Effects of calcium and aluminum in the soil solution of acid, surface soils on root elongation of mungbean

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Menzies ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
LC Bell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Relative Root Length ◽  
Relative Root

Short term root growth bioassays using mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) were conducted on 39 surface soils in the unamended state and following the addition of CaCO3 or CaSO4.2H2O. Root length after 48 h growth was related to solid phase and soil solution Ca and Al attributes. Suitable diagnostic indices for the prediction of Ca limitations to root growth were either Ca saturation of the cation exchange capacity or Ca activity ratio (CAR) defined as the ratio of the activity of ca2+ in the soil solution to the summed activities of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and Al3+. Values corresponding to 90% relative root length were 34% for Ca saturation and 0.10 for CAR. The activities of Al3+ and AlOH2+ were the Al attributes most strongly correlated with root growth; an Al3+ activity of 1.9 �m~ and an AlOH2+ activity of 0.46 �m corresponded to 90% relative root length. The results suggest that organically complexed Al and the ion pairs Al(OH)+2, Al(OH)04 and AlSO+4 are not plant-toxic. The most effective diagnostic criterion for A1 toxicity in this study was the calcium-aluminium balance (CAB), defined as 2 log(Ca2+) - 6 log(Al3+). The CAB value corresponding to 90% relative root length was 31. The correlation between root growth and CAB was further improved by inclusion of a pH term; this may indicate toxic effects of H+ per se.

Exchange and solution phase chemistry of acid, highly weathered soils .I. Investigation of mechanisms controlling Al release into solution

Soil Research ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Menzies ◽  
LC Bell ◽  
DG Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Solution Phase ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Weathered Soils ◽  
Highly Weathered Soils ◽  
Phase Chemistry ◽  
Soil Solid Phase

Soil solid phase and soil solution characteristics were evaluated on surface and subsoil horizons of 60 acid, highly weathered soils in the unamended state, and on a subset of 39 surface horizons following the addition of CaSO4.2H2O. The activity of Al3+ Was found to be strongly correlated with the soil solution pH, with Al3+ activity increasing as pH decreased. For surface soils in the unamended state, and for the majority of subsoils, the Al3+ activity calculated was comparable to the theoretical activity supported by the dissolution of gibbsite (Al2O3.3H2O). The Al3+ activity in CaSO4.2H2O-amended samples tended to fall below that maintained by gibbsite dissolution and was more closely correlated with the Al3+ activity supported by the dissolution of jurbanite (AlSO4 (OH).5H2O).

Effects of aluminium and calcium in the soil solution of acid soils on root elongation of Glycine max cv. Forrest

1988 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 319 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Bruce ◽  
LA Warrell ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
LC Bell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Diagnostic Indices ◽  
Exchangeable Ca

In the course of three experiments, soybean (Glycerine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Forrest was grown in 21 soils (four surface soils and 17 subsoils) amended with liming materials (CaCO3 and Mg CO3) and soluble Ca salts (CaSO4.2H20 and CaCl2.2H2O). In most soils, the soluble salts increased concentrations and activities of Al species in solution to levels that restricted root growth, and MgCO3, induced a Ca limitation to root growth. Root lengths after three days were related to so11 and soil solution attributes.Suitable diagnostic indices for the prediction of Ca limitations to root growth were either Ca saturation of the effective cation exchange capacity or Ca activity ratio of the soil solution, which was defined as the ratio of the activity of Ca to the sum of the activities of Ca, Mg, Na, and K. Values corresponding to 90% relative root length (RRL) of soybean were 0.05 for the Ca activity ratio and 11% for Ca saturation. Calcium activity and Ca concentration in the soil solution and exchangeable Ca were less useful for this purpose.Soil Al saturation was not a good predictor of Al toxicity, but soil solution measurements were. The activities of Al3+ and AlOH2+ gave the best associations with RRL, and values corresponding to 90% RRL were 4 8M and 0.5 8M respectively. The results suggested that Al(OH)3� , Al(OH)2+, and AlSO4+, were not toxic species. Soil solution pH and soil pH measured in water were more sensitive indicators of root growth than soil pH measured in 0.01 M CaCl2.Using a Ca activity ratio of 0.05 and an Al3+ activity of 4 8M as diagnostic indices, none of the 20 soils in two experiments were toxic in Al, while 13 (all subsoils) were deficient in Ca. Thus the first limitation on root growth was Ca deficiency and not Al toxicity, in spite of high Al saturations and relatively low pH in these soils. However, Al toxicity could be induced by increasing the ionic strengths of soil solutions.

scholarly journals Morpho-anatomical appraisal of some pulse crops under salinity stress

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-451
Author(s):  
MAH Khan ◽  
MA Baset Mia ◽  
JU Ahmed ◽  
MA Karim ◽  
MMH Saikat
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Pulse Crops ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
Relative Root Length ◽  
Relative Root

The experiment was conducted at the field and laboratory of the Department of Crop Botany, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Salna, Gazipur during the period from December 2016 to March 2017 to find out the morpho-anatomical appraisal of some pulse crops of Fabaceae family under salinity stress. Seven pulse crops viz., Lentil var. BARI Masur-7, Mungbean var. BARI Mung- 6, Blackgram var. BARI Maskalai-1, Chickpea var. BARI Chola-9, Field pea var. BARI Motor-1, Grasspea var. BARI Khesari-3 and Cowpea var. BARI Felon-2; two levels of salinity 0 and 8 dSm-1were imposed as experimental treatments. It was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. The NaCl was directly mixed to the dry soil. The soil (6 kg pot-1) of each treatment was placed in plastic pots with drainage holes in the bottom. The results of the experiment revealed that, salt stress caused decrease in morphological attributes and also changed anatomical features. There was a significant variation in relative values (%) of plant height, root length (%) root dry matter (%) and shoot dry matter (%) of seven selected pulse crop varieties due to the salinity stress. The highest percentage of relative plant height (92), relative root length (98), relative root dry weight (89) and relative shoot dry weight (72.8) were observed in cowpea followed by grass pea and the lowest percentage of relative plant height (51), relative root length (56), relative root dry weight (54) and relative shoot dry weight (48) were observed in lentil. The stem anatomical features were found similar changes in xylem and phloem area. Among the pulse crop varieties, cowpea and grass pea were performed better whereas lentil and black gram were found more susceptible species than the others according to their morphological and anatomical attributes. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 44(3): 439-451, September 2019

Effect of banded fertilizers on soil solution composition and short-term root-growth .2. Mono-ammonium and di-ammonium phosphates

Soil Research ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 689 ◽  
Author(s):  
PW Moody ◽  
DG Edwards ◽  
LC Bell
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Contact Period ◽  
Solution Composition ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Precipitation Reactions ◽  
Relative Root

A layer of mono- or di-ammonium phosphate (MAP and DAP, respectively) was placed in contact for 5 days with duplicate columns of soil at a water content equivalent to 10 kPa matric suction. This was designed to simulate the effects of banded fertilizer on soil solution composition. Five soils were used: 0-10 cm samples from a Kurosol, a Ferrosol, a Vertosol and a Kandosol, and a 50-60 cm sample from the Kandosol. After the contact period, soil sections were recovered at successive 5 mm intervals from the fertilizer layer, the last section being 45-60 mm from the layer. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedlings were grown for 48 h in each section and relative root elongation was determined. Soil solution was then extracted from each section and analysed. The amount of inorganic P in the soil solution (P-i) was summed over all soil sections for each soil and each P source and was found to be correlated with distance of P movement from the simulated band (r = 0 . 792, P < 0.01). Of several soil chemical parameters of the control (unfertilized) soils regressed against Pi, the following showed significant (P = 0.05) negative correlations: Ca and Mg concentrations in the soil solution for Pi from both MAP and DAP, exchangeable Ca and Mg for DAP, and citrate-dithionite extractable Fe and Al for MAP. These results suggest that adsorption (and possibly precipitation) reactions with Fe and Al hydrous oxides contributed to the removal of P-i from solution in the presence of MAP. However, with DAP as the fertilizer source, precipitation reactions involving Ca and Mg were the predominant factors. Dissolved organic C in the soil solution increased adjacent to both DAP and MAP, with larger amounts in proximity to DAP being a consequence of the higher soil solution pH (~ 7). Soil solution Si increased in all soils adjacent to both DAP and MAP, with concentrations being higher in the MAP treatments. Dissolution of aluminosilicates in the acidic conditions near MAP (pH ~5) was the probable cause. Relative root elongation (RRE) of soybean was restricted in soil sections close to the fertilizer. When RRE was plotted against each of soil solution EC, NH3 activity, and calcium activity ratio (CAR), a single curvilinear function described the relationship between RRE and CAR for all soils and both P sources. It is concluded that a salt-induced Ca deficiency was the cause of restricted root growth in proximity to DAP and MAP, rather than an osmotic effect or NH3 toxicity.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Short Dental Roots in Four Ethnic Groups in an Orthodontic Population

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-15
Author(s):  
Kathryn Edgcomb ◽  
Ellen BeGole ◽  
Carla Evans ◽  
Bradford Johnson ◽  
Xianghong Luan
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Central Incisor ◽  
University Of Illinois ◽  
Maxillary Central Incisor ◽  
Relative Root Length ◽  
Relative Root

The purpose of the current study was to investigate if a significant relationship exists between ethnicity, sex, and short dental roots. The hypotheses are: 1. Hispanics have a higher prevalence of short dental roots than Caucasians, African Americans, and Asians; and 2. Females have a higher prevalence of short dental roots than males. The experimental groups consisted of 30 Caucasians, 30 Hispanics, 30 African Americans, and 26 Asian subjects who presented to University of Illinois Department of Orthodontics for treatment. Actual root length (mm) and relative root length were measured on periapical radiographs, for the maxillary and mandibular central and lateral incisors, and second premolars. The results showed that Asians had the shortest dental root lengths for all teeth measured, except the maxillary second premolar. Significant differences in relative root length values between the ethnic groups were found for the maxillary central incisor and second premolar. Females had shorter roots than their male counterparts within each ethnic group.

scholarly journals Specific Adsorption of Heavy Metals in Soils: Individual and Competitive Experiments

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1113
Author(s):  
Claudia Campillo-Cora ◽  
Manuel Conde-Cid ◽  
Manuel Arias-Estévez ◽  
David Fernández-Calviño ◽  
Flora Alonso-Vega
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Specific Adsorption ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
The Individual

The partitioning between the soil solid phase and the soil solution determines the mobility of pollutants like heavy metals. If nonspecific sorption takes place, the reactions are easily reversible and heavy metals are released to soil solution increasing the probability of leaching through soil profile. Mobility and leaching are also favoured if other metals are in the system and competition for specific adsorption sites takes place. In this study, desorption equilibrium experiments were conducted after adsorption ones. The specific adsorption was evaluated through the amounts of the still adsorbed Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni and Zn after desorption experiments in ten different soils. In addition, competition adsorption and desorption binary experiments were conducted for evaluating the metal competition in three of the soils. Pb and Cu are the metals adsorbed and retained in higher amounts in all the studied soils. In slightly neutral soils, Cr is retained in lesser amounts while in acidic soils Zn is the metal less retained. Results showed that despite the high and variable amounts of organic matter in the soils, soil pH is the most important variable in neutral soils. In acidic soils, soil properties different than pH play important roles and specific sorption of Pb is related to the cationic exchange capacity of the soils while that of Zn to the clay content. Instead, the release of Cu during desorption experiments is probably due to the more soluble organic fraction of the soils. The individual retention of Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb is higher than when they are in competition, except if Cr is present. In this case, the amount of those four metals and that of Cr increased. Therefore, the presence of Cr together with cationic heavy metals favoured the adsorption of those metals in multi-metal polluted areas. Specific adsorption is also important during competition as soil affinities increase during competition experiments.

scholarly journals Toleransi Beberapa Genotipe Gandum (Triticum aestivum L.) Terhadap Kekeringan pada Stadia Perkecambahan

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Andina Fabrini Firdausya ◽  
Nurul Khumaida ◽  
Dan Sintho Wahyuning Ardie
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wheat Seedling ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Relative Root Length ◽  
Relative Root ◽  
Germination Stage

ABSTRACT<br /><br />Drought is a major abiotic stress impeding wheat production world wide. Selection of potentially drought tolerant genotypes are necessary for wheat improvement. The objective of this study was to test the tolerance level of nine wheat genotypes to drought stress at germination stage. Assesment at germination stage using osmoticum solution is an effective method for selecting tolerant genotypes to drougt stress in a short period of time. The experiment was arranged on a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was wheat genotype consisted of Nias, Selayar, Dewata, H-20, Munal, SBD, SBR, S-03, and YMH. The second factor was concentration of PEG 6000 consisted of 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Observation variables were germination percentage, shoot length, root length, number of root, number of leaf, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight. Increasing level of PEG concentration inhibited  the growth of wheat seedling. Based on the highes R2 value on the regression analysis, relative root length can be used as selection character. Based on RD50 value of relative root length, 15% PEG was determined concentration to select drought tolerant on wheat genotypes. Nias genotype was identified as tolerant genotype, while SBD, S-03, YMH, and Munal were identified as drought sensitive genotypes.<br /><br />Keywords: abiotic stress, osmotic potential, Polyethylene Glycol, RD50, relative root length

Effects of pH and ionic strength on the cation exchange capacity of soils with variable charge

Soil Research ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Gillman
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Surface Soils ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Variable Charge ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Variable Charge Soils

The cation exchange capacity of six surface soils from north Queensland and Hawaii has been measured over a range of pH values (4-6) and ionic strength values (0.003-0.05). The results show that for variable charge soils, modest changes in electrolyte ionic strength are as important in their effect on caton exchange capacity as are changes in pH values.

EFFECTS OF ALUMINIUM ON THE ADVENTITIOUS ROOT SYSTEM, AERIAL BIOMASS AND GRAIN YIELD OF MAIZE GROWN IN THE FIELD AND IN A RHIZOTRON

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. COMIN ◽  
J. BARLOY ◽  
V. HALLAIRE ◽  
F. ZANETTE ◽  
P. R. M. MILLER
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Adventitious Root ◽  
Adventitious Roots ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Al Tolerance ◽  
Root Branching ◽  
Four Levels

The aim of this work was to study the effects of soluble aluminium on the morphology and growth of the adventitious root system, aerial biomass and grain yield of maize (Zea mays). The analysis focuses on two hybrid cultivars (Al-sensitive HS7777 and Al-tolerant C525M). Experiments were carried out in the field and in a rhizotron in Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. In the field, four levels of lime application were used: T0 = 0 t ha−1, T1 = 3.5 t ha−1, T2 = 7.0 t ha−1, and T3 = 10.5 t ha−1. Two levels were used in a rhizotron: T0 and T3. In the surface horizon (0–15 cm), the Al concentrations of the soil solution were: T0 = 15, T1 = 5.1, T2 = 4.4, and T3 = 3.1 μM. In the field, neither Al concentration in the soil solution nor cultivar affected the number of primary adventitious roots per internode or the total number of primary adventitious roots. However, root diameter, plant population and grain yield of the two cultivars confirmed the differences in Al tolerance between them. Al was observed to have an adverse effect on the grain yield from C525M, while low yields from HS7777, at all levels of Al, precluded any response to liming. In the rhizotron studies, Al concentration and cultivar affected the root branching and total root length. Cultivar C525M had more branches and total root length than HS7777, mainly at low concentrations of soil Al solution, leading to greater spatial colonization of the soil down to 0.9 m depth.

scholarly journals Magnetic susceptibility for characterizing areas with different potentials for sugarcane production

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 1349-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Silva Siqueira ◽  
José Marques Júnior ◽  
Daniel De Bortoli Teixeira ◽  
Sammy Sidney Rocha Matias ◽  
Livia Arantes Camargo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Susceptibility ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Soil Attributes ◽  
Sugarcane Production ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Chemical Attributes ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Variability Model

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of magnetic susceptibility for characterizing the spatial variability of soil attributes and identifying areas with different potentials for sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) production. Samples were collected at 110 points (1 per 7 ha) in the layers of 0.00-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m, to determine the magnetic susceptibility and physical and chemical attributes of the soil. Fiber content, sucrose polarization (POL), and sugarcane yield were determined in 33 points. The spatial variability model for magnetic susceptibility was 63 and 22% more accurate in delimiting soil potential for sugarcane production than soil physical and chemical attributes at the 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4-m layers, respectively. The spatial variability map for magnetic susceptibility was strongly correlated with clay (0.83 and 0.89, respectively, for the layers) and sand contents (-0.84 and -0.88); moderately correlated with organic matter (-0.25 and -0.35), sum of bases (-0.46 and 0.37), cation exchange capacity (0.22 and 0.47), pH (-0.52 and 0.13), and POL (0.43 and 0.53); and weakly correlated with sugarcane yield (0.26 and 0.23). Magnetic susceptibility can be used to characterize the spatial variability of soil attributes and to identify areas with different potentials for sugarcane production.

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