Indexes of residual shrinkage to quantify the comparative effects of zero and mechanical tillage on a vertisol

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 543 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Mcgarry ◽  
KJ Smith
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Shrinkage Curve ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Shrinkage Potential

Differences in the soil physical condition of the surface layer of a Vertisol (near Warwick, Queensland) under a zero versus mechanical tillage trial were investigated by using indices derived from a limited part of the soil's shrinkage curve. Shrinkage data were generated by coating initially air-dry clods in SARAN resin, then oven-drying them in six temperature increments to 105�C. Values of both the slope and y-axis intercept of a straight-line fit to the data were significantly greater in the mechanically tilled treatment. This showed that mechanical tillage led to decreased bulk density (increased porosity) and caused the soil to have greater shrinkage potential.

Quantification of the effects of zero and mechanical tillage on a vertisol by using shrinkage curve indexes

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 537 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Mcgarry
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Specific Volume ◽  
Shrinkage Curve ◽  
Soil Shrinkage ◽  
Straight Lines

The effect of zero versus mechanical tillage on the structure of the top 0.1 m of a Vertisol at Hermitage, near Warwick, Queensland, was examined by using indices derived from fitting three straight lines to soil shrinkage data. The data were generated from the slow drying of initially, near-saturated, SARAN-coated soil clods. Values of specific volume and the specific volume of air-filled pores were significantly greater in the mechanically tilled rather than the zero-tilled soil, showing that mechanical tillage has led to decreased bulk density and increased porosity in the surface layer of this soil.

Effectiveness of five soil reclamation and reforestation techniques on oil and gas well sites in northeastern British Columbia

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor McConkey ◽  
Chuck Bulmer ◽  
Paul Sanborn
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Wood Chip ◽  
Soil Reclamation ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Gas Well ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Least Limiting Water Range

McConkey, T., Bulmer, C. and Sanborn, P. 2012. Effectiveness of five soil reclamation and reforestation techniques on oil and gas well sites in northeastern British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 165–177. Techniques developed for forestry landing reclamation were applied to five oil and gas well sites in northeastern British Columbia to ameliorate soil and facilitate reforestation. Treatments implemented in fall 2003 and spring 2004 were tillage, wood chip mulch, tillage+wood chip mulch, tillage+incorporated wood chips, brush mats and a control. Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and white spruce (Picea glauca) seedlings were planted. Soil and vegetation were assessed (bulk density, soil mechanical resistance, water content, air filled porosity, water retention, least limiting water range, nutrient availability, seedling survival and growth) throughout 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. Tillage improved soil physical condition, reducing soil mechanical resistance and bulk density; treatments did not affect soil chemical properties. Treatments did not significantly affect species survival; after 6 yr, spruce height and root collar diameter improved with tillage but treatments did not affect pine. Brush mats led to increased spruce growth. Regression relationships between tree performance and soil condition were significant, but generally did not explain large variability. More elaborate soil physical condition measures were no better than bulk density for predicting seedling performance, but relative bulk density and least limiting water range may be useful for evaluating soil productivity.

Soil compaction and recovery cycle on a Southland dairy farm: implications for soil monitoring

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 851 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Drewry ◽  
R. J. Paton ◽  
R. M. Monaghan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Physical Condition ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Physical Properties ◽  
Recovery Cycle ◽  
Natural Recovery ◽  
Routine Monitoring

This paper quantifies soil compaction and natural recovery of soil physical properties during a 3-year trial on a dairy farm in Southland, New Zealand. The study investigated the magnitude of soil compaction over spring, and natural recovery of soil physical properties over summer and autumn. Changes in soil physical condition were measured while pastures were intermittently grazed by lactating dairy cows, and also over winter when cows were removed from pasture. Soil bulk density at 0–5 cm increased (P < 0.001) during spring by up to 0.20 Mg/m3. During spring 2000, macroporosity (volumetric % of pores >30 μm) at 0–5 cm decreased (P < 0.001) from 13.5 to 7.5%, with similar trends in spring 2002. Many of the soil physical properties showed significant recovery over summer and autumn. Bulk density decreased (P < 0.001) by 0.09 Mg/m3, from December 2001 to May 2002. Soil macroporosity also recovered markedly during summer and autumn. Macroporosity increased (P < 0.001) from 12.5% in December 2001 to 18% in May 2002. Significant changes in soil compaction and recovery were also measured at 5–10 cm depth. For many soil physical properties, recovery over winter was much less than over summer and autumn. Implications of the compaction and recovery cycle are discussed in terms of measurement protocols appropriate to routine monitoring of soil physical condition.

The Sintering and Electrical Properties of La0.5Sr0.5Co0.96Ni0.04O3-δ Ceramics with B2O3- CuO Addition

2021 ◽  
Vol 1027 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Yong Cheng Lu ◽  
Yuan Xun Li ◽  
Rui Peng ◽  
Da Ming Chen ◽  
Qing Hui Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Sintering Temperature ◽  
Solid State Reaction Method ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Sintering Process ◽  
Sintering Aid ◽  
Shrinkage Curve ◽  
Reaction Method ◽  
Absolute Value

The performance of adding 0–3 wt% B2O3-CuO as a sintering aid to lower the sintering temperature of La0.5Sr0.5Co0.96Ni0.04O3-δ (LSCN) was investigated through solid-state reaction method. Results of linear shrinkage curve, bulk density, and microstructure indicated that BCu addition could promote the sintering process and enhance the densification of LSCN ceramics. With the increase of BCu content, low absolute value of TCR could be achieved, while the conductivity was deteriorated obviously. For LSCN ceramics sintered at 950 °C, the bulk density, conductivity, and TCR were worse than those sintered at higher temperatures. Consequently, the BCu-doped LSCN ceramics might not suitable for the application in the field of LTCC.

Adherence of bacteria to leaves

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 896-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curt Leben ◽  
Robert E. Whitmoyer
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Serratia Marcescens ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Adherence Rate ◽  
Polymeric Surface ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
Pseudomonas Lachrymans

Members of seven genra of bacteria, pathogens and nonpathogens of plants, adhered to young leaves when leaves were suspended in cell suspensions for 10 min. With Pseudomonas lachrymans, the adherence rate (cells applied vs. cells adhering) to host (cucumber) and nonhost (chrysanthemum) leaves was a straight-line, log–log function, as was the adherence of Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens to cucumber leaves. Adhering cells of these three bacteria were washed with water from cucumber leaves at a straight-line, log–log rate. Adhered cells of P. lachrymans were most commonly found near veins on cucumber leaves. There appeared to be a polymeric surface layer on this bacterium and on the cucumber leaf when leaves bearing bacteria were stained with ruthenium red and viewed in thin section.

scholarly journals Functional and Physicochemical Properties of Turmeric Powder as Affected by Processing Methods

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Emelike, Nkechi-Juliet Tamuno
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Nutrient Retention ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Drying Method ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Oven Drying ◽  
Sun Drying

Turmeric rhizomes are exposed to a variety of conditions during processing such as boiling, cooking, blanching and drying before being utilized. In this study, the effect of processing methods on the functional properties and physicochemical properties of turmeric powder was investigated. Fresh turmeric rhizomes were processed into powder and five samples generated from the turmeric powder: Sample A (oven drying), sample B (blanching + oven drying), sample C (sun drying), sample D (cooking + oven drying). The processed turmeric powders were subjected to functional and physicochemical analysis using standard methods. Results obtained showed that cooking/oven drying resulted to a significant (p<0.05) improvement in the bulk density, water and oil absorption capacities and swelling power of the turmeric powders as compared to other processing methods. Dispersibility and solubility were greatly improved on sun drying/oven drying. Among the processing methods employed, blanching/oven drying exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher colour value and curcumin content whereas decreases in TTA and pH was observed for cooked/oven dried sample. It is therefore recommended from the study that blanching/oven drying be used in the processing of turmeric powder for better nutrient retention. For better functionality of the turmeric powder, cooking/oven drying method should be employed.

The role of pore size on the migration of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles under different tillage systems

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 751-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazunori Otobe ◽  
Jinu Eo ◽  
Takayuki Mizukubo ◽  
Tomomi Nakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Pore Size ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Migration Speed ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Lower Bulk Density

AbstractMigration of Meloidogyne incognita juveniles was investigated in soils collected from fields under different tillage regimes. Over 7 days, juvenile migration speed was greater in tilled soil (bulk density, 0.64 g cm−3) than in non-tilled soil (0.86 g cm−3). The volume of pores with diam. > 100 μm was greater in tilled soil than in non-tilled soil. The effect of bulk density on juvenile migration was investigated using columns filled with soils of six bulk densities (range, 0.60-0.85 g cm−3). As bulk density decreased, migration increased, and soil with a lower bulk density had greater volume of pores with diam. > 30 μm. The migration speed and behaviour of nematodes under saturated conditions were investigated using two micromoulded substrates that had pore spaces measuring 40-100 or 60-160 μm. As pore size increased from 40 to 160 μm, the migration speed decreased. The migration speed along a straight line ranged from 8.4 to 70.2 μm s−1 on these substrates. Migration speed was not constant across a pathway composed of different pore spaces, and the speed was affected greatly by the increased detection behaviour required in the broader space. Our experimental findings suggest that considerable nematode migration can occur in soil through pores with diam. 30-100 μm and > 100 μm. Therefore, conventional tillage may enhance the migration and reinfestation of crops by M. incognita.

scholarly journals Sewage sludge application to agricultural land as soil physical conditioner

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 967-974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella Clerici De Maria ◽  
Márcio Koiti Chiba ◽  
Alan Costa ◽  
Ronaldo Severiano Berton
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Continuous Production ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Soil Physical Quality ◽  
N Demand

Water resource quality is a concern of today's society and, as a consequence, low pollutant wastewaters and sludges are being increasingly treated, resulting in continuous production of sewage sludge. Sewage sludge (SS) can be used as soil physical conditioner of agricultural or degraded lands, due to its organic C component. The objective of this research was to evaluate the long-term SS effects on soil physical quality of properties such as bulk density, porosity, permeability and water retention of degraded soils treated with annual SS applications. The SS rates were calculated according to the crop N demand. The field experiment consisted of three treatments: mineral fertilization, 10 and 20 Mg ha-1 of SS (once and twice the SS quantity to meet the maize N demand, respectively), in annual applications to the surface layer of a eutroferric Red Latosol. SS reduced bulk density, increased macroporosity and decreased microporosity after the third application, but did not significantly alter the soil permeability and physical quality as measured by the S index in the surface layer.

Rolls Geometry Calculating Mathematical Model for Rotational Bar Surface Drawing

2020 ◽  
Vol 989 ◽  
pp. 629-635
Author(s):  
Aleksey Antimonov ◽  
Nadezhda Pushkareva
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Surface Quality ◽  
Surface Pressure ◽  
Parametric Analysis ◽  
Layer Surface ◽  
Abrasive Particles ◽  
Rolling Surface ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Rolled Surface

The problem of round-rolled surface products improving quality by reducing roughness and waviness is solved. Traditionally, grinding is used to improve the surface quality, but at the same time new defects appear in the form of cracks, tinge colours and the abrasive particles in-filtration into the surface layer. Surface pressure processing instead of grinding is not associated with such defects, therefore, it is proposed to use a transverse rolling. Rolling rational profile for transverse rolling on round-rolled surface was theoretically determined. Analytical dependences were obtained for rolls in cage with support rings calibration calculations. Such calibration use ensures uniform deterioration of roll and rings bearing surfaces, as well as the rolls balance with their one-sided load during rolling. A parametric analysis of the deformation conditions effect on the rolls geometry was performed. The conditions under which rolls profile can be limited to a circle or a straight line were considered. The obtained results were used in rolls profiling for drawing the rolling surface in laboratory and industrial conditions.

An Image-Based Method for Determining Bulk Density and the Soil Shrinkage Curve

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 1217-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Stewart ◽  
Majdi R. Abou Najm ◽  
David E. Rupp ◽  
John S. Selker
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Shrinkage Curve ◽  
Soil Shrinkage
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