The distribution of potassium and sodium between the solution and the solid phase in a ternary (K–Na–Ca) system

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 749 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Levy ◽  
S Feigenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Selectivity Coefficient ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Selectivity Coefficients

Reduction of sodicity hazards in soils irrigated with waste water can be achieved through the replacement of the Na salts (mainly NaCl), used in water softening and other industrial processes, with potassium salts. We studied the effect of equilibrating a grumusol (Typic Chromoxerert) with solutions of differing potassium adsorption ratio (PAR) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), within the range expected in waste water, on the distribution of K and Na between the solution and the solid phase. The K distribution did not depend on the level of Na in the solution, but the distribution of Na between the 2 phases depended strongly on the PAR of the solution. For SAR 10 solutions, ESP decreased from 11.1 to 7.8 as PAR increased from 0 to 4. Gapon selectivity coefficients for Na, calculated separately for each PAR level, also decreased with increasing PAR. The Na distribution between solution and solid phase in a ternary (K–Na–Ca) system could not therefore be predicted from the Gapon selectivity coefficient obtained from a binary (Na–Ca) system.

Research on the Rational Use of Water in Mehedinti County

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 197-202
Author(s):  
Olimpia Ghermec ◽  
Christian Ghermec ◽  
Ionela Gabriela Bucşe
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Demographic Growth

Water is an irreplaceable resource for humanity. On average, 65% of the weight of the human body is water, but it is present in the structure of the whole flora and fauna of the planet. Moreover, for many plants and animals, water is their living environment. Extensive use of water in industrial processes, inadequate waste water treatment, exponential demographic growth have made water from a resource available to everyone in a depleted resource. Sustainable development is a component of integrated water resource management.

Bio-adsorbent derived from papaya peel waste and magnetic nanoparticles fabricated for lead determination

2018 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Abbaszadeh ◽  
Hamid Rashidi Nodeh ◽  
Sharifah Rafidah Wan Alwi
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Lead Ions ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
One Pot ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Lead Determination ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption

AbstractDetermination of toxic lead ions at trace level using solid-based adsorbents has become of interest in recent years. In this work, a novel bio-adsorbent originating from papaya peel waste (PPw) and magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4) was developed (Fe3O4/PPw). The new adsorbent was prepared using a one-pot green method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffractometer, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized Fe3O4/PPw was used as a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) sorbent for extraction of lead ions from waste water prior to assessing by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The parameters influencing extraction recovery, including desorption solvent, solvent volume, sample volume, extraction time, desorption time, adsorbent dosage, salt effect and pH were optimized. A linear response for the MSPE method was achieved at concentrations from 10 to 100 ng mL−1 with a good coefficient of determination (R2=0.9987). Detection limits and quantitation limit of the MSPE method were observed around 2 ng mL−1 and 6.6 ng mL−1, respectively. The intraday and interday precision (%RSD) was in the range 1.6%–4.5% and 2.3%–7.4%, respectively. The recovery amounts obtained were 91% for tap water, 85.9% for river water and 86% for waste water. The synthesized adsorbent showed a minimum reusability of eight cycles without significant change in the lead determination. The results proved that the new bio-adsorbent (Fe3O4/PPw) is potentially capable to extract the Pb(II) from aqueous media under optimum conditions with a high extraction efficiency.

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE DEPENDENCE OF THE GAPON COEFFICIENT ON EXCHANGEABLE SODIUM BY THREE LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-820
Author(s):  
V. P. EVANGELOU ◽  
F. J. COALE
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Limited Range ◽  
Selectivity Coefficient ◽  
Sodium Adsorption Ratio ◽  
Exchangeable Sodium ◽  
Linear Transformations ◽  
Laboratory Staff ◽  
Soil Systems ◽  
Exchange Adsorption ◽  
Exchange Selectivity

Based on theorical considerations of ideal exchangers, the traditional Gapon exchange selectivity coefficient (KG) is generally not expected to remain constant for exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR) greater than 0.20. Therefore, the ESR-SAR (SAR=sodium adsorption ratio) relationship is only expected to be linear and predictable for this limited range of exchange sites. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that for some soils and/or clay minerals, which are considered nonideal exchangers, the KG may remain constant for ESR values greater than 0.20. This information is important for the reclamation of sodic soil systems with ESR > 0.2 to near Na+ saturation. Experimental data in the literature is most often limited in the ESR range of 0 – 1. Experimental Na+-Ca2+ exchange data for each of a number of soils and clay minerals were plotted according to three linear transformations of the Gapon expression in order to determine if a particular soil or clay mineral exhibits a constant Gapon exchange selectivity coefficient (KG) for ESR values significantly greater than 0.20. The three linear transformations are represented by plots of (1) 1/ExNa vs. 1/SAR, (2) ExNa vs. ExNa/SAR and (3) SAR/ExNa vs. SAR (ExNa = exchangeable Na). From the three plots employed, the ExNa vs. ExNa/SAR and the SAR/ExNa vs. SAR were shown to be the most applicable in predicting a constant KG for ESR values greater than 0.20. It is also shown that some generally low CEC materials may exhibit a constant KG for ESR values significantly greater than 0.20. These data also infer that for a particular soil the linearity of the widely used ESR-SAR relationship introduced by the U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff may not be limited to an ESR value of 0.20. Key words: Exchangeable sodium percentage, sodium adsorption ratio, thermodynamics of cation exchange, adsorption maxima, ion affinity constants.

Ion Exchange Behavior of the Febex Bentonite. 1. Na/K, Na/Mg and Na/Ca Experimental Exchange Isotherms

2000 ◽  
Vol 663 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.J. Huertas ◽  
P. Carretero ◽  
J. Delgado ◽  
J. Linares ◽  
J. Samper
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Divalent Cation ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Selectivity Coefficient ◽  
Exchange Constant ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Selectivity Coefficients ◽  
Equivalent Fractions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Wyoming Bentonite

ABSTRACTNa/K, Na/Mg, and Na/Ca exchange isotherms have been experimentally determined for the FEBEX bentonite. Na-homoionized FEBEXbentonite was reacted at room temperature with mixedsalt dissolution of NaCl/KCl, NaCl/MgCl2, or NaCl/CaCl2, while keeping a total cation normality of 0.5 eq L-1. Isotherm exchange experiments were performed using ten (duplicated)experimental points, which cover the complete range of the corresponding binary equivalent fractions. Results indicate that for the Na/K exchange reaction, Vanselow coefficients are larger than one, what is in agreement with the tendency of the smectite of having greater affinity for K than for Na. The exchange constant decreases as K progressively replaces Na in the smectite. This tendency ends when the equivalent fraction of potassium, EK, reaches a value of around 0.250.3. From this point to higher K contents, it remains nearly constant irrespective of EK but slightly decreasing again at values near one. The Vanselow selectivity coefficient for the Na/Mg isotherm indicates a preference for the divalent cation. It is nearly constant (Kv ≍ 5.6) for EMg < 0.6, but increases up to 10.2 for a nearly Mg-saturated smectite.The Na/Ca exchange resembles that of Na/Mg, although the selectivity coefficients are larger (Kv ≍ 7.0 for ECa < 0.6). The comparison of the selectivity coefficients for the Na/Mg and Na/Ca exchange reactions indicates that the smectite has a slightly higher affinity for Ca than for Mg. This result is consistent with those observed for the Wyoming bentonite.

scholarly journals Membrane-Assisted Condenser

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-8
Author(s):  
Enrico Drioli ◽  
Francesca Macedonio
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Short Note ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Process Performance ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Industrial Gases ◽  
Good Agreement

In industrial processes, recycling and reusing of process streams—and of water, in particular—is necessary for minimizing fresh water requirements. Water supply issues are increasing in importance for new and existing industrial plants because the freshwater supply is limited and the forecast are that by 2025 two-thirds of people will live in regions with water scarcity. In this short note, the potentialities of a membrane-assisted condenser for the recovery of evaporated waste water from industrial gases are presented. The modelling of the process was carried out for predicting the membrane-based process performance. The experimental data were compared with the results achieved through the simulations. The comparison showed good agreement confirming the validity of the realized model and its suitability for a screening of the operative conditions to be utilized.

A Double Imprinted Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Sorbent for Selective Separation of Lead from Aqueous Solution

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 1491-1495
Author(s):  
Li Min Wang ◽  
Ying Hua Li ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Gas Adsorption ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Adsorption Property ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Selectivity Coefficient ◽  
Lead Ion ◽  
Inorganic Hybrid ◽  
Ion Imprinted ◽  
Hybrid Sorbent ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

A novel ion-imprinted organic-inorganic hybrid sorbent was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and nitrogen gas adsorption-desorption. The adsorption property and selective recognition ability of the imprinted sorbents for the lead ion were studied. Results showed that the uptake capacities and selectivity coefficients of the double imprinted sorbent were much higher than that of the non-imprinted sorbent. The adsorption capacity of the double imprinted sorbent is 545.6 mg•g-1. The largest relative selectivity coefficient between Pb (II) and Cd (II) was 192. This results suggested that the new sorbent can be used as effective solid-phase material for the selective preconcentration and separation of Pb (II) in environmental water samples.

scholarly journals Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Suspended Particulate Matter of River Water and Waste Water Samples

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1036-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Reifferscheid ◽  
Britta v. Oepen
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Liquid Phase ◽  
River Water ◽  
Suspended Particulate Matter ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Suspended Particulate

Suspended particulate matter of samples of river water and waste water treatment plants was tested for genotoxicity and mutagenicity using the standardized umu assay and two versions of the Ames microsuspension assay. The study tries to determine the entire DNA-damaging potential of the water samples and the distribution of DNA-damaging substances among the liquid phase and solid phase. Responsiveness and sensitivity of the bioassays are compared.

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