical signs that were exhibited in more than one phase of cyanide toxicosis included retching, agonal breathing, vocalisation, vomiting, altered levels of ocular reflex, leg paddling, tonic muscular spasms, respiratory distress and muscle fasciculations of the muzzle.

Efficacy of lethal-trap devices to improve the welfare of trapped wild dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. Meek ◽  
Stuart C. Brown ◽  
Jason Wishart ◽  
Heath Milne ◽  
Paul Aylett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Canis Familiaris ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Camera Trap ◽  
Main Trial ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wild Dog ◽  
Wild Dogs ◽  
Mean Time

Context Wildlife and pest managers and stakeholders should constantly aim to improve animal-welfare outcomes when foot-hold trapping pest animals. To minimise stress and trauma to trapped animals, traps should be checked at least once every 24h, normally as soon after sunrise as possible. If distance, time, environmental or geographical constraints prevent this, toxins such as strychnine can be fitted to trap jaws to induce euthanasia. However, strychnine is considered to have undesirable animal-welfare outcomes because animals are conscious while clinical signs of intoxication are present. A toxin considered more humane, para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP), is available to induce euthanasia in trapped animals but is untested for presentation and efficacy. Aim We tested the efficacy of two types of lethal trap device (LTD’s), each using a paste formulation of PAPP as the active toxin to replace the use of strychnine on foot-hold jaw traps. Methods Elastomer LTDs and PAPP-cloths were fitted to jaw traps set to capture wild dogs (Canis familiaris). Camera-trap data was used to record animal behaviours after capture and to determine the efficacy of both modalities. Key results Every trapped wild dog (n=117) gnawed at the elastomer LTD’s or PAPP-cloth attached to the trap jaws that restrained them; one dog failed to liberate the toxin. From the dogs caught in the main trial (n=56), a mortality rate of 84% and 87% was reported respectively. The mean time from trap-to-death for elastomer LTDs was 64min and 68min for PAPP-cloths. Conclusions Elastomer LTDs and PAPP cloths combined caused the mortality of 85% of captured dogs. This efficacy could be improved by adopting the recommendations discussed in the present study for deploying PAPP-based LTDs during trap deployment. Implications PAPP-based LTDs offer an alternative option to the use of strychnine and improve the welfare outcomes for trapped predators, especially where traps are not checked within the recommended 24-h period.

scholarly journals Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve as a Donor Source for Digital Nerve Grafting: A Concept Revisited

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1041-1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Bekir Unal ◽  
Kemal Gokkus ◽  
Evrim Sirin ◽  
Eren Cansü
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cutaneous Nerve ◽  
Digital Nerve ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Nerve Grafts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the availability of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LACN) autograft for acute or delayed repair of segmented digital nerve injuries. Patients and Methods: 13 digital nerve defects of 11 patients; treated with interposition of LACN graft that harvested from ipsilateral extremity were included in the study. Mean follow up period was 35, 7 months. The mean time from injury to grafting is 53, 3 days. The results of the mean 2PDT and SWMT values of injured /uninjured finger at the end of follow up period were evaluated with Paired T test. The correlation between the defect length and the difference of 2PDT, SWMT values between the uninjured and injured finger at the end of follow up period; were evaluated with Pearson - correlation analysis. Results: The mean value of our 2PDT and SWMT results are ~5,923, ~3, 52, respectively in which can be interpreted between the normal and diminished light touch. The defect length and difference percentage of SWMT values is positively and significantly correlated statistically. Mean length of interposed nerve grafts was 18.5 mm. The age of the patient and the mean values of 2PDT and SWMT with the difference % of 2PDT and % of SWMT are not statistically correlated. Conclusion: Based on results regarding sensory regaining at recipient side and negligible sensory deficit at harvesting side, we suggest that lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve might be a valuable graft option for digital nerve defects.

Catecholamine Infusion versus Intraaortic Counterpulsation at the Initial Phase of Left Intraventricular Balloon Pumping in the Fibrillating Animal Heart

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Stamatelopoulos ◽  
N. Zakopoulos ◽  
N. Saridakis ◽  
S. Stefanou ◽  
A. Adractas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Experimental Study ◽  
Left Atrial ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Aortic Pressure ◽  
Aortic Flow ◽  
Aortic Blood ◽  
Aortic Blood Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

This experimental study compares the effect of catecholamine infusion to the effect of intraaortic counterpulsation (IABP) while initiating intraventricular balloon pumping (IVBP) in the fibrillating heart. In 12 dogs IVBP started immediately after the induction of ventricular fibrillation. Intravenous adrenaline or noradrenaline (at a progressively increasing infusion rate until the systolic aortic blood pressure was 120 mm Hg) was interchanged with IABP. The systolic aortic pressure, the aotic flow and the mean left atrial pressure were, respectively, 120.4 ± 0.5 mm Hg, 42 ± 4 mlkg-1min-1 and 18.7 ± 1.2 mm Hg (x ± SEM) ten min after initiating catecholamine infusion and 97 ± 5 mm Hg (with a 131 ± 4 mm Hg diastolic wave), 69.6 ± 4 mlkg-1min-1 and 16 ± 1.5 mm Hg ten min after initiating IABP. The difference in aortic flow was significant (p<0.001). The results indicate that a better aortic flow may be obtained by combining IVBP and IABP than IVBP and vasoconstrictive agents in the fibrillating heart. If IVBP, IABP and catecholamines are combined, both AF and AP may increase.

Analysis of reproducibility, evaluation, and preference of the new iC100 rebound tonometer versus iCare PRO and Perkins portable applanation tonometry

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1349-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Molero-Senosiaín ◽  
Laura Morales-Fernández ◽  
Federico Saenz-Francés ◽  
Julian García-Feijoo ◽  
Jose María Martínez-de-la-Casa
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Applanation Tonometry ◽  
Rebound Tonometer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Mean Time

Objectives: To analyze the reproducibility of the new iC100 rebound tonometer, to compare its results with the applanation tonometry and iCare PRO and to evaluate the preference between them. Materials and methods: For the study of reproducibility, 15 eyes of 15 healthy Caucasian subjects were included. Three measurements were taken each day in three separate sessions. For the comparative study, 150 eyes of 150 Caucasian subjects were included (75 normal subjects and 75 patients with glaucoma). Three consecutive measurements were collected with each tonometer, randomizing the order of use. The discomfort caused by each tonometer was evaluated using the visual analogue scale. Results: No statistically significant differences were detected between sessions. In the comparison between tonometers, the measurements with iC100 were statistically lower than those of Perkins (−1.35 ± 0.417, p = 0.004) and that iCare PRO (−1.41 ± 0.417, p = 0.002). The difference between PRO and Perkins was not statistically significant ( p = 0.990). The mean time of measurement (in seconds) with iC100 was significantly lower than with Perkins (6.74 ± 1.46 vs 15.53 ± 2.01, p < 0.001) and that PRO (6.74 ± 1.46 vs 11.53 ± 1.85, p < 0.001). Visual analogue scale score with iC100 was lower than Perkins (1.33 ± 0.99 vs 1.73 ± 1.10, p < 0.05). In total, 61.7% preferred iC100 against Perkins. Conclusion: The reproducibility of this instrument has been proven good. iC100 underestimates intraocular pressure compared to applanation tonometry at normal values and tends to overestimate it in high intraocular pressure values. Most of the subjects preferred iC100 tonometer.

scholarly journals Which Surgical Method is More Effective in the Fifth Metatarsal Base Fracture?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011417S0002
Author(s):  
Jun-Beom Kim ◽  
Chi Ahn ◽  
Byeong-Seop Park
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Results ◽  
Plate Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Clinical And Radiological Results ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Screw Group

Category: Trauma Introduction/Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical and radiological results of internal fixation with headless cannulated screw and locking compression distal ulna hook plate for the fracture at the base of fifth metatarsal bone, Zone 1. Methods: From April 2012 to April 2015, thirty cases (29 patients) were evaluated retrospectively. The mean follow up periods was 13 months. There were divided two groups based on use of the screw (group A, n=15) or the plate (group B, n=15).We measured the displacement to diastasis of the fracture on the foot oblique radiographs taken pre- and post-operatively in each group, checked the time to bone union and the difference of the reduction distance in each group. Clinical results were evaluated using American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) midfoot score at 12 months postoperative. Results: In group A, the mean time to union was 54.2±9.3 days, the mean displacement to diastasis improved to 0.3±0.4 mm postoperatively (p<0.001), and the mean reduction distance was 2.9±1.0 mm. In group B, the mean time to union was 41.5±7.0 days, the mean displacement to diastasis improved to 0.06±0.2 mm postoperatively (p<0.001), and the mean reduction distance was 4.1±1.6 mm. AOFAS score was verified 97.7±3.4 in group A and 98.2±3.2 in group B. The time to union was significantly different between groups A and B (p=0.01).There were no complications. Conclusion: We suggest that the plate is more effective method for the shorter union time in surgical treatment of fifth metatarsal base fractures.

QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE HORMONAL INDUCTION OF OESTRUS IN SPAYED EWES

1955 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. ROBINSON
Keyword(s):  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Physiological Changes ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Endogenous Oestrogen ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Response Line ◽  
Mean Time

SUMMARY Seven trials were conducted with sixty-nine ovariectomized Suffolk cross-bred ewes to determine the requirements of oestradiol benzoate (ODB), given alone or preceded by 75 mg progesterone (6 × 12·5 mg in oil over 3 days, followed 2 days later by oestrogen), for oestrous behaviour and characteristic vaginal changes. Progesterone pretreatment resulted in a marked increase of sensitivity to oestrogen. For oestrus, the respective values of the median effective dose (ED 50) for ODB preceded by progesterone and for ODB alone were 22 and 64 μg, the difference being significant (P<0·001). The 99% fiducial limits associated with these estimates were respectively 19 and 26 μg and 52 and 81 μg. For vaginal changes the corresponding values were 10-14-17 and 20-24-28 (P<0·001). Progesterone pretreatment resulted in an apparently steeper dose-response line for oestrus, and advanced the mean time of onset by about 12 hr. The behaviour pattern following progesterone—ODB appeared to differ from that following ODB alone. Oestrus in the ewe appears to be under dual hormonal control. Endogenous oestrogen production is insufficient to induce the full psychic and physiological changes associated with normal oestrus, unless the animal has been conditioned previously by progesterone.

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism in 28 dogs

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
HP Huang ◽  
HL Yang ◽  
SL Liang ◽  
YH Lien ◽  
KY Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reference Range ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Acth Stimulation ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Elevated Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Baseline Cortisol ◽  
Initial Improvement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Time ◽  
Aspartate Transferase

Twenty-eight dogs with iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism were studied. The most common clinical signs were cutaneous lesions (27/28), polydipsia (21/28), polyuria (19/28), and lethargy (16/28). The most predominant findings on biochemical profile were elevated alkaline phosphatase (ALP, 15/28) and alanine transferase (ALT, 14/28); hypercholesterolemia (14/28); elevated aspartate transferase (AST, 12/28); and elevated triglycerides (12/18). Baseline cortisol levels of all 28 dogs were at the lower end of the reference range and exhibited suppressed or no response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation. The mean time for each dog to show initial improvement of clinical signs after corticosteroid withdrawal was six weeks, with another mean time of 12 weeks to demonstrate complete remission.

Using discrete-event simulation to increase the efficiency of point of distribution sites

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Patrick Glass, MS, MPH ◽  
Eric Dietz, PhD ◽  
Pamela Aaltenon, PhD, RN
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
T Test ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Group B ◽  
Mean Time

Objective: The objective of this research was to develop a computer simulation model that will provide the most optimal allocation of resources for a point of distribution (POD) site.Design: A baseline assessment was conducted by participants establishing POD sections with no guidance from the investigator. A computer model was built with four stations: triage, registration, screening, and dispensing. The information from the computer simulation was used to design the allocation of volunteers for the experimental group. Once the data were collected, a two-sample t test was used to determine the significance of the difference between the average times of the two groups to complete the POD.Setting: The POD site was conducted indoors with volunteers acting as patients, and volunteer nursing students, and pharmacy students acting as POD workers. Volunteers were divided into two groups, group B, experimental and group A, control. Time was recorded using a digital time-stamp at the beginning and at the end of the POD.Interventions: The researcher inputted the total number of volunteers into the model, and the model generated the most applicable ratio for distribution of human capital: a one-to-one ratio of screeners to dispensers. Main outcome measures: The mean time for Group A was 4.55 minutes (95% CI: 4.27, 4.83). The mean time for group B was 3.05 minutes (95% CI: 2.79, 3.31). A two-sample t test and Analysis of Variance of these data show that the difference is meaningful (p < 0.001).Results: The results show that a discrete-event computer simulation can be used to identify the most efficient use of resources in order to decrease the amount of time that patients are required to participate.Conclusions: The discrete-event computer simulation model was found to be effective at identifying ways to increase efficiency and reduce the overall time required by patients to complete the POD.

scholarly journals Memoir on the rotation of crops, and on the quantity of inorganic matters abstracted from the soil by various plants under different circumstances

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 551-554
Keyword(s):  
Botanic Garden ◽  
Chemical Examination ◽  
Agricultural College ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
University College London ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Mean Time

The author was first led to undertake the researches of which an account is given in the present memoir, by the expectation of verifying the theory of De Candolle, in which the deterioration experienced by most crops on their repetition was attributed to the deleterious influence of their root-excretions. For this purpose he set apart, ten years ago, a number of plots of ground in the Botanic Garden at Oxford, uniform as to quality and richness, one-half of which was planted each year, up to the present time, with the same species of crop, and the other half with the same kinds, succeeding each other in such a manner that no one plot should receive the same crop twice during the time of the continuance of the experiments, or at least not within a short period of one another. The difference in the produce obtained in the two crops, under these circumstances, would, the author conceived, represent the degree of influence ascribable to the root-excretions. The results obtained during the first few years from these experiments, as well as from the researches which had, in the mean time, been communicated to the world by M. Braconnot and others on the same subject, led him in a great measure to abandon this theory, and to seek for some other mode of explaining the falling-off of crops on repetition. In order to clear up the matter, he determined to ascertain, for a series of years, not only the amount of crop which would be obtained from each of the plants tried under these two systems, but also the quantity of inorganic matters extracted in each case from the soil, and the chemical constitution of the latter, which had furnished these ingredients. The chemical examination of the crops, however, on account of the labour it involved, was confined to six out of the number of the plants cultivated; and of these, three samples were analysed; the first being the permanent one, viz. that cultivated for nine or ten successive years in the same plot of ground; the second, the shifting one, obtained from a plot which had borne different crops in the preceding years; and the third, the standard, derived from a sample of average quality, grown under natural circumstances, either in the Botanic Garden itself, or in the neighbourhood of Oxford. These analyses were performed by Mr. Way formerly assistant to Professor Graham, of University College, London, and now attached to the Agricultural College near Cirencester.

scholarly journals Religion, Radicalism and National Character: In Perspective of South Sulawesi Local Wisdom

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 201
Author(s):  
Mahmuddin Mahmuddin
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
National Character ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Social Capitals ◽  
Mean Time

It is widely believed that Indonesia is encountering an issue of disharmony due to a number of horizontal conflicts which are based on ethnics, religions, and races. In addition, there are many social issues also happen in recent years that stimulate the conflicts. For example, the rampant of drugs users across the country and the increase of significant number of terrorists in many regions in Indonesia. The writer believes that one of the main reasons of these conflicts is lacking of understanding nation charachter as well as local wisdoms that owned by certain community. In the mean time, Indonesia as country is rich of characters that can unite community under the flag of nation and diminish conflicts among them. In the context of South Sulawesi region, there are, at least, three different characters that can decrease the emergence of radicalism. Firstly, respect to the difference. Secondly, they are open-minded. Thirdly, maintaining tradition of ashame (siri) as a local genius. These characters are social capitals of South Sulawesi communities in tackling radicalism understanding. The writer come to conclude that if every single ethnics in Indonesia make their local genius as their philosophy in daily life, the radicalism movement might be tackled across the country.[Dipercaya secara luas bahwa Indonesia menghadapi masalah ketidakharmonisan karena sejumlah konflik horizontal yang didasarkan pada etnis, agama, dan ras. Selain itu, ada banyak masalah sosial juga terjadi dalam beberapa tahun terakhir yang merangsang konflik. Misalnya, merajalela pengguna narkoba di seluruh negeri dan meningkatnya jumlah teroris yang signifikan di banyak wilayah di Indonesia. Penulis percaya bahwa salah satu alasan utama dari konflik ini adalah kurangnya pemahaman tentang karakter bangsa dan juga kearifan lokal yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat tertentu. Sementara itu, Indonesia sebagai negara kaya akan karakter yang bisa menyatukan masyarakat di bawah bendera negara dan mengurangi konflik di antara mereka. Dalam konteks wilayah Sulawesi Selatan, setidaknya ada tiga karakter berbeda yang dapat menurunkan kemunculan radikalisme. Pertama, hargai perbedaannya. Kedua, mereka berpikiran terbuka. Ketiga, menjaga tradisi ashame (siri) sebagai jenius lokal. Karakter ini adalah ibu kota sosial masyarakat Sulawesi Selatan dalam mengatasi pemahaman radikalisme.  Penulis kemudian menyimpulkan bahwa jika setiap etnis di Indonesia membuat jenius lokal mereka sebagai filosofi mereka dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, gerakan radikalisme dapat ditangani di seluruh negeri.]

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