Decomposition of plant material in Australian soils. II. Residual organic 14C and 15N from legume plant parts decomposing under field and laboratory conditions

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Amato ◽  
RB Jackson ◽  
JHA Butler ◽  
JN Ladd
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Drying And Rewetting ◽  
Legume Plant ◽  
Medicago Littoralis ◽  
Average Residual ◽  
Medicago Species ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

14C- and 12N-labelled Medicago littoralis and Medicago truncatula plant parts, ground or unground, were added at a rate equivalent to 50 kg nitrogen ha-l to a calcareous soil in the field and allowed to decompose for two years. Both plant types behaved similarly but the various plant parts decomposed to different extents. After 4 weeks' and 2 years' decomposition respectively, the residual organic 14C in soil from leaves of both Medicago species accounted for about 62% and 20% of input, from stems 70% and 24% and from roots 80% and 32%. Average residual organic 15N accounted for 64% and 40% of leaf 15N, 87% and 56% of stem and 81% and 50% of root 15N. Grinding had no effect on the residual 14C and 15N of plant parts. After 2 years' decomposition the proportion of residual and 15N present as labelled biomass was greatest for leaf residues. Results from laboratory studies of 20 weeks' decomposition of ground and unground Medicago littoralis plant parts under continuously moist and intermittently dry and rewetting conditions were consistent with field results. Grinding significantly promoted pod decomposition under most incubation conditions. Drying and rewetting promoted decomposition of the plant parts. Pods were affected more than other parts. The longer the time moist following drying, the greater the decomposition. The more frequent the drying and wetting cycles, the greater the decomposition.

Ratio of plant to soil concentrations of strontium-85 and its relation to properties of Greek soils

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. P. Papanicolaou ◽  
C. G. Apostolakis ◽  
V. Skarlou ◽  
C. Nobeli ◽  
P. Kritidis
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Lower Variability ◽  
Edible Parts

SUMMARYPlant:soil ratios (CRs) of 85Sr concentration were studied in wheat, lucerne, lettuce, radish, string bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and cucumber grown in pots in eight Greek soil types in a glasshouse pot experiment in 1989.The CRs of the crops and of the plant parts studied differed according to soil type. They ranged from 0·034–1·39 for wheat grains to 7·6–36·5 for cucumber stems and leaves. The CRs of the edible parts were much lower than those of the other plant material.The correlation between CRs and clay content was negative and, in most cases, significant (P = 0·05–0·01) or highly significant (P < 0·01). The negative correlation improved (higher absolute value of r, lower variability) if clay plus silt content or cation exchange capacity was used instead of clay content.The correlation between CRs and soil properties was greatest for soil pH (r = –0·89) and decreased in the order: pH > total clay plus silt ≃ cation exchange capacity > total clay.

scholarly journals Overwintering Diseased Plant Parts and Newly Infected Flowers and Fruit as Sources of Inoculum for Colletotrichum acutatum in Sour Cherry

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 1207-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Stensvand ◽  
Jorunn Børve ◽  
Venche Talgø
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Sour Cherry ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Tissue Type ◽  
Colletotrichum Acutatum ◽  
Diseased Plant ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Southern Norway

Production of inoculum of Colletotrichum acutatum from both previously infected and overwintered tissue, as well as newly developed plant tissue of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus), was studied in southern Norway. Plant parts were sampled from commercial, private, or research orchards, and incubated for 2 to 14 days (time depended on tissue type) in saturated air at 20°C. In early spring, abundant sporulation was found on scales of overwintered buds and shoots. A mean of 35% infected buds in four cultivars was observed, with a maximum of 72% of the buds infected in one of the samples. Over 3 years, the seasonal production of overwintered fruit and peduncles of cv. Fanal infected the previous year was investigated. In all three years, the infected plant material was placed in the trees throughout the winter and the following growing season; in two of the years, fruit and peduncles were also placed on the ground in the autumn or the following spring. Old fruit and peduncles formed conidia throughout the season, with a peak in May and June. Spore numbers declined over the season, but the decline was more rapid for plant material on the ground than in the trees. On average over 2 years, 68.7, 24.0, or 7.3% of the inoculum came from fruit placed in the trees, placed on the ground in spring, or placed on the ground the preceding autumn, respectively. The number of fruit and peduncles attached to the trees in a planting of cv. Hardangerkirsebær was followed from February to July one year, and although there was a decline over time, fruit and/or their peduncles were still attached in substantial numbers in July, thus illustrating their potential as sources of inoculum. In observations over 2 years in a heavily infected orchard of cv. Stevnsbær, 75 and 47% of flowers and newly emerged fruit, respectively, were infected. Artificially inoculated flowers and fruit produced conidia until harvest, with a peak in mid-July. It may be concluded that previously infected and overwintered, as well as newly emerged tissue of sour cherry, may serve as sources of inoculum of C. acutatum throughout the growing season.

scholarly journals Engaging Children with Herbarium Specimens at Royal Botanic Gardens Kew’s Science Festival

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e25933
Author(s):  
Melissa Bavington
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Herbarium Collection ◽  
Herbarium Sheet ◽  
Royal Botanic Gardens

The Kew and Wakehurst Science Festivals consists of five days of activities over two weekends. Workshops and tours allow visitors to engage with the scientists and their research. We designed an interactive experience, so children could understand what a herbarium sheet is and the process of making one. The Herbarium accessions an average of 30,000 specimens per year and because specimens need to have a long life and be able to withstand being handled for hundreds of years they need to be ‘mounted’ according to strict protocols and guidelines. Botanical specimens are vital to research at Kew and beyond, providing key scientific data. Once mounted onto herbarium sheets botanical specimens are added to the Herbarium and made widely available to visiting scientists and researchers. Digitising these specimens increases access further through online portals. To achieve a specimen that can be handled for many years the specimens are mounted onto archival paper, along with their labels, before being added to the collection. There are 6 members in RBG Kew’s Specimen Preparation team who work full time to prepare botanical specimens for accession into the Herbarium collection; which currently stands at 7 million specimens and the oldest dates from the 1700s. We simplified this specimen preparation process down to the basic component parts of paper, glue, plant material and pressing. Using material and tools that visitors would be able to find for themselves; art paper, child friendly glue and plant material used in flower crafts we created a hands-on experience for mounting a herbarium specimen. The Science Festival is now in its 3rd year and each year the activity has been modified based on lessons learned over the course of the festival and each year. The stall is immensely popular going from 300 participants in the first year to over 700 in 2017. In the second year we added a new dimension and allowed visitors to image the specimens they created allowing them to zoom in and see plant parts and structures in further detail to highlight the importance of digitisation. These images can be viewed on the Kew Science Flickr group.

Effect of Naptalam on Chloramben Toxicity, Uptake, Translocation, and Metabolism in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Larry D. Knerr ◽  
Herbert J. Hopen ◽  
Nelson E. Balke
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Petri Dish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Cucumber Seedlings ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Cucumber Roots ◽  
Hydroponically Grown

Laboratory studies demonstrated that naptalam safens cucumber against the phytotoxic effects of chloramben. In petri dish studies, cucumber seedlings grown from seeds exposed to chloramben plus naptalam had greater shoot growth, root growth, and dry weight than seedlings grown from seeds exposed to chloramben alone. Naptalam also partially reversed the reduction in dry weight of various plant parts caused by exposure of roots of hydroponically grown seedlings to chloramben. More radioactivity from root-applied14C-chloramben remained in cucumber roots and less was translocated to shoots with a14C-chloramben plus naptalam treatment than with a14C-chloramben alone treatment. Naptalam appeared to influence chloramben metabolism. In various plant parts, concentrations of chloramben and its metabolites differed between the two treatments.

scholarly journals The noncontact determination technique research of dangerously loaded zones in the underground mining

2019 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
Aleksey Bizyaev ◽  
Natalia Voronkina ◽  
Andrey Savchenko ◽  
Michail Cupov
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Rock Pressure ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Rock Samples ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Field And Laboratory Conditions

The electromagnetic radiation signals associated with the destruction of rock samples were studied under field and laboratory conditions. The parameters of the signal were found that preceded the violation of the integrity of the rock in laboratory studies. It is shown that the highest efficiency of the method of electromagnetic radiation is achieved when predicting the dynamic manifestations of rock pressure in the form of rock shock.

scholarly journals Nitrogen distribution in four grain legumes

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. AYAZ ◽  
B. A. McKENZIE ◽  
G. D. HILL ◽  
D. L. McNEIL
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Selection Criterion ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Sowing Depth ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Legume Plant

The partitioning of above ground nitrogen (N) in chickpea (Cicer arietinum), lentil (Lens culinaris), lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) and pea (Pisum sativum) at crop maturity was investigated. The plants were grown at different plant populations and sowing depths in 1998/99 and 1999/2000 in Canterbury, New Zealand. In all four legumes the N concentration was highest in seed (29–36 mg/g N) followed by senescent leaves. The lowest N concentration was in stems. Lupin had the highest seed N yield at 16·82 and 19·29 g/m2 followed by chickpea at 10·26 and 13·10 g/m2, in 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively. Lentil had the lowest N concentrations and yield. The distribution of N to all legume plant parts increased as population increased up to twice the optimum and 400 plants/m2 in 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively. Over all plant populations, the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) was stable in each of the four species across the two seasons. However, the NHI changed with changes in plant population and sowing depth. The N accumulation efficiency (EN) was highest in lentil at 0·024 and 0·027 g N/g DM and lowest in chickpea at 0·018 and 0·021 g N/g DM in 1998/99 and 1999/2000, respectively. The NHI and the crop harvest index (CHI) were correlated and both were strongly associated with seed yield. Thus, NHI might be useful as a selection criterion to improve seed yield in grain legumes.

scholarly journals Under the Scope: Microscopy Techniques to Visualize Plant Anatomy & Measure Structures

2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-260
Author(s):  
Alyssa M. Koehler ◽  
Maximo T. Larkin ◽  
H. David Shew
Keyword(s):  
Plant Material ◽  
Cell Phone ◽  
Plant Anatomy ◽  
Microscope Slide ◽  
Science Courses ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Introductory Science ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

Microscopy and stained specimens engage students visually as they learn about plant anatomy, a topic covered in many biology and introductory science courses. In this activity, students section plant material and prepare specimens to view under a brightfield microscope. Using a camera or cell phone, images of microscope slide contents allow students to label plant parts and engage in discussions with peers. The addition of scale bars to their images will allow a better understanding of the relationships of the various structures observed in the functioning of plants.

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