Ignition and flame-growth modelling on realistic building and landscape objects in changing environments

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Dietenberger
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Changing Environments ◽  
Class B

Effective mitigation of external fires on structures can be achieved flexibly, economically, and aesthetically by (1) preventing large-area ignition on structures by avoiding close proximity of burning vegetation; and (2) stopping flame travel from firebrands landing on combustible building objects. Using bench-scale and mid-scale fire tests to obtain flammability properties of common building constructions and landscaping plants, a model is being developed to use fast predictive methods suitable for changing environments imposed on a parcel lot consisting of structures and ornamental plants. Eventually, the property owners and associated professionals will be able to view various fire scenarios with the ability to select building materials and shapes as well as select ornamental plant species and their placement for achieving the desired fire mitigation. The mathematical formulation presented at the 2006 BCC Research Symposium is partially shown here and some results are compared with (1) specialised testing of Class B burning brands (ASTM E108) in the cone calorimeter (ASTM E1354); (2) our refurbished and modified Lateral Ignition and Flame Travel Test (ASTM E1321 and E1317); (3) room-corner tests with oriented-strand board (ISO 9705); and (4) cone calorimeter tests of fire-resistive materials such as fire retardant-treated plywood and single-layer stucco-coated oriented-strand board.

scholarly journals Mastering of NIL Stamps with Undercut T-Shaped Features from Single Layer to Multilayer Stamps

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 956
Author(s):  
Philipp Taus ◽  
Adrian Prinz ◽  
Heinz D. Wanzenboeck ◽  
Patrick Schuller ◽  
Anton Tsenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Nanoimprint Lithography ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Fabrication Technology ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Structural Colors ◽  
Biomimetic Structures ◽  
Morpho Butterfly

Biomimetic structures such as structural colors demand a fabrication technology of complex three-dimensional nanostructures on large areas. Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is capable of large area replication of three-dimensional structures, but the master stamp fabrication is often a bottleneck. We have demonstrated different approaches allowing for the generation of sophisticated undercut T-shaped masters for NIL replication. With a layer-stack of phase transition material (PTM) on poly-Si, we have demonstrated the successful fabrication of a single layer undercut T-shaped structure. With a multilayer-stack of silicon oxide on silicon, we have shown the successful fabrication of a multilayer undercut T-shaped structures. For patterning optical lithography, electron beam lithography and nanoimprint lithography have been compared and have yielded structures from 10 µm down to 300 nm. The multilayer undercut T-shaped structures closely resemble the geometry of the surface of a Morpho butterfly, and may be used in future to replicate structural colors on artificial surfaces.

Thermal decomposition of multilayer honeycomb core laminate sandwich composite panels in cone calorimeter apparatus – Effect of the top decomposed layer

2021 ◽  
pp. 002199832199087
Author(s):  
Hussain Najmi ◽  
Jocelyn Luche ◽  
Thomas Rogaume
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Decomposition Process ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Sandwich Composite ◽  
Back Surface ◽  
Multilayer Composite ◽  
In Fire

Multilayer composite materials are frequently used in aircraft interiors. Even though they have high properties (such as physical, chemical and mechanical properties), their application is limited due to lack of knowledge of their decomposition process and on the interaction between different layers in fire. In the present work, two types of composites with 3 and 4 layers are studied. The fire characterization of multilayer composite is studied in 3 different phases using ISO-5660 cone calorimeter at two heat fluxes (35 and 50 kW.m−2). Phase-I mainly concentrates on the decomposition of single layer materials (paint, laminate and honeycomb) while in phase-II and phase-III, different assemblies are formed using a single layer material and studied in the same experimental configuration. In all the three phases, back surface temperatures of the materials or assemblies are measured and analyzed with different gas productions which allow to understand the dynamics of the decomposition process. The finding from the cone calorimeter study suggests that the ignition primarily depends on the top layer behavior of the composite. The permeability analysis on the top layer of the composite confirms that decomposed layer of paint offers more resistance to the volatile gases escaping from the composite. At the end of the study, thermal conductivity is determined and the ignition temperature of both the composite is determined.

Improved Mobility and Bias Stability of Thin Film Transistors Using the Double-Layer a-InGaZnO/a-InGaZnO:N Channel

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 3659-3663
Author(s):  
H Yu ◽  
L Zhang ◽  
X. H Li ◽  
H. Y Xu ◽  
Y. C Liu
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Double Layer ◽  
Thin Film Transistors ◽  
Carrier Transport ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Channel Structure ◽  
Gate Insulator ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Threshold Voltage Shift ◽  
High Carrier

The amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) were demonstrated based on a double-layer channel structure, where the channel is composed of an ultrathin nitrogenated a-IGZO (a-IGZO:N) layer and an undoped a-IGZO layer. The double-layer channel device showed higher saturation mobility and lower threshold-voltage shift (5.74 cm2/Vs, 2.6 V) compared to its single-layer counterpart (0.17 cm2/Vs, 7.23 V). The improvement can be attributed to three aspects: (1) improved carrier transport properties of the channel by the a-IGZO:N layer with high carrier mobility and the a-IGZO layer with high carrier concentration, (2) reduced interfacial trap density between the active channel and the gate insulator, and (3) higher surface flatness of the double-layer channel. Our study reveals key insights into double-layer channel, involving selecting more suitable electrical property for back-channel layer and more suitable interface modification for active layer. Meanwhile, room temperature fabrication amorphous TFTs offer certain advantages on better flexibility and higher uniformity over a large area.

scholarly journals Role of Copper Oxide on Epoxy Coatings with New Intumescent Polymer-Based Fire Retardant

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5978
Author(s):  
Riyazuddin ◽  
Samrin Bano ◽  
Fohad Mabood Husain ◽  
Jamal Akhter Siddique ◽  
Khadijah H. Alharbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Major Drawback

Epoxy resins (EP) have been used as a thermos-setting material in the field of coating, casting, bonding agent, and laminating. However, a major drawback associated with its use is the lack of good flaming properties, and it is responsible for heavy smoke along with hazardous gases considerably limiting its uses in various fields. In this study, N-ethanolamine triazine-piperizine, a melamine polymer (ETPMP), was established as a new charring-foaming agent and was successfully synthesized with ethanolamine, piperizine, cyanuric chloride, and melamine as precursor molecules via the nucleophilic substitution reaction method. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were applied to approve the synthesis of ETPMP and confirmation of its structure and characterization. The epoxy coating of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was equipped by introducing ETPMP, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and copper oxide (CuO) in multiple composition ratios. CuO was loaded at various amounts into the IFR-coating system as a synergistic agent. The synergistic action of CuO on IFR coatings was scientifically examined by using different analytical tests such as vertical burning test (UL-94V), limited oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that small changes in the amount of CuO expressively amplified the LOI results and enhanced the V-0 ratings in the UL-94V test. The TGA data clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of CuO can transform the thermal deprivation behavior of coatings with a growing char slag proportion with elevated temperatures. Information from cone calorimeter data affirmed that CuO can decrease the burning factors by total heat release (THR) together with peak heat release rate (PHRR). The SEM images indicated that CuO can enrich the power and compression of the intumescent char that restricts the movement of heat and oxygen. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of CuO on the epoxy-headed intumescent flame retardant coatings.

scholarly journals Correction: Direct chemical vapor deposition synthesis of large area single-layer brominated graphene

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (28) ◽  
pp. 16057-16057
Author(s):  
Maria Hasan ◽  
Wang Meiou ◽  
Liu Yulian ◽  
Sami Ullah ◽  
Huy Q. Ta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor Deposition ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Large Area

Correction for ‘Direct chemical vapor deposition synthesis of large area single-layer brominated graphene’ by Maria Hasan et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 13527–13532.

scholarly journals Tailoring Superconductivity in Large-Area Single-Layer NbSe2 via Self-Assembled Molecular Adlayers

Nano Letters ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Calavalle ◽  
Paul Dreher ◽  
Ananthu P. Surdendran ◽  
Wen Wan ◽  
Melanie Timpel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Self Assembled

Large-area adlayer-free single-layer h-BN film achieved by controlling intercalation growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 498 ◽  
pp. 143851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanwei He ◽  
Hao Tian ◽  
Alireza Khanaki ◽  
Wenhao Shi ◽  
Jason Tran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Large Area
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