Efficiencies of sediment samplers for wind erosion measurement

Soil Research ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Shao ◽  
GH Mctainsh ◽  
JF Leys ◽  
MR Raupach
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Wind Erosion ◽  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Wind Tunnels ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Clay Particles

We investigate the efficiency of three sediment samplers used for studies of wind erosion: a vertically integrating trap (an active, modified Bagnold trap for measuring vertically integrated streamwise sediment fluxes, designed for use in a portable wind tunnel); and two single-point, passive traps, the Leach trap (a small sampler of simple design, mainly for use in wind tunnels) and the Fryrear trap (a rugged sampler for field use). The vertically integrating trap is calibrated using a 'weighed sediment supply' technique in which a weighed sediment source is blown away completely during a calibration run. The single-point traps are calibrated against an accurate isokinetic sampler. The collection efficiency of all three traps is determined both in bulk and as a function of particle size. The results for overall efficiency E (for aeolian sand-sized particles) are: for the vertically integrating trap, E = 1.02 �.05; for the Leach trap, E = 0.85 � 0.05 with a slight tendency to increase with wind speed; and for the Fryrear trap, E = 0.90 � 0.05 (with or without a rain hood). Particle size analyses, carried out on the sediments collected by the traps under test and also the isokinetic sampler (assumed to have E = 1 for all particle sizes), show that the particle size distributions of the trapped sediments do not differ significantly from those of the isokinetic sampler. This uexpected result is a feature of the soils used for the tests, for which clay particles are mainly transported as small aggregates or clay skins upon sand grains.

Comparison of soil texture determined by two dispersion units of Mastersizer 2000

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sochan ◽  
A. Bieganowski ◽  
M. Ryżak ◽  
R. Dobrowolski ◽  
P. Bartmiński
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Fine Clay

Comparison of soil texture determined by two dispersion units of Mastersizer 2000The comparison of particle size distributions measured by sedimentation methods and laser diffraction shows the underestimation of the fine (clay) fraction. This is attributed mainly to the shape of clay particles being different than spherical. The objective of this study was to demonstrate differences in the results of particle size distributions of soils determined with the method of laser diffraction using two different dispersion units of the Malvern Mastersizer 2000.

Determination of Latex Particle Size Distributions by Fractional Creaming with Sodium Alginate

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Schmidt ◽  
P. H. Biddison
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Sodium Alginate ◽  
Mass Distribution ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions

Abstract Knowledge of mass distribution of particle sizes in latex is very important to the latex technologist. Therefore, it is desirable to have available a simple method for the determination of mass distribution of particle sizes. This paper presents a method, based on fractional creaming of latex with sodium alginate, which can be used in any laboratory without special equipment. The method is particularly advantageous for analyzing latexes of very wide particle size distributions. When analyzed with an electron microscope, these latexes require counting a very large number of particles. McGavack found that partial creaming of normal hevea latex with ammonium alginate gives concentrates of larger average particle size than the original latex. He found that the average particle size in the cream approaches that of the original latex as the amount of creaming agent is increased. In a previous paper from this laboratory, Schmidt and Kelsey demonstrated that the phenomenon of fractionation according to particle size with increasing amounts of creaming agent is applicable in a wide variety of anionic latex systems and in colloidal silica. Their results indicated also the existence of a quantitative relationship, independent of the nature of the dispersed particles, between the concentration of creaming agent and size of creamed particles. Maron confirmed fractionation with respect to particle size as a consequence of partial creaming with alginate. He showed that the mass average particle sizes of fractions, determined optically, cumulate to that of the original latex. Although the previous paper by Schmidt and Kelsey implied the basic concept of a method of determining particle size distribution by fractional creaming, it was not exploited at that time. In order to adapt the fractional creaming phenomenon to a quantitative method for particle size determination, we required a more precise knowledge of the relation between creaming agent concentration and size of particles creamed. It was proposed to establish this relationship with the aid of the electron microscope. Various factors influencing the creaming of latex, such as polymer concentration, electrolyte, soap content, and variability of the creaming agent, had to be considered in standardizing the creaming procedure.

Particle Size Characterisation of Tin Oxide (SnO2) Precipitated by Various Techniques: Consistency of Data

2007 ◽  
Vol 561-565 ◽  
pp. 2155-2158
Author(s):  
H. Taib ◽  
Charles C. Sorrell
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Oxide Powders ◽  
Spherical Agglomerates ◽  
The Individual

The particle size distributions of tin oxide powders produced from the calcining of precipitated tin oxalate were determined by four methods, these being two static and two dynamic light scattering techniques. Although the individual particle sizes were ~ 75 nm, all of the powders were heavily agglomerated as plates. The non-spherical shape resulted in the following interpretational problems: • None of the measurements was in agreement with any others. • There were very significant disagreements between the two light scattering methods. • The particle size distributions were multimodal. • The main peaks in the distribution curves, which were used to calculate the averages and standard deviations, were not Gaussian. The main uncertainty with these data is associated with the non-spherical agglomerates, which result in the multimodal size distributions. These probably were caused by variable-sized but large platy agglomerates.

Novel Precipitation Route to Silica Grain

1992 ◽  
Vol 271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Simms ◽  
Tom Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Sol Gel ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
High Degree

ABSTRACTWe describe a novel precipitation route to silica grain that lies in the interface between sol-gel and Stöber-type silica. The use of acetic acid as a catalyst for TEOS hydrolysis provides access to a precipitation window in which partially hydrolyzed TEOS and TEOS monomer, when reacted with aqueous ammonia, combine to form pumice-like silica particles in up to 90% yield as SlO2. Precipitated particles exhibit narrow particle size distributions that may be controlled for average particle sizes from 50µ to 400 µ. SEM micrographs show that the particles are agglomerates of small particles, which is consistent with the high degree of observed macroporosity.

Determination of clay mineral aspect ratios from conductometric titrations

Clay Minerals ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Weber ◽  
M. Heuser ◽  
G. Mertens ◽  
H. Stanjek
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Laser Scattering ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Particle Size Determination ◽  
Physical Principles

AbstractIt has been established that disagreements between different methods of particle size determination of clay minerals can be ascribed to the non-spherical shape of the clay particles. However, by having aspect ratios available, particle sizes can be harmonized. One frequently used approach to obtain aspect ratios is to compare particle sizes originating from at least two devices operating on the basis of different physical principles. In this contribution aspect ratios of nine kaolinite-dominated and one dickite-dominated sample were determined by conductometric titrations. The aspect ratios obtained were then successfully used to correlate particle size distributions from dynamic laser scattering and acoustic spectroscopy.

scholarly journals Tuning Aerosol Particle Size Distribution of Metered Dose Inhalers Using Cosolvents and Surfactants

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Y. Saleem ◽  
Hugh D. C. Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Fine Particle ◽  
Laser Diffraction ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Metered Dose Inhalers ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Aerosol Particle Size ◽  
Median Particle

Objectives.The purpose of these studies was to understand the influence of cosolvent and surfactant contributions to particle size distributions emitted from solution metered dose inhalers (pMDIs) based on the propellant HFA 227.Methods.Two sets of formulations were prepared: (a) pMDIs-HFA 227 containing cosolvent (5–15% w/w ethanol) with constant surfactant (pluronic) concentration and (b) pMDIs-HFA 227 containing surfactant (0–5.45% w/w pluronic) with constant cosolvent concentration. Particle size distributions emitted from these pMDIs were analyzed using aerodynamic characterization (inertial impaction) and laser diffraction methods.Results. Both cosolvent and surfactant concentrations were positively correlated with median particle sizes; that is, drug particle size increased with increasing ethanol and pluronic concentrations. However, evaluation of particle size distributions showed that cosolvent caused reduction in the fine particle mode magnitude while the surfactant caused a shift in the mode position. These findings highlight the different mechanisms by which these components influence droplet formation and demonstrate the ability to utilize the different effects in formulations of pMDI-HFA 227 for independently modulating particle sizes in the respirable region.Conclusion. Potentially, the formulation design window generated using these excipients in combination could be used to match the particle size output of reformulated products to preexisting pMDI products.

Processing of Optimized Cements and Concretes Via Particle Packing

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.M. Roy ◽  
B.E. Scheetz ◽  
M.R. Silsbee
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Discrete Systems ◽  
Particle Packing ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Simple Cubic ◽  
Packing Efficiency

It has been well-recognized for many years that the particle-size distributions of the cement and the grading of the aggregates play an important role in determining the properties and characteristics of cement and concrete products. DSP (densified with small particles) type cements and concretes, to a certain extent, MDF (macro-defect-free) cements, and optimized concretes are recently recognized outstanding examples of the application of this principle. The preset characteristics of the cementitious slurry are also strongly influenced by these factors. Both the workability of the fresh material, and the microstructure development are controlled to a considerable extent by these geometric parameters.Two seminal works in the areas of continuous particle size distributions and particle packing are those of Andreason and Furnas, respectively. Furnas deals mainly with discrete systems and Andreason with continuous distributions. As early as 1907, the concept of idealized particle packing was being used to optimize cements and concretes. Figure 1a shows an idealized cross section of a simple cubic packing of monodispersed spheres. This system has a maximum packing density of 0.65%. In an ideally packed system of discrete size ranges, the size of the next smallest particles would be such that they just fit in the gaps between the largest size particles, and so on for subsequent particle sizes; this system is represented schematically in Figure 1b. Not only the sizes but also the relative numbers of particles are important; Figures 1c and 1d show systems where some fraction of the smaller and larger particle sizes, respectively, are missing. Figure 1e shows a system where the size of the second largest particles is too large to fit into the gaps between the largest particles, resulting in a lower packing efficiency. Thus, both the particle size and fractions are important when considering packing efficiency.

scholarly journals Improvement of Ti Processing through Colloidal Techniques

2012 ◽  
Vol 520 ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.G. Neves ◽  
J.A. Escribano ◽  
Begoña Ferrari ◽  
Elena Gordo ◽  
Antonio Javier Sanchez-Herencia
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Sintering Behavior ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Colloid Chemistry ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Broad Distribution ◽  
Dry Process ◽  
Chemical Physic ◽  
Titanium Powders

The colloid-chemistry control of metallic powders in aqueous slurries is proposed as a way to prepare Ti powders with small particle size for a better pressing behavior through the spray dry process. The chemical-physic behavior of titanium powders with two different particle size distributions dispersed in water has been studied by measuring the zeta potential as a function of pH, and dispersant concentration. The employment of poly-acrylic dispersants allowed the fabrication of stable slurries with solid contents up to 50 vol% that have been sprayed under different conditions to form agglomerates ranging between 50 and 200 µm. Conditions were selected to achieve spherical agglomerates formed by a broad distribution of particle sizes that shown excellent flowability. Agglomerates were pressed in a uniaxial die to measure the compressibility, showing an improvement in pressing behavior with respect to powders with bigger particle size. The sintering behavior is also improved, as values of 96 % of the theoretical density were obtained for compacts sintered in vacuum at 1100 °C for 30 minutes.

Moments of particle size distributions under sequential breakage with applications to species abundance

1983 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 158-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew F. Siegel ◽  
George Sugihara
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Binary Trees ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Underlying Distribution ◽  
Path Lengths ◽  
Stick Model ◽  
Random Binary Trees

The sequential broken stick model has appeared in numerous contexts, including biology, physics, engineering and geology. Kolmogorov showed that under appropriate conditions, sequential breakage processes often yield a lognormal distribution of particle sizes. Of particular interest to ecologists is the observed variance of the logarithms of the sizes, which characterizes the evenness of an assemblage of species. We derive the first two moments for the logarithms of the sizes in terms of the underlying distribution used to determine the successive breakages. In particular, for a process yielding n pieces, the expected sample variance behaves asymptotically as log(n). These results also yield a new identity for moments of path lengths in random binary trees.

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