Tracing the nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon released from plant residues in a soil/plant system

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yothin Konboon ◽  
Graeme Blair ◽  
Rod Lefroy ◽  
Anthony Whitbread
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Medicago Truncatula ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
Nutrient Demand

Matching plant residue mineralisation rate to plant nutrient demand is one way of increasing the efficiency of nutrient cycling. A glasshouse experiment was conducted in a Soloth soil with a C4d13 C signature using drained pots to examine the effect on the yield of Japanese millet (Echinochloa frumentocea) and the fate of 15 N, 35 S, and C (using d 13 C shift) from the C 3 plants Flemingia macrophylla, Medicago truncatula hay, and wheat (Triticum aestivum) straw applied at 3 t/ha in the presence of N and NPKS fertiliser. The yield of Japanese millet at 91 days was highest where medic hay had been added (13.7 g/pot) and lowest where wheat straw was used (11.5 g/pot). Recovery of 35 S by the millet was highest in the wheat straw and medic hay treatments (mean 11.5%), whilst recovery of 15 N was highest from medic hay (15.8%). Leaching losses of 35 S were highest in the Flemingia and medic treatments (mean 8.1%), and 15 N loss in leachate was highest in the medic hay treatment (6.6%). A maximum of 1.5% of the C added in residues was recovered in the leachate of the medic hay treatment.

scholarly journals Nutrient cycling of different plant residues and fertilizer doses in broccoli cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
José Luiz R Torres ◽  
Fernando R da C Gomes ◽  
Antônio Carlos Barreto ◽  
Valdeci Orioli Junior ◽  
Guilherme Deodato França ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Sunn Hemp

ABSTRACT The decomposition and release of nutrients from plant residues that precede the cultivation of vegetables can positively affect the morphological parameters and crop productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of plant residue decomposition and the cycling of macro and micronutrients of four cover crops preceding the broccoli production (single head Avenger hybrid). A 4x3 factorial scheme was implemented including four cover crops: signal grass (SG), pearl millet (PM), sunn hemp (SH), mixture PM+SH; and three doses of mineral fertilizer: 0, 50 (200 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 50 kg ha-1 of K2O, 75 kg ha-1 of N) and 100% of the recommended fertilizer dose (400 kg ha-1 of P2O5, 100 kg ha-1 of K2O and 150 kg ha-1 of N). Fresh (FB) and dry biomass (DB), residue decomposition, nutrient cycling of cover crops, the number of leaves, head height (HH), stem diameter (SD), head diameter (HD), head fresh-biomass (FB), head dry biomass (DB) and broccoli yield were evaluated. The FB production from PM (25.9 t ha-1), SG (23.3 t ha-1) and mixture PM+SH (23.9 t ha-1) were similar, while the largest production of DB occurred in the SG (11.9 t ha-1). The lowest rate of decomposition and the greatest half-life time of residues occurred where PM was present. The accumulation and nutrient cycling follow the sequence K>N>Ca>Mg>P>S and Mn>Zn>B>Cu for all cover crop treatments evaluated. The highest SD (51.95; 51.44 and 50.67 mm), HD (187.97; 187.41 and 183.48 mm), FB (1.01; 1.00 and 0.97 kg), DB (0.08; 0.07 and 0.07 kg) and broccoli yield (25.3; 24.9 and 24.7 t ha-1) was observed in the 100% dose of mineral fertilizer and on the residues of SH or PM+SH mixture, respectively.

Effects of defoliation timing on plant nutrient resorption and hay production in a semi-arid steppe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongrui Zhang ◽  
Frank Yonghong Li ◽  
Hao Wang ◽  
Lin Wu ◽  
Chunjun Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Cycling ◽  
Nutrient Resorption ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Conservation Strategy ◽  
Plant Nutrient ◽  
Resorption Efficiency ◽  
Nutrient Return ◽  
Peak Biomass ◽  
Arid Steppe ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract Aims Nutrient resorption is a key plant nutrient conservation strategy, and its response to environmental and management changes is linked to nutrient cycling and production of ecosystems. Defoliation is a major pathway of mowing affecting plant nutrient resorption and production in grasslands, while the effect of defoliation timing has not been unexplored. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of defoliation timing on plant nutrient resorption and production in a steppe ecosystem. Methods We conducted a field experiment in a semi-arid steppe of Inner Mongolia including four treatments: early defoliation, peak defoliation, late defoliation and non-defoliation. We measured plant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) resorption at species and community levels, and quantified plant N and P fluxes in resorption, litter return and hay output. Plant production in the mowing system was assessed by hay production and quality. Important Findings Peak and late defoliation, but not early defoliation, reduced plant community N and P resorption proficiency (RP); and late defoliation reduced N resorption efficiency (RE) but not P resorption efficiency. Peak and late defoliation, but not early defoliation, reduced plant nutrient resorption flux and litter nutrient return flux. Defoliation timing did not alter root nutrient accumulation as nutrient uptake from soil likely compensated the deficit of nutrient resorption. Peak defoliation had the highest hay production and quality, while early defoliation had the lowest. Our results provide new insights into the nutrient cycling in mowing grassland, and imply that the mowing timing can be used as a tool to mediate the balance between conservation and production of steppes, and the early mowing before plant peak biomass period is recommended for conservation of the steppes while keeping sustainable pastoral production.

scholarly journals Fate of carbon and nitrogen from plant residue decomposition in a calcareous soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nourbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Order Kinetic Model

Carbon and nitrogen transformations in soil are microbially mediated processes that are functionally related. The fate of C and N was monitored in a clay-textured soil (Typic Haplocambid) which was either unamended (control) or amended with various plant materials at the rate of 10 g residue C/kg soil. To evaluate C mineralization, soils were incubated for 46 days under aerobic conditions. Nitrogen mineralization/immobilization was evaluated at the end of eight-week incubation experiment. All CO<sub>2</sub> evolution data conformed well to a first-order kinetic model, C<sub>m&nbsp;</sub>= C<sub>0</sub> (1 &ndash; e<sup>&ndash;Kt</sup>). The product of K and C<sub>0 </sub>(KC<sub>0</sub>) was significantly correlated with some chemical and biochemical properties of the plant residues, including N concentration (r = 0.83, P &lt; 0.001), C:N (r = &ndash;0.64, P &lt; 0.05) and lignin:N (r = &ndash;0.81, P &lt; 0.001). Among the plant residue composition characteristics, N concentration (r = 0.96, P &lt; 0.001), C:N (r = &ndash;0.69, P &lt; 0.01) and lignin:N (r = &ndash;0.68, P &lt; 0.01) were significantly correlated with the net rates of N mineralization/immobilization (N<sub>m/i</sub>).

scholarly journals Changes in Denitrifier Abundance, Denitrification Gene mRNA Levels, Nitrous Oxide Emissions, and Denitrification in Anoxic Soil Microcosms Amended with Glucose and Plant Residues

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (7) ◽  
pp. 2155-2164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherri L. Henderson ◽  
Catherine E. Dandie ◽  
Cheryl L. Patten ◽  
Bernie J. Zebarth ◽  
David L. Burton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Barley Plant ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Soil Microcosms ◽  
Denitrification Gene ◽  
Gene Mrna ◽  
Amended Soil

ABSTRACT In agricultural cropping systems, crop residues are sources of organic carbon (C), an important factor influencing denitrification. The effects of red clover, soybean, and barley plant residues and of glucose on denitrifier abundance, denitrification gene mRNA levels, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and denitrification rates were quantified in anoxic soil microcosms for 72 h. nosZ gene abundances and mRNA levels significantly increased in response to all organic carbon treatments over time. In contrast, the abundance and mRNA levels of Pseudomonas mandelii and closely related species (nirS P) increased only in glucose-amended soil: the nirS P guild abundance increased 5-fold over the 72-h incubation period (P < 0.001), while the mRNA level significantly increased more than 15-fold at 12 h (P < 0.001) and then subsequently decreased. The nosZ gene abundance was greater in plant residue-amended soil than in glucose-amended soil. Although plant residue carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios varied from 15:1 to 30:1, nosZ gene and mRNA levels were not significantly different among plant residue treatments, with an average of 3.5 � 107 gene copies and 6.9 � 107 transcripts g−1 dry soil. Cumulative N2O emissions and denitrification rates increased over 72 h in both glucose- and plant-tissue-C-treated soil. The nirS P and nosZ communities responded differently to glucose and plant residue amendments. However, the targeted denitrifier communities responded similarly to the different plant residues under the conditions tested despite changes in the quality of organic C and different C:N ratios.

scholarly journals Future Climate Alters Pathogens-Microbiome Co-occurrence Networks in Wheat Straw Residues during Decomposition

Proceedings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Sara Fareed Mohamed Wahdan ◽  
François Buscot ◽  
Witoon Purahong
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Ecological Functions

The return of plant residues to the ground is used to promote soil carbon sequestration, improve soil structure, reduce evaporation, and help to fix additional carbon dioxide in the soil. The microbial communities with diverse ecological functions that colonize plant residues during decomposition are expected to be highly dynamic. We aimed to characterize microbial communities colonizing wheat straw residues and their ecological functions during the early phase of straw decomposition. The experiment, run in Central Germany, was conducted in a conventional farming system under both ambient conditions and a future climate scenario expected in 50–70 years from now. We used MiSeq illumina sequencing and network analysis of bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS genes. Our results show that future climate alters the dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities during decomposition. We detected various microbial ecological functions within wheat straw residues such as plant growth-promoting bacteria, N-fixing bacteria, saprotrophs, and plant pathogenic fungi. Interestingly, plant pathogenic fungi dominated (~87% of the total sequences) within the wheat residue mycobiome under both ambient and future climate conditions. Therefore, we applied co-occurrence network analysis to predict the potential impacts of climate change on the interaction between pathogenic community and other bacterial and fungal microbiomes. The network under ambient climate consisted of 91 nodes and 129 correlations (edges). The highest numbers of connections were detected for the pathogens Mycosphaerella tassiana and Neosetophoma rosigena. The network under future climate consisted of 100 nodes and 170 correlations. The highest numbers of connections were detected for the pathogens Pseudopithomyces rosae and Gibellulopsis piscis. We conclude that the future climate significantly changes the interactions between plant pathogenic fungi and other microorganisms during the early phrase of decomposition.

scholarly journals Simulating soil organic C dynamics in managed grasslands under humid temperate climatic conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Jebari ◽  
Jorge Álvaro-Fuentes ◽  
Guillermo Pardo ◽  
María Almagro ◽  
Agustin del Prado
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Natural Grasslands ◽  
Rothc Model ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Intensively Managed

Abstract. Temperate grasslands are of paramount importance in terms of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics. Globally, research on SOC dynamics has largely focused on forests, croplands and natural grasslands, while intensively managed grasslands has received much less attention. In this regard, we aimed to improve the prediction of SOC dynamics in managed grasslands under humid temperate regions. In order to do so, we modified and recalibrated the SOC model RothC, originally developed to model the turnover of SOC in arable topsoils, which requires limited amount of readily available input data. The modifications proposed for the RothC are: (1) water content up to saturation conditions in the soil water function of RothC to fit the humid temperate climatic conditions, (2) entry pools that account for particularity of exogenous organic matter (EOM) applied (e.g., ruminant excreta), (3) annual variation in the carbon inputs derived from plant residues considering both above- and below-ground plant residue and rhizodeposits components as well as their quality, and (4) the livestock treading effect (i.e., poaching damage) as a common problem in humid areas with higher annual precipitation. In the paper, we describe the basis of these modifications, carry out a simple sensitivity analysis and validate predictions against data from existing field experiments from four sites in Europe. Model performance showed that modified RothC reasonably captures well the different modifications. However, the model seems to be more sensitive to soil moisture and plant residues modifications than to the other modifications. The applied changes in RothC model could be appropriate to simulate both farm and regional SOC dynamics from managed grassland-based systems under humid temperate conditions.

Urocystis agropyri (flag smut of wheat).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
North America ◽  
Host Range ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Crop Plants ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Flag Smut ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
The Family ◽  
Systemic Infections

Abstract U. agropyri causes flag smut on leaves of species in the family Poaceae. As a pathogen of grasses, it appears to have a wide host range (Mordue and Waller, 1981) and a worldwide distribution (UK CAB International, 1991). However, some authorities do not include the pathogen on wheat [Triticum aestivum], identified as Urocystis tritici, within U. agropyri. Rossman et al. (2006) place U. agropyri in the category of a "Threat to Major Crop Plants" and wheat and wheat straw imports are restricted in North America (Anon., 2005; CFIA, 2008). If the widespread species includes the wheat pathogen, then it is already present on all continents with agriculture and in major wheat-growing areas (Purdy, 1965), so it has already been introduced and may be difficult to exclude from additional areas. Both smuts are seed- and soil-borne, causing systemic infections that can be perennial in weeds and graminaceous crops, including turfgrasses. The spore balls are windborne (Purdy, 1965) and prevention of spread among wild grasses on land is not amenable to control.

The effects of Pantoea sp. strain Y4-4 on alfalfa in the remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soil, and auxiliary impacts of plant residues on the remediation of saline–alkali soils

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 278-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuhuan Li ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Nanxiong Gao ◽  
Lizhu Liu ◽  
Yahua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Plant Residue ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Safe Strategy ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
16S Rrna Sequence Analysis

The plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Y4-4 was isolated from plant rhizosphere soil and identified as Pantoea sp. by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The effects of strain Y4-4 on alfalfa grown in heavy-metals-contaminated soil was investigated using a pot experiment. In a Cu-rich environment, the shoot dry mass and total dry mass of plants inoculated with strain Y4-4 increased by 22.6% and 21%, and Cu accumulation increased by 15%. In a Pb–Zn-rich environment, the shoot dry mass and total dry mass of plants inoculated with strain Y4-4 increased by 23.4% and 22%, and Zn accumulation increased by 30.3%. In addition, the salt tolerance and biomass of wheat seedlings could be improved by applying strain Y4-4 mixed with plant residue as a result of the Cu-rich plant residues providing copper nutrition to wheat. This study offers an efficient PGPR with strong salt tolerance and a safe strategy for the post-treatment of plant residue.

Denitrification and immobilisation in flood-irrigated alkaline grey clays as affected by nitrification inhibitors, wheat straw, and soil texture

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 633 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Rochester ◽  
G. A. Constable
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitors ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Waterlogged Soil ◽  
Nitrate N

Published field studies have shown that etridiazole and other nitrification inhibitors may significantly improve N fertiliser recovery in alkaline grey clays. Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the extent to which nitrification inhibitors could suppress denitrification directly in waterlogged soil, and determine whether this may contribute significantly to the conservation of N fertiliser in the field. Etridiazole reduced the loss of added nitrate-N from waterlogged soil in the short term (days) only. All other nitrification inhibitors failed to suppress N loss. Little nitrate-N was lost from soil maintained at field capacity, whereas 15–85% of applied nitrate was lost from soil that was waterlogged for 10 days. The addition of milled wheat straw encouraged both denitrification and biological N immobilisation to similar extents, although both processes were probably restricted by C availability. Where no straw was added, little N was immobilised and denitrification was halved. Soil texture (clay content) also had a profound influence on N fertiliser recovery (N loss). The laboratory experiments indicated that a component of the responses to etridiazole observed in published field experiments conducted on these soils could be attributed to direct suppression of denitrification by etridiazole.

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