Effect of sewage effluent on soil fauna in a Pinus-radiata plantation

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 555 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Yeates
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Soil Fauna ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Soil Processes ◽  
Dune Sands ◽  
Treated Area ◽  
Spray Irrigation

Water and nutrients in effluent applied to land may influence soil processes. This study uses late summer and autumn samples to assess changes in litter and soil fauna under a 17-year-old Pinus radiata plantation on dune sands of the Waitarere-Hokio association after 7 years of spray irrigation of sewage effluent. Populations estimated included 12 groups of litter arthoropods, earthworms, enchytraeids, tardigrades, rotifers and nematodes. Three groups of litter arthropods (adult diptera, spiders and aphids) were significantly less abundant in the effluent-treated area than in the unirrigated control. Increased moisture content was apparently responsible for greatly increased populations of earthworms and nematodes in the effluent-treated area. Bacterial-feeding and predatory nematodes showed marked increases, while fungal-feeding nematodes declined significantly. The nematode maturity index (MI) was lower in all treated plots. After effluent had been withheld for 52 days, there were significant increases in isopods and Collembola. Rotifers were most abundant in the control area. It appears that effluent enhanced physical breakdown of the P. radiata litter. Movement of the decayed fragments into the upper layers of sand may have produced conditions unfavourable for enchytraeids and rotifers.

Vegetation response to sewage effluent disposal on a hardwood forest

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark B. David ◽  
Roland A. Struchtemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Hardwood Forest ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Sewage Effluent ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Treated Area ◽  
Irrigation Period ◽  
And Control ◽  
Forest Floor Vegetation

The effects of irrigating a northern hardwood forest with sewage effluent at Sugarloaf Mountain, Maine, were studied after 5 years of treatment by comparing a treated area with an unirrigated control. Sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) foliage was sampled in the treatment and control areas throughout the 1979 growing season. Stem growth was measured from increment borings extracted at breast height from 50 dominant or codominant sugar maple trees. Forest-floor vegetation (< 0.5 m tall) was sampled in 60 circular 4.0-m2 plots randomly located in both the treatment and control areas.Foliage from treated-area trees showed significantly greater uptake of N, Ca, Mg, and P and a decrease in Mn than control-area trees. Radial growth increased significantly from 4.9 mm for the 5 years prior to treatment to 6.5 mm in the 5-year treatment period. Tree seedlings in treatment areas had significantly lower densities and species richness when compared with to controls; there were 102 410, and 27 080 seedlings/ha in controls and treatments at the end of the 5-year irrigation period, respectively. The herbs Trientalisborealis Raf., Trilliumerectum L., and Aralia sp. had significantly lower frequencies in treatments versus controls.

Physical properties of earlywood and latewood of Pinus radiata D. Don: Anisotropic shrinkage, equilibrium moisture content and fibre saturation point

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (6) ◽  
pp. 654-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shusheng Pang ◽  
Alfred Herritsch
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Equilibrium Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Fibre Saturation Point ◽  
Longitudinal Shrinkage ◽  
Saturation Point ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Tangential Shrinkage

Abstract Anisotropic shrinkage (tangential and longitudinal), equilibrium moisture content (EMC) and fibre saturation point (FSP) were measured for separated earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) of a 0.75-m-long log of 20-year old Pinus radiata that was cut at breast height from a selected tree in the forest of Central North Island, New Zealand. The experimental results have shown that at 12% moisture content (MC), tangential shrinkage was 3.23% for EW and 3.90% for LW, with an overall average of 3.56%. Longitudinal shrinkage was 0.23% for EW and 0.21% for LW with an overall average of 0.22%. Shrinkage for the oven dry (OD) state showed similar trends to those at 12% MC in terms of the differences between EW and LW. The tangential and longitudinal shrinkage varied significantly along the radius from pith to bark. The EW tangential shrinkage increased from pith to the seventh growth ring and then remained relatively constant until the last ring adjacent to the bark. The LW tangential shrinkage also increased from the pith outwards until the seventh growth ring, but beyond that was more variable than the EW shrinkage. Both EW and LW showed similar longitudinal shrinkage, with the highest values in the second growth ring, from which the shrinkage decreased exponentially towards the bark. LW had a slightly higher EMC than EW at a relative humidity (RH) below 80%, but the trend was reversed for RH above 80%. The EMC differences between EW and LW were less than 0.6%. The overall average FSP for Pinus radiata was 29.1%, with actual values varying from 25% to 32.8%. The earlywood FSP (28.9%) was slightly lower than that of the latewood (29.4%).

scholarly journals Multi-channel ground-penetrating radar to explore spatial variations in thaw depth and moisture content in the active layer of a permafrost site

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Wollschläger ◽  
H. Gerhards ◽  
Q. Yu ◽  
K. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Active Layer ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Thaw Depth ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Gravel Road

Abstract. Multi-channel ground-penetrating radar (GPR) was applied at a permafrost site on the Tibetan Plateau to investigate the influence of surface properties and soil texture on the late-summer thaw depth and average soil moisture content of the active layer. Measurements were conducted on an approximately 85 × 60 m2 sized area with surface and soil textural properties that ranged from medium to coarse textured bare soil to finer textured, sparsely vegetated areas covered with fine, wind blown sand, and it included the bed of a gravel road. The survey allowed a clear differentiation of the various units. It showed (i) a shallow thaw depth and low average soil moisture content below the sand-covered, vegetated area, (ii) an intermediate thaw depth and high average soil moisture content along the gravel road, and (iii) an intermediate to deep thaw depth and low to intermediate average soil moisture content in the bare soil terrain. From our measurements, we found hypotheses for the permafrost processes at this site leading to the observed late-summer thaw depth and soil moisture conditions. The study clearly indicates the complicated interactions between surface and subsurface state variables and processes in this environment. Multi-channel GPR is an operational technology to efficiently study such a system at scales varying from a few meters to a few kilometers.

Fuelbed ignition potential and bark morphology explain the notoriety of the eucalypt messmate 'stringybark' for intense spotting

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 897 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. M. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Flight Behaviour ◽  
Outer Bark ◽  
Ignition Probability ◽  
Loss Of Life ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Probability Weight

In south-eastern Australia, bark of the ‘stringybark’ eucalypt group, and notably that of messmate (Eucalyptus obliqua L’Hér.), is notorious for intense spotting and it is likely that firebrands of this type contribute significantly to loss of life and property during major wildfires. The fuelbed ignition potential by glowing samples was laboratory tested on excised sections of Pinus radiata D. Don litterbed at moisture contents between 2 and 8% and for ‘no-wind’ or for ‘wind’ of 1 m s–1. Prepared samples of outer bark between 0.5 and 1.6 g were combusted until they attained ~20% of initial mass before placement. For ‘no-wind’, flaming ignition did not occur and the probability of glowing ignition appeared to depend on the chance of contact with needles. For ‘wind’, the probability of flaming ignition was a function of sample glowing mass and fuelbed moisture content. Its ignition probability, weight-for-weight, appears to exceed that reported for other forest firebrands, including bark of E. globulus Labill. However, it is likely that the notoriety of messmate bark is also due, in part, to its morphology and in-flight behaviour. It is argued that firebrand laboratory tests to date may poorly reflect the ignition potential of similar samples after flight.

The ecology of fungi infecting untreated sapwood of Pinus radiata

1968 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1577-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Soft Rot ◽  
Airborne Fungi ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Blue Stain Fungi ◽  
Blue Stain

The succession of fungi colonizing untreated stakes of Pinus radiata sapwood was followed in aboveground, groundline, and belowground zones. The course and speed of the succession in these zones was influenced both by the source of infection and the moisture content of the wood. Aboveground moisture content of the stakes limited development, and colonization by airborne fungi (blue-stain fungi to molds) did not proceed to the stage where decay fungi became established. At groundline and below where the succession of organisms (primary molds to soft-rot fungi to secondary molds and basidiomycetes) was complete, moisture content was more favorable for fungal growth. The succession proceeded more slowly belowground than at groundline because of (1) higher moisture content of the wood and (2) colonization being restricted to soil-borne fungi. Relative frequencies of fungi in each zone are tabulated and discussed. Decay capability tests were made to aid in establishing the role of soft rot and basidiomycetous fungi. The basidiomycetes encountered were not those usually isolated from posts of P. radiata in an advanced state of decay. Comparative studies of the effect of temperature and pH on the growth rate of the various fungi isolated were of little value in explaining the broad bases for the successional trends. Some basic problems remaining in ecological studies of wood-inhabiting fungi are discussed.

scholarly journals STUDY ON CONCENTRATIONS OF ACIDS AND ALCOHOLS EMITTED BY PINUS RADIATA DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRYING

Wood Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-436
Author(s):  
Jiangyi Chu ◽  
Jinghui Jiang ◽  
Chusheng Qi ◽  
Yongdong Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Wood Moisture ◽  
Drying Temperature ◽  
Kiln Temperature ◽  
High Temperature Drying

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of kiln temperature, relative humidity and wood moisture content on the content of acid and alcohol released in the drying process of high temperature kiln by studying the radiated pine sawn timber of 40mm thickness. The drying temperature was between 101°C and 115°C, the relative humidity in the drying kiln was reduced from 86.1% to 39.6%, the moisture content of the lumber was reduced from 106.16% to 11.98%, and gas extraction was executed nine times with an extraction speed of 1.0 L•min-1 and a sampling time of 30 min. The concentrations of acids and alcohols were analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the concentrations of formic acid, acetic acid, and methanol emitted in the kiln during drying were 215.6-748.2, 4148.8-16803.2, and 6381.9-15648.9 mg•m-3, respectively, and these concentrations were significantly higher than the relevant standards. The concentrations of the emitted formic acid and acetic acid were proportional to the drying temperature, the concentrations of the emitted formic acid and acetic acid were inversely proportional to the relative humidity in the kiln and the moisture content of the lumber. The concentration of the emitted methanol was independent of the drying temperature, relative humidity in the kiln, and moisture content of the lumber. It is therefore suggested that formic acid, acetic acid, and methanol be separately recovered during the high-temperature drying of Pinus radiata lumber.

scholarly journals Einfluss der hydrothermischen Behandlung von Pinus radiata D. Don auf ausgewählte Eigenschaften des Holzes | Influence of hydrothermal treatment of Pinus radiata D. Don on specific characteristics of the wood

2004 ◽  
Vol 155 (12) ◽  
pp. 540-543
Author(s):  
Peter Niemz ◽  
Hernan Poblete ◽  
Frank Schanack ◽  
Fritz Bächle
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Hydrothermal Conditions

Pinus radiata wood was treated under hydrothermal conditions(steam) in an autoclave. The effect of temperature and time were studied. Bending strength, equilibrium moisture content, swelling and pH value of residual water were determined. Following effects were determined: a) a reduction of pH value, b) a considerable reduction of wooden mass, c) a reduction of equilibrium moisture up to 75% air humidity was registered. With higher air humidity no differences between treatments were detected, and d) with higher temperatures and longer treatment time, a reduction of bending strength was ascertained.

SEED GERMINATION OF AMERICAN BASSWOOD IN RELATION TO SEED MATURITY

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. VANSTONE ◽  
W. G. RONALD
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Cell Orientation ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Excised Embryos

Seed germination of American basswood collected and sown at weekly intervals during late summer 1977 increased until the 9 Sept. collection at which germination was 52%; thereafter, germination decreased. The color of the pericarp and the moisture content of the seed proved reliable indices of maturity in relation to germination. All pericarps turned greyish-brown by 9 Sept. and moisture content of the seed decreased to 16%. Germination of excised embryos occurred without delay at all stages of seed maturity. Examination of the structure of the testa by means of differential staining and light microscopy showed a high degree of cell orientation, compaction and lignification at the advanced stages of maturity.

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