Nitrogen mineralisation indices in ferrosols under eucalypt plantations of North-Western Tasmania: association with previous land use

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 925 ◽  
Author(s):  
XJ Wang ◽  
PJ Smethurst ◽  
GK Holz
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Nitrogen Mineralisation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
North Western ◽  
Eucalyptus Delegatensis

Potentially mineralisable N was studied in the laboratory and in the held in ferrosols from eucalypt plantations and pastures in north-western Tasmania. The plantation sites previously supported either Pinus radiata plantations (ex-pine), mixed eucalypt-myrtle forest (ex-mixed), or open Eucalyptus delegatensis forest with a grass understory (ex-dele). Ranges of concentrations of organic C and total N, and C to N ratio, were 6.9-13.6%, 0.297-0.978%, and 10.3-30.4, respectively. The concentration of organic C was independent of previous land use, but rankings for total N, anaerobically mineralisable N, and extractable N in hot KCl were pasture > to ex-dele = ex-mixed > ex-pine. The ratio C:N in theex-pine group (23.6) was higher than ratios in other groups (13.1-15.6). Anaerobically mineralisable N ranged from 49 to 214 �g/g, and was highly correlated with total N and extractable N in hot KCl at 95�C for 16 h (r = 0.83 for both cases, P < 0.001). The C:N ratio was negatively correlated with total N and anaerobically mineralisable N (r = 0.56 and 0.70, P < 0.01). The results indicated that the pasture soils had greater availability of mineral N, and that total N, C:N ratio, and anaerobically mineralisable N may provide useful information for assessing N mineralisation in these soils.

Nitrogen fluxes in surface soils of 1 - 2-year-old eucalypt plantations in Tasmania

Soil Research ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. J. Wang ◽  
P. J. Smethurst ◽  
G. K. Holz
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Available N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Eucalypt Plantations

To improve our understanding of nitrogen (N) supply in eucalypt plantations in Tasmania, N fluxes were determined in surface soils (0–10 cm) at 4 sites supporting 1–2-year-old plantations of E. nitens. Net N mineralisation, nitrification, leaching, and uptake were measured by an in situ soil-core technique. Soils were derived from basalt (3 sites) or mudstone (1 site). Average rates of net N mineralisation ranged from 18 to 91 kg N/ha·year, and most mineralised N was nitrified and leached. There were significant linear relationships among net N mineralisation, nitrification, and leaching (r = 0·61–0·83). Annual rates of net N mineralisation varied as much within sites as between them, and rates in individual plots were significantly correlated with anaerobically mineralisable N (r = 0·82) or total N (r = 0·66), but were not correlated or only weakly correlated with C: N ratio, loss-on-ignition, organic C, water content, or temperature. Leaching was weakly correlated with effective rainfall (rainfall minus evaporation, r = 0·39). Soil contained most mineral N during February–April (i.e. late summer–early autumn) and least during October–November (i.e. late spring). We concluded that available N at these sites was highly variable spatially and temporally, and at a plot scale was closely related to concentrations of mineralisable substrate and not to soil water or temperature.

scholarly journals Effects of green-manure and tillage management on soil microbial community composition, nutrients and tree growth in a walnut orchard

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ningguang Dong ◽  
Guanglong Hu ◽  
Yunqi Zhang ◽  
Jianxun Qi ◽  
Yonghao Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Rhizosphere Soil ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Hairy Vetch ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Walnut Tree

AbstractThis study characterized the effect of green manures (February orchid, hairy vetch, rattail fescue and a no-green-manure control) and the termination method (flail or disk) on nutrient contents, enzyme activities, microbial biomass, microbial community structure of rhizosphere soil and vegetative growth of walnut tree. All three selected green manures significantly enhanced the water content, organic C, total N and available P. The rattail fescue significantly decreased the mineral N. Total organic C, total N, mineral N and available P were significantly greater under flail than under disk. Hairy vetch and February orchid significantly improved levels of soil β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase activity, whereas rattail fescue improved only β-glucosidase activity. All of the green manures significantly decreased phenoloxidase activity. β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase activities were significantly greater under flail relative to disk. The termination method had no significant effect on phenoloxidase activity. The different types of green manures and termination methods significantly altered the soil microbial biomass and microbial community structure. The green-manure treatments were characterized by a significantly greater abundance of Gram-positive (Gram +) bacteria, total bacteria and saprophytic fungi compared to the control. Hairy vetch significantly decreased the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) while February orchid and rattail fescue increased their abundance compared to the no-green-manure treatment. The abundance rates of Gram+ bacteria, actinomycetes, saprophytic fungi and AMF were significantly greater in soils under flail than under disk. In terms of vegetative growth of walnut tree, hairy vetch showed the greatest positive effects. The growth of walnut tree was significantly greater under flail relative to disk. Our results indicate that green-manure application benefits the rhizosphere soil micro-ecology, rhizosphere soil nutrient contents and tree growth. Overall, the hairy vetch and flail combined treatment is recommended for walnut orchards in northern China.

scholarly journals Soil Chemistry and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Yield as Influenced by 16 Years of Composted Poultry Litter Addition

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Hebert D. A. Abobi ◽  
Armand W. Koné ◽  
Bernard Y. Koffi ◽  
Saint Salomon F. Diahuissié ◽  
Stanislas K. Loukou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Litter Addition

Poultry litter is increasingly used as organic amendment in market gardening in Côte d’Ivoire. To know about the sustainability of this practice, its impacts on soil quality should be known. This study aimed at assessing the effect on soil fertility of composted poultry litter addition for 16 years following two distinct ways, and identifying soil parameters driving cucumber yield. Trials were laid out in a Fisher randomized block design with 3 treatments replicated 5 times each: Control (C), Surface-applied compost (SAC) and Buried compost (BC). Soil (0-20 cm) chemical characteristics and cucumber growth and yield parameters were measured. Values of all parameters were higher with compost addition compared to the control, except for the C:N ratio. SAC and BC showed similar values of organic C, total N, CEC, pH and available phosphorus. However, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and base saturation were higher in SAC than in BC. Relative to values in the control, the greatest changes in soil parameters were observed with exchangeable cations, followed by soil organic matter. Soil organic C and total N concentrations have doubled in SAC while Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ increased at greater rate (702.4, 400.9 and 186.67% respectively). Also, cucumber growth parameters were the highest with compost addition compared to the control. Significant effect of the compost application way on cucumber was also observed: collar diameter, leaf area and fresh fruit yield in SAC (0.72±0.02 cm, 258.9±12.3 cm2, 11.1±1.3 t ha-1, respectively) were higher than in BC (0.56±0.01 cm, 230.2±2.5 cm2, 5.4±0.5 t ha-1 respectively). Fruit yields in SAC and BC were four times and twice higher than in the control (2.6±0.3 t ha-1), respectively. Cucumber growth parameters were determined by soil concentration in Mg2+ while yield was determined by Ca2+. Composted poultry litter should be promoted for a sustainable soil fertility management in vegetable farming systems.

scholarly journals Assessing Soil Quality for Sustainable Cropland Management Based on Factor Analysis and Fuzzy Sets: A Case Study in the Lhasa River Valley, Tibetan Plateau

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuqiang Dai ◽  
Zhiqiang Lv ◽  
Gangcai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Soil Quality Index ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Land Use Types

Ecologically fragile cropland soils and intensive agricultural production are characteristic of the valley area of the Tibetan Plateau. A systematic assessment of soil quality is necessary and important for improving sustainable cropland management in this area. This study aims to establish a minimum data set (MDS) for soil quality assessment and generate an integrated soil quality index for sustainable cropland management in the Tibetan Plateau. Soil samples were collected from the 0–20 cm depths of agricultural land in the middle and lower reaches of the Lhasa River. These samples were analyzed by routine laboratory methods. Significant differences were identified via statistical test between different soil types and land use types for each soil property. Principal component analysis was used to define a MDS of indicators that determine soil quality. Consequently, effective porosity, pH, total organic C, total N, available P, and catalase were identified as the final MDS. The soil quality index was obtained by the fuzzy-set membership function and the linear weighted additive method. The soil quality index differed significantly between the soil types and land use types. The soil quality can be ranked based on their indices in the following order: 1. Grain land with meadow soils, 2. Grain land with steppe soils, 3. Greenhouse vegetable land with fluvo-aquic soils, 4. Grain land with fluvo-aquic soils. The soils with higher soil quality indices exhibited better soil structure, higher nutrient contents, and superior resistance to water and nutrient loss. While the intensive tillage practices associated with vegetable production could reduce the values for effective porosity, pH and catalase, the application of appropriate fertilizers increased the values for total organic C, total N and available P. Therefore, the MDS method is an effective and useful tool to identify the key soil properties for assessing soil quality, and provides guidance on adaptive cropland management to a variety of soil types and land use types.

scholarly journals Identification of organic acids produced during rice straw decomposition and their role in rock phosphate solubilization

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 72-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kumari ◽  
K.K. Kapoor ◽  
B.S. Kundu ◽  
R. Kumari Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Rock Phosphate ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
P Solubilization ◽  
Rock Phosphate Solubilization ◽  
Oxalic Acids

The production of organic acids and changes during decomposition of rice straw amended with tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and Udaipur rock phosphate (URP) were studied under laboratory conditions. The organic C content of rice straw decreased and total N increased with time, resulting in a decrease in C:N ratio as the decomposition progressed. The pH decreased to acidic range in all the treatments on day 15, but became alkaline again later on. Soluble P increased at 15 days after incubation, declined later during decomposition, and was highest in the treatments containing TCP and <I>Aspergillus awamor</I>i inoculation. Citric, oxalic, formic and maleic acids were detected during decomposition of rice straw and maximum amounts were present on day 15. Citric and oxalic acids were responsible mainly for P solubilization from TCP and URP; generally, citric acid was the most effective in P solubilization.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties of Sandy-Textured Soils under Smallholder Agricultural Land Use Practices in Sarawak, East Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Soo Ying Ho ◽  
Mohd Effendi Bin Wasli ◽  
Mugunthan Perumal
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Nutrient Contents

A study was conducted in the Sabal area, Sarawak, to evaluate the physicochemical properties of sandy-textured soils under smallholder agricultural land uses. Study sites were established under rubber, oil palm, and pepper land uses, in comparison to the adjacent secondary forests. The sandy-textured soils underlain in all agricultural land uses are of Spodosols, based on USDA Soil Taxonomy. The soil properties under secondary forests were strongly acidic with poor nutrient contents. Despite higher bulk density in oil palm farmlands, soil properties in rubber and oil palm land uses showed little variation to those in secondary forests. Conversely, soils under pepper land uses were less acidic with higher nutrient contents at the surface layer, especially P. In addition, soils in the pepper land uses were more compact due to human trampling effects from regular farm works at a localized area. Positive correlations were observed between soil total C and soil total N, soil exchangeable K, soil sum of bases, and soil effective CEC, suggesting that soil total C is the determinant of soil fertility under the agricultural land uses. Meanwhile, insufficient K input in oil palm land uses was observed from the partial nutrient balances estimation. In contrast, P and K did not remain in the soils under pepper land use, although the fertilizers application by the farmers was beyond the crop uptake and removal (harvesting). Because of the siliceous sandy nature (low clay contents) of Spodosols, they are poor in nutrient retention capacity. Hence, maintaining ample supply of organic C is crucial to sustain the productivity and fertility of sandy-textured soils, especially when the litterfall layers covering the E horizon were removed for oil palm and pepper cultivation.

scholarly journals The effect of land use on soil quality in Giriwoyo Sub-district, Wonogiri Regency

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2559-2568
Author(s):  
M Mujiyo ◽  
Yosua Yoga Setyawan ◽  
Aktavia Herawati ◽  
Hery Widijanto
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Available P ◽  
Soil Quality Index ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

Determination of soil quality in Giriwoyo Sub-district, Wonogiri Regency, will generate a Soil Quality Index which can be used as a reference for soil cultivation for optimal productivity. This research was a descriptive exploratory with a survey approach. The survey area consisted of 12 land mapping units (LMU) with 3 replications for each LMU. Determination of LMU based on soil type, land use, slope and rainfall. The parameters used were BD (bulk density), porosity, organic C, pH, CEC (cation exchange capacity), BS (base saturation), available P, available K, total N, and MBC (microbial biomass carbon) that represented the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis was performed to obtain the Minimum Data Set (MDS). The Soil Quality Index (SQI) at each LMU was calculated by multiplying the PCA result score (Wi) with the score for each selected indicator (Si). The result showed that the Soil Quality Index at each LMU was low. The highest Soil Quality Index was found in fields land use with an SQI of 0.34. The soil indicator that limited the soil quality was available P.

Simulation of soil carbon dynamics in Australia with {\sc Roth C}

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Viscarra Rossel ◽  
Juhwan Lee ◽  
Mingxi Zhang ◽  
Zhongkui Luo ◽  
YingPing Wang
Keyword(s):  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Soil Organic C ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
C Stocks ◽  
C Decomposition ◽  
Soil Measurements

&lt;p&gt;We simulated soil organic carbon (C) dynamics across Australia with the Rothamsted carbon model ({\sc Roth C}) by connecting new spatially-explicit soil measurements and data with the model. This helped us to bridge the disconnection that exists between datasets used to inform the model and the processes that it depicts. We compiled publicly available continental-scale datasets and pre-processed, standardised and configured them to the required spatial and temporal resolutions. We then calibrated {\sc Roth C} and run simulations to estimate the baseline soil organic C stocks and composition in the 0--0.3~m layer at 4,043 sites in cropping, modified grazing, native grazing, and natural environments across Australia. We used data on the C fractions, the particulate, mineral associated, and resistant organic C (POC, MAOC and ROC, respectively) to represent the three main C pools in the {\sc Roth C} model's structure.&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;#160; &lt;/span&gt;The model explained 97--98\% of the variation in measured total organic C in soils under cropping and grazing, and 65\% in soils under natural environments. We optimised the model at each site and experimented with different amounts of C inputs to simulate the potential for C accumulation under constant and chainging climate in a 100-year simulation. Soils under native grazing were the most potentially vulnerable to C decomposition and loss, while soils under natural environments were the least vulnerable. An empirical assessment of the controls on the C change showed that climate, pH, total N, the C:N ratio, and cropping were the most important controls on POC change. Clay content and climate were dominant controls on MAOC change. Consistent and explicit soil organic C simulations improve confidence in the model's estimations, contributing to the development of sustainable soil management under global change.&lt;span class=&quot;Apple-converted-space&quot;&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Soil properties following long-term application of stockpiled feedlot manure containing straw or wood-chip bedding under barley silage production

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Miller ◽  
B. W. Beasley ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
X. Hao ◽  
F. J. Larney
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Bedding Material ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Silage Production ◽  
Total Organic C

Miller, J. J., Beasley, B. W., Drury, C. F., Hao, X. and Larney, F. J. 2014. Soil properties following long-term application of stockpiled feedlot manure containing straw or wood-chip bedding under barley silage production. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 389–402. The influence of long-term land application of stockpiled feedlot manure (SM) containing either wood-chip (SM-WD) or straw (SM-ST) bedding on soil properties during the barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage growing season is unknown. The main objective of our study was determine the effect of bedding material in stockpiled manure (i.e., SM-WD vs. SM-ST) on certain soil properties. A secondary objective was to determine if organic amendments affected certain soil properties compared with unamended soil. Stockpiled feedlot manure with SM-WD or SM-ST bedding at 77 Mg (dry wt) ha−1 yr−1 was annually applied for 13 to 14 yr to a clay loam soil in a replicated field experiment in southern Alberta. There was also an unamended control. Soil properties were measured every 2 wk during the 2011 and 2012 growing season. Properties included water-filled pore space (WFPS), total organic C and total N, NH4-N and NO3-N, water-soluble non-purgeable organic C (NPOC), water-soluble total N (WSTN), denitrification (acetylene inhibition method), and CO2 flux. The most consistent and significant (P≤0.05) bedding effects on soil properties in both years occurred for total organic C, C:N ratio, and WSTN. Total organic C and C:N ratio were generally greater for SM-WD than SM-ST, and the reverse trend occurred for WSTN. Bedding effects on other soil properties (WFPS, NH4-N, NO3-N, NPOC) occurred in 2012, but not in 2011. Total N, daily denitrification, and daily CO2 flux were generally unaffected by bedding material. Mean daily denitrification fluxes ranged from 0.9 to 1078 g N2O-N ha−1 d−1 for SM-ST, 0.8 to 326 g N2O-N ha−1 d−1 for SM-WD, and 0.6 to 250 g N2O-N ha−1 d−1 for the CON. Mean daily CO2 fluxes ranged from 5.3 to 43.4 kg CO2-C ha−1 d−1 for SM-WD, 5.5 to 26.0 kg CO2-C ha−1 d−1 for SM-ST, and from 0.5 to 6.8 kg CO2-C ha−1 d−1 for the CON. The findings from our study suggest that bedding material in feedlot manure may be a possible method to manage certain soil properties.

NO3- uptake and C exudation – do plant roots stimulate or inhibit denitrification?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Sophie Rummel ◽  
Reinhard Well ◽  
Birgit Pfeiffer ◽  
Klaus Dittert ◽  
Sebastian Floßmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Root Exudation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Plant N Uptake ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C

&lt;p&gt;Growing plants affect soil moisture, mineral N and organic C (C&lt;sub&gt;org&lt;/sub&gt;) availability in soil and may thus play an important role in regulating denitrification. The availability of the main substrates for denitrification (C&lt;sub&gt;org&lt;/sub&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) is controlled by root activity and higher denitrification activity in rhizosphere soils has been reported. We hypothesized that (I) plant N uptake governs NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; availability for denitrification leading to increased N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, when plant N uptake is low due to smaller root system or root senescence. (II) Denitrification is stimulated by higher C&lt;sub&gt;org&lt;/sub&gt; availability from root exudation or decaying roots increasing total gaseous N emissions while decreasing their N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O/(N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O+N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) ratios.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We tested these assumptions in a double labeling pot experiment with maize (Zea mays L.) grown under three N fertilization levels S / M / L (no / moderate / high N fertilization) and with cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L., moderate N fertilization). After 6 weeks, all plants were labeled with 0.1 g N kg&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; (Ca(&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, 60 at%), and the &lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt;N tracer method was applied to estimate plant N uptake, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions. To link denitrification with available C in the rhizosphere, &lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pulse labeling (5 g Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;, 99 at%) was used to trace C translocation from shoots to roots and its release by roots into the soil. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; evolving from soil was trapped in NaOH for &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C analyses, and gas samples were taken for analysis of N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; from the headspace above the soil surface every 12 h.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although pots were irrigated, changing soil moisture through differences in plant water uptake was the main factor controlling daily N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O+N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes, cumulative N emissions, and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O production pathways. In addition, total N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O+N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions were negatively correlated with plant N uptake and positively with soil N concentrations. Recently assimilated C released by roots (&lt;sup&gt;13&lt;/sup&gt;C) was positively correlated with root dry matter, but we could not detect any relationship with cumulative N emissions. We anticipate that higher C&lt;sub&gt;org&lt;/sub&gt; availability in pots with large root systems did not lead to higher denitrification rates as NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; was limited due to plant uptake. In conclusion, plant growth controlled water and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; uptake and, subsequently, formation of anaerobic hotspots for denitrification.&lt;/p&gt;

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