Capture and immobilisation of cuscuses and ringtail possums in Papua New Guinea

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo A. Salas ◽  
Suzette A. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Unit Effort ◽  
Drug Doses ◽  
Ketamine Hcl

We evaluated two methods (daytime and night-time searches) for capturing montane possums, the dose of ketamine HCl needed for their short-term restraint, its influence in effect length and recovery length, the effect of body weight, and differences between species and sexes. Daytime searches required significantly more effort to find animals, and provided significantly fewer captured animals per unit effort, than night-time searches. Chances of capturing animals once detected were higher during daytime. Drug doses of 9–17 mg kg–1 immobilised animals within 1 min (±1.25, s.d.), effects lasted 19 min (±1.34), and recovery took an additional 28 min (±1.29). Significant effects on effect length and recovery were observed only for drug dose, but these are weak. We recommend finding animals before dawn, following them to their dens, and capturing them during daylight as the safest and most effective method for montane possums of New Guinea. For short-term restraint, a dose of 10 mg kg–1 ketamine HCl is sufficient.

Predictive Performance of Equations to Estimate Creatinine Clearance in Hospitalized Elderly Patients

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 627-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Beth O'Connell ◽  
Andrea M. Dwinell ◽  
Susan D. Bannick-Mohrland
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lean Body Weight ◽  
Hospitalized Elderly ◽  
Estimate Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Drug Doses ◽  
Hospitalized Elderly Patients

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the clinical accuracy of equations that estimate creatinine clearance to predict the correct drug doses in hospitalized elderly patients DESIGN: Single 24-hour creatinine clearance measurement compared with estimated creatinine clearances derived from eight equations using total and modified ideal body weight SETTING: Nonintensive care medical and surgical units at a county hospital PATIENTS: 15 patients with urethral catheters were enrolled in each of three age groups: 65–75, 76–85, and ≥86 years MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Drug–dose predictions, bias, precision, and absolute errors RESULTS: The bias for all equations was −4.0−42.0 mL/min (–0.07–0.70 mL/s) and the precision was 10.8−47.4 mL/min (0.18–0.88 mL/s). The Jelliffe 1973, Hull et al., and Mawer et al. equations were the least biased and the Jelliffe 1973 was the most precise, followed by the Mawer et al., Hull et al., and Cockcroft-Gault equations. The percent of patients with absolute percent errors >20 percent were 38 percent for Jelliffe 1973, 36 percent for Mawer et al., 40 percent for Hull et al., and >50 percent for the other equations. The percent of patients receiving correct drug doses was 67 percent for Jelliffe 1973, 58 percent for Gates, 51 percent for Mawer et al. and Hull et al., and <50 percent for the other equations. Within various age, renal function, serum creatinine, and albumin subgroups, the Jelliffe 1973 estimates were least biased and most precise, followed by the Cockcroft-Gault estimates. Generally, estimates using modified lean body weight performed better than did those using total body weight. CONCLUSIONS: The Jelliffe 1973 equation with modified lean body weight was the best equation, followed by the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Even with the best equation, 33 percent of the patients would have received an incorrect drug dose. Therefore, some elderly patients may still require a measured creatinine clearance.

Apoptosis signal ceramide c6 synergizes anti-tumor effects of paclitaxel oxaliplatin & cisplatin on growth of pancreatic cancer in SCID mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 13135-13135
Author(s):  
D. Shrayer ◽  
H. J. Wanebo ◽  
M. Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Drug Dose ◽  
Scid Mice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Chemical Studies

13135 Background: Ceramide (C6) is an analog of endogenous ceramides, which are a major signaling pathway for apoptosis in cells undergoing stress, exposure to chemotherapy. Current report documents in vivo anti tumor effects combining C6 with oxaliplatin & cisplatin on L3.6 human pancreatic adenocarcinoma implanted in the SCID mouse. Correlative histologic studies provide additional mechanistic insights. Methods: SCID/Beige/ Taconicmale mice were inoculated subcutaneously (S.C.) w/2×106 L3.6 pancreatic cells. Chemotherapy doses were based on clinical & in vitro data. Treatment began 4 days post tumor implant with 3 weekly 3×/wk) intraperitoneal (IP) injections of Paclitaxel (P) 3.0 m/kg, oxaliplatin (OX) 2.5 mg/kg, cisplatin (CP) 2.5 mg/kg, with/without ceramide 10 mg/kg. Mice were observed for 6 weeks & were autopsied when near death, or at 6 week level. (All controls died by 3rd week). Data recovered included maximum tumor volume, tumor weight, body weight & survival. Histopathology studies were carried out in a separate group of 40 mice treated by the same drug dose levels & autopsied at 4 hours & 24 hours. Tumors were bi-valved & fixed in buffered formalin or frozen in hexane/acetone bath. Major focus was effects on tumor necrosis, apoptosis, mitotic index & Apoptosis (caspase 3 expression) index. Results: Combination w/C6 ceramide augmented the tumor reduction obtained by chemotherapy alone by 57% (while preserving body weight), & increased 6 wk survival from 0% (Chemotherapy alone) to 60% w/combined therapy. Mean survival was increased from 25 to 37 days. Preliminary short term immunohisto chemical studies showed enhancement of apoptotic index by increased and caspase 3 expression at 4 & 24 hr by ceramide combinations. Conclusion: Combination therapy w/C6 Ceramide significantly enhanced anti tumor response to Paclitaxel, Oxaliplatin & Cisplatin in SCID Mice bearing L3.6 pancreatic tumor implants. Early development of enhanced apoptosis by caspase 3 expressions was shown in preliminary short term exposure experiments. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

How Political Commitments Influence Research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Kirsch
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Nongovernmental Organizations ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Political Commitments

This chapter is based on long-term research with people affected by the Ok Tedi mine in Papua New Guinea, including involvement in a lawsuit seeking to halt its destructive environmental impact. It considers examples of ethnographic refusal, when anthropologists do not write about events that might harm their informants. It also examines relationships between engaged anthropologists and colleagues, lawyers and law, corporations, nongovernmental organizations, and communities. This chapter and the next address these questions in the context of long-term research projects, while the other examples in the book consider these issues in relation to short-term, problem-focused research, which have their own challenges and opportunities.

scholarly journals Aspects of the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) and observations on Raffray’s bandicoot (Peroryctes raffrayanus), Eastern Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Cuthbert ◽  
Matthew J. H. Denny
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Home Range Size ◽  
Montane Forest ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
The Family ◽  
Eastern Highlands ◽  
Density Rate

Bandicoots in the family Peroryctidae in New Guinea are widespread and relatively abundant, but little is known of their ecology. We present the first detailed study on the ecology of the kalubu bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) and observations on Raffray’s bandicoot (Peroryctes raffrayanus), from mid-montane forest in Papua New Guinea. Both species were primarily nocturnal and utilised a range of habitats including those modified by human activity, although Raffray’s bandicoot was more frequently encountered in less disturbed areas. Male kalubu bandicoots were larger than females, with larger animals having larger short-term home ranges and evidence for intrasexual territoriality. Mean short-term home-range size was 2.8 ha (MCP, n = 10), with an estimated population density of ~85 animals km–2 in the study area. Female kalubu bandicoots attained sexual maturity at ~400 g and 67% of mature females were reproductively active with an average of 1.5 young per litter. Both species were hunted, but their density, rate of reproduction and use of modified habitats suggest that they were able to withstand current hunting levels.

scholarly journals Effect of short-term heating on bioefficacy of deltamethrin-coated long-lasting insecticidal nets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakei Bubun ◽  
Timothy W Freeman ◽  
Moses Laman ◽  
Stephan Karl
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Knock Down ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets

We recently reported that long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distributed in Papua New Guinea (PNG) between 2013 and 2019, exhibited severely diminished efficacy to knock down and kill susceptible Anopheles mosquitoes. This coincided with a rise in malaria observed in PNG since 2015. Here we show that LLIN bioefficacy is increased by heating LLINs prior to WHO cone bioassays. Unused LLINs with low bioefficacy, delivered to PNG in 2019, were heated to 120 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes. Cone bioassays were performed before and at 1 h, 7 days and 30 days after heating. This led to a significant increase in 24 h mortality (17% to 61%) and 60 min knock down (31% to 72%). The effect was sustained over 30 days. Bioassays are crucial in quality assurance of LLIN products. Our findings indicate that bioassay results can easily be manipulated. This may have implications for quality assurance procedures used to assess LLINs.

Analysis of Ionospheric Disturbance Associated With Earth Quakes In Papua New Guinea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Pereira ◽  
Jessy Sekere
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Ionospheric Disturbance ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electron Content ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Equatorial Station ◽  
Western Province ◽  
Layer Peak

Abstract An analysis of the perturbations in the electron content up to the ionospheric F2 layer peak and F2 layer peak height (hmF2) variations during earthquake time has been done using ionosonde data observed in the equatorial station Vanimo, Papua New Guinea. Two earth quakes occurred, one of magnitude 7.1 in Sissano in 1998 and the other of magnitude 6.7 in Aitape in 2002 in the western province of Papua New Guinea, have been studied. A decrease in electron content was observed in both the cases a few days prior to the earthquakes. An increase in height of hmF2 during night time was also observed during this period. This can be explained in terms of the lithosphere- atmosphere-ionosphere coupling prior to earthquake period.

scholarly journals Restricting night-time eating reduces daily energy intake in healthy young men: a short-term cross-over study

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2108-2113 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. LeCheminant ◽  
Ed Christenson ◽  
Bruce W. Bailey ◽  
Larry A. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Daily Energy Intake ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
And Control ◽  
Time Eating

Few experimental data are available to support the notion that reducing night-time eating changes total daily energy intake (EI) or body weight in healthy adults. The present study primarily examined the short-term effect of night eating restriction (NER) on daily EI in healthy young men. It secondarily examined body weight and moods associated with NER. Using a cross-over design, twenty-nine men (20·9 (sd 2·5) years; 24·4 (sd 2·5) kg/m2) initiated a 2-week NER intervention (elimination of EI from 19.00 to 06.00 hours) and a 2-week control condition, counterbalanced and separated by a 1-week washout period. EI and macronutrient intake were assessed using computerised, multiple-pass 24 h food recalls, body weight via a digital scale and mood using the Profile of Mood States survey. Of the twenty-nine participants, twenty-seven (93 %) completed all aspects of the study. During the NER condition, the participants consumed less total energy per d than during the control condition (10 125 v. 11 146 kJ/d; F= 6·41; P= 0·018). During the NER condition, no energy was reported consumed between 19.00 and 06.00 hours; however, during the control condition, the energy intake of participants was 2920 (sd 1347) kJ/d between 19.00 and 06.00 hours. There was a significant difference in weight change between the NER ( − 0·4 (sd 1·1) kg) and control (+0·6 (sd 0·9) kg) conditions (F= 22·68; P< 0·001). Differences in total mood score or mood subscales between the NER and control conditions were not apparent (P>0·05). These findings provide support for NER decreasing short-term EI in healthy young men.

scholarly journals Effect of Short-Term Heating on Bioefficacy of Deltamethrin-Coated Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nakei Bubun ◽  
Timothy W. Freeman ◽  
Moses Laman ◽  
Stephan Karl
Keyword(s):  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Knock Down ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets

The authors recently reported that long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distributed in Papua New Guinea (PNG) between 2013 and 2019, exhibited severely diminished efficacy to knock down and kill susceptible Anopheles mosquitoes. This coincided with a rise in malaria observed in PNG since 2015. Here, the authors show that LLIN bioefficacy is increased by heating LLINs prior to WHO cone bioassays. Unused LLINs with low bioefficacy, delivered to PNG in 2019, were heated to 120°C for 5 minutes. Cone bioassays were performed before and at 1 hour, 7 days, and 30 days after heating. This led to a significant increase in 24-hour mortality (17–61%) and 60-minute knock down (31–72%). The effect was sustained over 30 days. Bioassays are crucial in quality assurance of LLIN products. Our findings indicate that bioefficacy of LLINs can be increased by heating. This may have implications for quality assurance procedures used to assess LLINs.

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