scholarly journals Climatological and statistical characteristics of the Haines Index for North America

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Winkler ◽  
Brian E. Potter ◽  
Dwight F. Wilhelm ◽  
Ryan P. Shadbolt ◽  
Krerk Piromsopa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Humidity Measurements ◽  
Operational Tool

The Haines Index is an operational tool for evaluating the potential contribution of dry, unstable air to the development of large or erratic plume-dominated wildfires. The index has three variants related to surface elevation, and is calculated from temperature and humidity measurements at atmospheric pressure levels. To effectively use the Haines Index, fire forecasters and managers must be aware of the climatological and statistical characteristics of the index for their location. However, a detailed, long-term, and spatially extensive analysis of the index does not currently exist. To meet this need, a 40-year (1961–2000) climatology of the Haines Index was developed for North America. The climatology is based on gridded (2.5° latitude × 2.5° longitude) temperature and humidity fields from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. The climatology illustrates the large spatial variability in the Haines Index both within and between regions using the different index variants. These spatial variations point to the limitations of the index and must be taken into account when using the Haines Index operationally.

Enhanced Long-Term Color Stability of Teeth Treated with Hydrogen Peroxide and Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jets

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seoul Hee Nam ◽  
Hyun Wook Lee ◽  
Jin Woo Hong ◽  
Hae June Lee ◽  
Gyoo Cheon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma ◽  
Color Stability ◽  
Plasma Jets ◽  
Pressure Plasma

Sophistry, Security, and Socio-Political Structures in the American Revolution; or, Why Jamaica did not Rebel

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Clayton
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
British Empire ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
North American ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Constitutional Principle ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
Political Structures

Britain's most important American colonies did not rebel in 1776. Thirteen provinces did declare their independence; but no fewer than nineteen colonies in the western hemisphere remained loyal to the mother country. Massachusetts and Virginia may have led the American revolution, but they had never been the leading colonies of the British empire. From the imperial standpoint, the significance of any of the thirteen provinces which rebelled was pale in comparison with that of Jamaica or Barbados. In the century before 1763 the recalcitrance of these two colonies had been more notorious than that of any mainland province and had actually inspired many of the imperial policies cited as long-term grievances by North American patriots in 1774. Real Whig ideology, which some historians have seen as the key to understanding the American revolution, was equally understood by Caribbean elites who, like the continental, had often proved extremely sensitive on questions of constitutional principle. Attacks of ‘frenzied rhetoric’ broke out in Jamaica in 1766 and Barbados in 1776. But these had nothing whatsoever to do with the Stamp Act or events in North America.

scholarly journals Defining Long-term Outcomes With Living Donor Liver Transplantation in North America

2015 ◽  
Vol 262 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim M. Olthoff ◽  
Abigail R. Smith ◽  
Michael Abecassis ◽  
Talia Baker ◽  
Jean C. Emond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplantation ◽  
North America ◽  
Living Donor ◽  
Living Donor Liver Transplantation ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Donor Liver ◽  
Donor Liver Transplantation

The Effects of Long‐Term Land‐Use Change on Soil Properties in Perth, Ontario Canada

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trina Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
North America ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Topographic Gradients

Land‐use change can have a major impact on soil properties, leading to long‐term changes in soilnutrient cycling rates and carbon storage. While a substantial amount of research has been conducted onland‐use change in tropical regions, empirical evidence of long‐term conversion of forested land toagricultural land in North America is lacking. Pervasive deforestation for the sake of agriculturethroughout much of North America is likely to have modified soil properties, with implications for theglobal climate. Here, we examined the response of physical, chemical and biological soil properties toconversion of forest to agricultural land (100 years ago) on Roebuck Farm near Perth, Ontario, Canada.Soil samples were collected at three sites from under forest and agricultural vegetative cover on bothhigh‐ and low‐lying topographic positions (12 locations in total; soil profile sampled to a depth of 40cm).Our results revealed that bulk density, pH, and nitrate concentrations were all higher in soils collectedfrom cultivate sites. In contrast, samples from forested sites exhibited greater water‐holding capacity,porosity, organic matter content, ammonia concentrations and cation exchange capacity. Many of these characteristics are linked to greater organic matter abundance and diversity in soils under forestvegetation as compared with agricultural soils. Microbial activity and Q10 values were also higher in theforest soils. While soil properties in the forest were fairly similar across topographic gradients, low‐lyingpositions under agricultural regions had higher bulk density and organic matter content than upslopepositions, suggesting significant movement of material along topographic gradients. Differences in soilproperties are attributed largely to increased compaction and loss of organic matter inputs in theagricultural system. Our results suggest that the conversion of forested land cover to agriculture landcover reduces soil quality and carbon storage, alters long‐term site productivity, and contributes toincreased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations.

scholarly journals Low Back Pain: The Potential Contribution of Supraspinal Motor Control and Proprioception

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 583-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lukas Meier ◽  
Andrea Vrana ◽  
Petra Schweinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Motor Control ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Cortical Reorganization ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Output Side

Motor control, which relies on constant communication between motor and sensory systems, is crucial for spine posture, stability and movement. Adaptions of motor control occur in low back pain (LBP) while different motor adaption strategies exist across individuals, probably to reduce LBP and risk of injury. However, in some individuals with LBP, adapted motor control strategies might have long-term consequences, such as increased spinal loading that has been linked with degeneration of intervertebral discs and other tissues, potentially maintaining recurrent or chronic LBP. Factors contributing to motor control adaptations in LBP have been extensively studied on the motor output side, but less attention has been paid to changes in sensory input, specifically proprioception. Furthermore, motor cortex reorganization has been linked with chronic and recurrent LBP, but underlying factors are poorly understood. Here, we review current research on behavioral and neural effects of motor control adaptions in LBP. We conclude that back pain-induced disrupted or reduced proprioceptive signaling likely plays a pivotal role in driving long-term changes in the top-down control of the motor system via motor and sensory cortical reorganization. In the outlook of this review, we explore whether motor control adaptations are also important for other (musculoskeletal) pain conditions.

scholarly journals Changing forest water yields in response to climate warming: results from long‐term experimental watershed sites across North America

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 3191-3208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena F. Creed ◽  
Adam T. Spargo ◽  
Julia A. Jones ◽  
Jim M. Buttle ◽  
Mary B. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Climate Warming
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