Concentrations of rare earth elements in some Australian soils

Soil Research ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 735 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Diatloff ◽  
CJ Asher ◽  
FW Smith
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
New South ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Soil Solutions

Total, exchangeable, and soil solution concentrations were measured for 15 rare earth elements (REEs) in 9 soils from Queensland and New South Wales. In a further 10 acid soils, effects of amendment with CaCO3 or CaSO4 . 2H2O were measured on the concentrations of REEs in soil solution. The total concentration of the REEs in soil solutions from unamended soils ranged from below the detection limit (0.007 µM) to 0.64 µM. Lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce) were the REEs present in the greatest concentrations, the highest concentrations measured in the diverse suite of soils being 0.13 µM La and 0.51 µM Ce. Rare earth elements with higher atomic numbers were present in very low concentrations. Exchangeable REEs accounted for 0.07 to 12.6% of the total REEs measured in the soils. Addition of CaCO3 increased soil solution pH and decreased REE concentrations in soil solution, whilst CaSO4 . 2H2O decreased soil solution pH and increased the concentrations of REEs in soil solution. Solubility calculations suggest that CePO4 may be the phase controlling the concentration of Ce in soil solution.

The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 3. Response of lucerne to phosphate as affected by calcium and potassium sulfates and soil aluminium levels

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Calcium Sulfate ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Single Superphosphate ◽  
Aluminium Concentration ◽  
South Wales

A glasshouse experiment was conducted to study the response of lucerne to phosphate at various concentrations of aluminium in the soil solution. Aluminium levels were varied by adding neutral salts to an acid infertile soil, typical of those on which unusually poor responses to superphosphate have been reported on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. The addition of monocalcium phosphate reduced aluminium concentration in the soil solution and increased plant growth four-fold. The neutral salts, calcium sulfate and potassium sulfate, in the presence of calcium phosphate, increased aluminium concentrations in the soil solution and reduced plant growth and response to phosphate. It is concluded that the calcium sulfate component of single superphosphate can decrease plant growth, and thus the response to phosphate, by increasing the concentration of aluminium in the soil solution on these very acid soils..

Use of element-mineral correlations to investigate fractionation of rare earth elements in fine-grained sediments

1994 ◽  
Vol 58 (393) ◽  
pp. 533-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. T. Temple ◽  
J. N. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Rare Earth Elements ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Partial Correlation Analysis ◽  
Middle Ordovician ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
South Wales

AbstractRelative concentrations of elements in the minerals of fine-grained sediments can be inferred from element-mineral correlation coefficients. The technique is applied to the distribution of REE in Middle Ordovician shales from South Wales analysed by ICPAES, Leco C/S125 and XRD. Phosphate and chlorite show mid-REE enrichment; muscovite + biotite shows mid-REE depletion. The complementarity of the chlorite and muscovite + biotite patterns may be due to fractionation during diagenetic recrystallisation. Partial correlation analysis is used to infer the presence of zircon.

The residual effect of phosphorus on soil fertility and pasture development on acid soils

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Anderson ◽  
KD McLachlan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
New South ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Early Years ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Phosphate Fixation ◽  
Nitrogen Demand

A study was made of the residual effect of superphosphate applied to pasture on acid soils on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales. The effect of the superphosphate on the development of clover and subsequent changes in soil fertility and development of grass was examined. Only a limited proportion of the phosphorus applied was taken up by the pasture over the period of the experiments, but the evidence obtained suggests that this cannot be ascribed merely to phosphate fixation in the soil. The residual phosphorus was little, if any, less effective than current dressings over a number of years. The total yield of pasture was dependent almost entirely on the amount of superphosphate applied, and frequency of application had little or no effect on the total yield. A single dose at the commencement of the trials was as effective in increasing the total yield and the uptake of phosphorus as were annual dressings. High fertility and grass dominance were achieved by heavy annual dressings of superphosphate or by application of the bulk of the phosphorus in the early years. Lighter annual dressings resulted in clover dominance. Some advantages of heavier, less frequent application of superphosphate are discussed. Competition for phosphorus was an important factor in suppression of the clover by the grass. Evidence was presented in support of a hypothesis that grass or clover dominance is dependent both upon the vigour and fertility requirements of the species and upon the relation between the nitrogen demand of the pasture unit and the soil nitrogen status.

The effect of biosolids on cereals in central New South Wales, Australia. 1. Crop growth and yield

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 435 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Sludge Cake ◽  
Dewatered Sewage Sludge

Two forms of biosolids, with and without lime, were applied to acid soils at 2 sites in central New South Wales. Wheat and triticale were then grown on these sites to determine the effect of biosolids on crop growth and yield. The forms of biosolids used were dewatered sewage sludge cake, and N-Viro Soil which is a lime amended sewage sludge. Dewatered sewage sludge cake was applied at rates of 0, 6, 12 and 24 dry Mg/ha, and N-Viro soil at 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 dry Mg/ha. Biosolids produced grain yield increases of over 50% at both sites, with the largest yield increases at the highest rate of dewatered sewage sludge. Continued cropping at 1 of the sites showed that significant yield increases were still obtained 3 years after the initial application. The addition of lime and N-Viro Soil raised soil pH, and produced small but long lasting yield increases. However, the main benefit of biosolids seems to have come from the nutrients they supplied rather than changes in soil pH.

Phytotoxicity of petroleum spray oils to Valencia orange, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, in New South Wales

1989 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
GAC Beattie ◽  
EA Roberts ◽  
LE Rippon ◽  
CL Vanhoff
Keyword(s):  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
New South ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Early Autumn ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Eastern Australia

The phytotoxicity of petroleum oil sprays to Vakncia orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) on Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. rootstocks was investigated at Kulnura and at Griffith, New South Wales. Four narrow-range petroleum oils, designated as 206, 212, 214 and 238 oils, were applied as high volume sprays in 3 consecutive years. Annual sprays were applied during the spring, summer and autumn months of November, February and April. Some treatments were sprayed once each year, others twice. The single spray per year treatments involved concentrations of 1.2 or 2% of each oil in February or 2% of the 212, 214 and 238 oils in November or in April. A total concentration of 3.2% oil per year of the 2 12,2 14 and 238 oils was applied in February (2%) and in November of the previous year (1.2%) or in April (1.2%) to the double spray treatments. The effect of the sprays on yield variables, percentage juice, �Brix (w/w sucrose), anhydrous citric acid, rind colour and oil content was studied. Rind colour was not affected by any treatment at either location. Significant (P< 0.05), though inconsistent, effects on other characteristics of fruit quality were found. Increase in 50% distillation temperature and rate of application of oils tended to decrease �Brix. The oils did not significantly affect yield at Kulnura. At Griffith, 2% sprays of 238 oil significantly reduced yield by reducing the number of fruit. At both locations, trees sprayed with 2% oil in April tended to have lower yields than those sprayed in November or February at the same rate. The effect of sprays with total concentrations of 3.2% was variable. The 238 oil was the only oil considered to be potentially phytotoxic. This type of oil should not be used at concentrations > 2% from March to November or in consecutive years at any time. They can be used from late spring to early autumn in consecutive years at 1.2%. Variation in the phytotoxicity of oils between locations in south-eastern Australia appears to be related to variation in night temperatures in summer and early autumn which affect flower initiation.

The growth of improved pastures on acid soils. 1. The effect of superphosphate and lime on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of phalaris and lucerne

1985 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
LJ Horsnell
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
First Year ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Effect Of Surface

The response of improved pastures to the application of superphosphate is low on the acid sedimentary soils, of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, which contain high levels of exchangeable aluminium. An investigation was made into the effect of surface-applied fertilizers on soil pH and on the establishment and growth of lucerne and phalaris on these soils. At 6 weeks after the application of gypsum, superphosphate, or superphosphate plus potassium sulfate, soil pH (H2O) had decreased markedly. This effect extended to a depth of 20 cm, but decreased with time. Initially, lime application increased the pH of the surface soil only. When superphosphate was applied with lime the pH of the soil under the lime layer decreased to the same level as that found in the soil treated with superphosphate alone. Lime, however, had penetrated into the subsoil 102 weeks after application and substantially more so after 13 years. Soil pH (0.01 M CaCl2) was not depressed by the application of fertilizers. Growth and persistence of both species in the first summer were poor, but growth responses to phosphorus, lime and nitrogen increased after the first year. Lucerne showed large growth responses to lime, greater than those found on plots receiving nitrogen fertilizer. Lime reduced aluminium levels both in lucerne plants and in soil. It is suggested that the slow penetration of lime into the soil, the relatively quick effect of superphosphate in increasing subsoil acidity, and high soil aluminium levels are together responsible for the poor persistence and slow growth of both lucerne and phalaris in the early stages. The subsequent large dry matter responses of lucerne to lime are possibly related to increased nitrogen fixation and a lowering of plant and soil aluminium levels. It is suggested that the lime responses of phalaris are also related to lower aluminium levels.

The assessment of available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils under subterranean clover pastures of various ages

1983 ◽  
Vol 23 (121) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Bromfield ◽  
RW Cumming ◽  
DJ David ◽  
CH Williams
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
New South ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Manganese Toxicity ◽  
Manganese Concentration ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Practical Measure

Three methods of estimating available manganese and aluminium status in acid soils were compared on three groups of soils from the Pejar district near Goulburn, New South Wales in which differences in pH had been brought about by different periods under subterranean clover pasture. Managanese extracted by 0.01 M calcium chloride gave the best correlation with the manganese concentration in rape and subterranean clover grown in pot culture, and provided the best index of available manganese. Soil solution manganese was inferior to CaCl2-extractable manganese and was more difficult to determine. Extraction with neutral ammonium acetate was unsatisfactory because this reagent overestimated available forms of manganese in soils containing high levels of reactive manganese. Aluminium extracted by 0.01 M CaCl2 was well correlated with exchangeable aluminium and with percentage aluminium saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity. None of the three measures of aluminium status alone was an effective index for predicting lime response by rape on these soils because both manganese and aluminium status were involved in this response. These three parameters were equally effective in multiple regressions for yield responses of rape to lime. Because of its relative ease of determination, CaCl2 extraction is preferred as a practical measure of aluminium status. Aluminium interacted with and increased the toxic effects of manganese in rape. Thus CaCl2-extractable manganese alone only provided a satisfactory index of a 'critical' value for manganese toxicity in rape for soils low in available aluminium. Subterranean clover was only slightly affected by aluminium and manganese levels in these soils, and manganese toxicity symptoms were only observed on soils containing 50 ppm or more CaCl2-extractable manganese. Nodulation failure in pots occurred in all soils with pH below 5.2 (water) or below 4.3 in CaCl2, whereas nodulation was normal when these soils were treated with CaCO3 to raise the pH to 5.8-6.0 (water). With one exception nodulation appeared adequate at field sites from which soils showing nodulation failure in the glasshouse had been collected.

Some factors affecting the extraction of soil 'available' phosphate

Soil Research ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
GD Batten
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Large Vessel ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Laboratory Error ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Available Phosphate

Twenty soils from southern New South Wales were analysed for acid extractable phosphate in 1971, and again in 1977 when it was found that an increase had occurred. These same samples were also analysed using reciprocating shakers with different distances of travel. More phosphate was extracted when a shaker with a greater distance of travel was used and when more soil, but at the same soil : solution ratio, was placed in a large vessel. It is suggested that such variations in technique contribute to inter-laboratory error in soil tests for phosphate.

Mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from southern New South Wales

2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Somerville ◽  
H. I. Nicol
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Content ◽  
New South ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Prunus Dulcis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Minor Elements ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Concentration

The mineral content of honeybee-collected pollen from 34 floral species was analysed for 10 elements. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of major and minor elements were the following: potassium (K) 5530, phosphorus (P) 4600, sulfur (S) 2378, calcium (Ca) 1146, magnesium (Mg) 716, sodium (Na) 82, iron (Fe) 67, zinc�(Zn) 58, manganese (Mn) 33 and copper (Cu) 12. Close correlations existed between Mn and Cu, P and S, K and S and K and Zn. Single species demonstrated similar element profiles. Echium plantagineum pollen had a high mean concentration of P (7411 mg/kg) and S (3133 mg/kg) when compared with the mean of the total; Brassica�napus pollen had high concentration of Mg (1400 mg/kg) and Ca (1750 mg/kg) and low concentration of Fe (27 mg/kg); Hypochoeris radicata had low concentrations of 6 elements — Fe (4.5 mg/kg), Zn (20 mg/kg), Mg�(240 mg/kg), S (1400 mg/kg), P (2066 mg/kg) and K (2433 mg/kg). Asphodelus fistulosus had the highest concentration of K at 38 000 mg/kg, the next highest value of 8200 mg/kg being for Prunus dulcis.

Effects of aluminium and calcium in the soil solution of acid soils on root elongation of Glycine max cv. Forrest

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Bruce ◽  
LA Warrell ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
LC Bell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Diagnostic Indices ◽  
Exchangeable Ca

In the course of three experiments, soybean (Glycerine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Forrest was grown in 21 soils (four surface soils and 17 subsoils) amended with liming materials (CaCO3 and Mg CO3) and soluble Ca salts (CaSO4.2H20 and CaCl2.2H2O). In most soils, the soluble salts increased concentrations and activities of Al species in solution to levels that restricted root growth, and MgCO3, induced a Ca limitation to root growth. Root lengths after three days were related to so11 and soil solution attributes.Suitable diagnostic indices for the prediction of Ca limitations to root growth were either Ca saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity or Ca activity ratio of the soil solution, which was defined as the ratio of the activity of Ca to the sum of the activities of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. Values corresponding to 90% relative root length (RRL) of soybean were 0.05 for the Ca activity ratio and 11% for Ca saturation. Calcium activity and Ca concentration in the soil solution and exchangeable Ca were less useful for this purpose.Soil Al saturation was not a good predictor of Al toxicity, but soil solution measurements were. The activities of Al3+ and AlOH2+ gave the best associations with RRL, and values corresponding to 90% RRL were 4 8M and 0.5 8M respectively. The results suggested that Al(OH)3� , Al(OH)2+, and AlSO4+, were not toxic species. Soil solution pH and soil pH measured in water were more sensitive indicators of root growth than soil pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl2.Using a Ca activity ratio of 0.05 and an Al3+ activity of 4 8M as diagnostic indices, none of the 20 soils in two experiments were toxic in Al, while 13 (all subsoils) were deficient in Ca. Thus the first limitation on root growth was Ca deficiency and not Al toxicity, in spite of high Al saturations and relatively low pH in these soils. However, Al toxicity could be induced by increasing the ionic strengths of soil solutions.

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