The place of 'genesis' in the classification of soils

Soil Research ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GG Beckmann

The purpose of classification is to indicate relationships and differences between objects and to establish groups at various levels of generalization; i.e. to produce simplified models based on experience. In soils the object to be classified is often the soil profile, which may be considered to be analogous to the hand specimen in geology and to the individual organism in biology. For purposes of discussion a profile is considered to be a vertical column, up to 20 cm square, and extending to c. 2 m from the surface, to rock or to some distinct soil layer underlying the profile, across which physical, chemical and mineralogical variations are small. There is no conceptual continuum of soil profiles, even though there is a physical continuum across the surface of the earth. Rather there are a number of common forms each of which may be represented by a 'central concept' with intergrades between them. Such a central concept can be recognized at each level of a hierarchy. Soils are natural objects with a complex structure and history, as are organisms, rock specimens and even landforms. They should be considered in the same way as the other natural objects when a classification is being constructed. Their 'history', as conceived at present, should be involved in classification, even though major emphasis is placed on physical, chemical and mineralogical properties. To illustrate these ideas, the Australian Great Soil Groups are re-examined and suggestions are made about possible subgroups.

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Leron Shults

This article explores the personal dimension of interdisciplinary method. How do we as individuals hold on to the content of our disciplines and the relation between them? Many recent attempts at relating psychology and theology have missed the “hidden curriculum” of the interdisciplinary “assignment.” The ability to hold on to the psychology-theology relationship (in a way that does not capitulate to a deconstructivist relativism or regress to a foundationalist absolutism) depends on a sufficiently complex structure of consciousness within the individual that is capable of upholding inherently relational concepts. Based on the developmental framework of Robert Kegan's “subject-object” theory (1994), the model proposed here offers a classification of three underlying fiduciary structures, (“traditionalist,” “modernist,” and “post-modernist”) and explores the way they shape interdisciplinary method through several case studies. As Christians, we affirm that relationality itself is ultimately revealed and transformed by the Spirit of Christ, opening up to us new insights into our relational existence.


2015 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 249-269
Author(s):  
Михаил [Mikhail] Лабащук [Labashchuk]

The development of anthropocentric theories in modern linguisticsThe article highlights the unique position of anthropocentric theories within modern linguistics. To exemplify tendencies in the forming of idiolec­tic language theories in their functional aspects, I analyse the gnoseological approach in Alexander Kiklevich's linguistics. Modern linguistics differentiates between anthropocentric and anthropological theories of language. The base category of the latter is sociolect as a supraindividual phenomenon. Anthropo­centric linguistic theories are, in their turn, based on the category of idiolect as the ontologically unique category from which stems the existence of both the individual and society. In the functional approach of anthropocentric theories, sociolect itself is seen as a part of idiolect, whereas sociological theories, on the contrary, consider the idiolect a part of sociolect.The two basic approaches, or sets of criteria, traditionally applied to defin­ing the notion of category have been: (1) logical (adopting the perspective of the rational and logical capacities of consciousness) and (2) empirical (representing the perspective of the sensual experience of the individual). Beginning in the late 19th century, a new approach, or criterion, appeared and has been growing in importance. It might be referred to as: (3) the linguistic approach, which focuses on the exceptionality of how the necessarily unified rational-logical,sensual-imaginary and emotional experiences of the individual are categorised. It is namely that third aspect, or criterion, that is actualised in the studies of the individual's cognitive and mental capacities. Such actualisation is fostered by the researchers' awareness of the focusing role of individual language in regulating the cognitive and communicative manifestations of behaviour.Within the structure of the sign, comprising of the signifying and the signified, the signified is itself a complex structure, essentially describable on three logical and prototypical levels:– the hypernimic (generic, abstract-logical) level,– the base (generic-particular, mental-imaginary) level (whose prototypical structure is the centre-periphery), and– the hyponymic (particular, mixed, syncretic) level.Alexander Kiklevich's theory proposes a classification of scientific paradigms; discusses the pragmatics and functionality of language in communication; emphasises the peculiarity of the conceptualising of information on the basic, supra-basic and sub-basic levels of communication; criticises the content of modern conceptology; finally, it develops and elaborates a distinctive approach to the issues of language polysemy and metaphor. Anthropocentric theories of modern linguistics strengthen the long-stipulated leading position of the discipline among the human sciences. Kształtowanie się teorii antropocentrycznych we współczesnym językoznawstwieArtykuł zwraca uwagę na specyfikę teorii antropocentrycznych we współczesnym językoznawstwie. Jako przykład tendencji rządzących kształtowaniem się funkcjonalnych aspektów idiolektycznych teorii języka analizie poddane zostaje podejście gnozeologiczne w językoznawstwie Aleksandra Kiklewicza. Antropocentryczne teorie lingwistyczne przeciwstawiane są w dzisiejszym językoznawstwie antropologicznym teoriom języka. Podstawową kategorią tych ostatnich jest socjolekt jako zjawisko ponadjednostkowe. Podstawową kategorią teorii antropocentrycznych w językoznawstwie jest z kolei idiolekt jako ontologicznie niepowtarzalna kategoria wyjściowa istnienia jednostki i społeczeństwa. W przypadku podejścia funkcjonalnego w ramach teorii antropocentrycznych sama kategoria socjolektu uznana zostaje za część idio­lektu, nie zaś odwrotnie, jak ma to miejsce w teoriach socjologicznych.Termin kategoria określa się tradycyjnie za pomocą dwóch kryteriów czy też podejść: 1) logicznego (z pespektywy racjonalno-logicznych zdolności, jakimi dysponuje świadomość), 2) empirycznego (z perspektywy zmysłowego doświad­czenia jednostkowej osobowości). Poczynając od końca XIX wieku, pojawiło się, a następnie umocniło trzecie podejście – 3) kryterium językowe, które koncentruje się na swoistości kategoryzowania (ujmowanego jako nierozdzielna całość) doświadczenia jednostki: racjonalno-logicznego, sensoryczno­-obrazowego i emocjonalnego. Właśnie ów trzeci aspekt ulega aktualizacji w związku z badaniami kognitywno-myślowych zdolności jednostki. Aktualizacji tej sprzyja wiedza o ogniskującej roli indywidualnego języka w procesie regulacji kognitywnych i komunikacyjnych przejawów zachowania.Znak dzieli się na znaczące i znaczone, jednakże samo znaczone przedstawia sobą złożoną strukturę odnoszącą się do trzech poziomów logicznych i prototypowych:– hiperonimicznym (rodzajowym, abstrakcyjno-logicznym),– podstawowym (gatunkowo-rodzajowym, mentalno-obrazowym, o prototypowej strukturze centrum-peryferia),– hiponimicznym (gatunkowym, mieszanym, synkretycznym).Teoria Aleksandra Kiklewicza proponuje klasyfikację paradygmatów lingwistycznych, opisuje pragmatykę i funkcję języka w komunikacji, akcen­tuje swoistość konceptualizowania informacji na podstawowym, wyższym i niższym poziomie komunikacji, krytykuje treść współczesnej konceptologii, a także rozwija i konkretyzuje problematykę polisemii i metaforyki języka. Teorie antropocentryczne we współczesnym językoznawstwie wzmacniają od dawna postulowaną pozycję lingwistyki jako wiodącej dyscypliny nauk humanistycznych. Становление антропоцентристских теорий в современном языкознанииВ статье отмечается своеобразие антропоцентристских теорий в современном языкознании. Как пример тенденций в становлении функциональных аспектов идиолектных теорий языка анализируется гносеологический подход в языкознании А. Киклевича. Антропоцентристские лингвистические теории в современном языкознании противопоставлены антропологическим теориям языка. Базовой категорией антропологи­ческих теорий в языкознании является социолект как надличностное явление. Напротив, базовой категорией антропоцентристских теорий в языкознании является идиолект как единственная онтологически исходная категория существования личности и общества. При функ­циональном подходе в антропоцентристских теориях сама категория социолекта признается частью идиолекта, а не наоборот, как в социоло­гических теориях идиолект признается частью социолекта.Традиционно термин категория определялся, в основном, двумя кри­териями, или подходами: 1 – логическим (со сторонырационально-логиче­ских способностей сознания); 2 – эмпирическим (со стороны чувственного опыта личности). Начиная с конца ХIХ-го века появился и последовательно укреплялся третий подход, или критерий 3 – языковой критерий, который акцентирует внимание на своеобразии категоризирования (в их единстве) рационально-логического опыта личности,сенсорно-образногоопыта иэмоционального опыта личности. Именно третий аспект, или критерий актуализируется в связи с исследованием когнитивно-мыслительных способностей личности. Этой актуализации способствует понимание фокусирующей роли индивидуального языка в регуляции когнитивных икоммуникативных проявлений поведения.Помимо дифференциации знака на означающее и означаемое, само означаемое знака является сложной структурой, соотносимой прежде всего с тремя логическими и прототипическими уровнями:– гиперонимический (родовой,абстрактно-логический),– базовый (родо-видовой, ментально-образный, с прототипической структурой центр – периферия),– гипонимический (видовой, смешанный, синкретичный).В теории А. Киклевича представлена классификация лингвистических парадигм, прагматика и фукнции языка в коммуникации, акцентируется своеобразие концептуализации информации в базовом, надбазовом и подбазовом уровнях коммуникации, критикуется содержание современной концептологии, а также развивается и уточняется проблематика языковой полисемии и метафорики. Антропоцентристские теории в современной лингвистике укрепляют давно утверждаемую позицию лингвистики как ведущей дисциплины среди гуманитарных наук.


2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (42) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Fernando César Manosso ◽  
Jasmine Cardozo Moreira ◽  
Edvaldo Dias da Silva Junior

A natureza constitui uma estrutura complexa de elementos físicos, químicos e biológicos que, combinados entre si, podem formar paisagens com elevado valor cênico, sobretudo em Unidades de Conservação. Tais paisagens atraem turistas que realizam diferentes atividades, ao buscar o conhecimento, o contato, a interação ou a interpretação da natureza. Considerando que os atrativos turísticos podem possuir um conteúdo principal que motiva a visitação, esse trabalho tem como objetivo analisar os atrativos existentes nos Parques Nacionais brasileiros e Parques Estaduais dos Estados do Paraná e Pernambuco e quantificar os atrativos a partir de uma classificação entre conteúdos associados a geodiversidade, a biodiversidade e aos aspectos históricos e culturais. Foram utilizados dados do Guia Philips de Parques Nacionais (2003) e os atrativos foram separados nas categorias citadas anteriormente. A metodologia englobou também visitas a algumas das UCs, levantamentos bibliográficos sobre turismo em áreas naturais, geodiversidade e geoturismo. Conclui-se que o principal conteúdo do atrativo ou o elemento principal da paisagem envolvida nas unidades de conservação avaliadas é destacado, em todas as regiões, pela geodiversidade como atração principal, seja por um motivo cênico, científico ou exótico. Palavras-Chave: Geodiversidade, geoturismo, atratividade turística e parques nacionais. AbstractNature is a complex structure of physical, chemical and biological aspects, which combined can form landscapes with high scenic value, especially in protected areas. Such landscapes attract tourists engaged in different activities, to seek knowledge, contact, interaction or interpretation of nature. Considering that the tourist attractions can have a key content that motivates the visitation, this study aims to analyze the existing attractions in the National Parks and State Parks of the Brazilian states of Paraná (South Region) and Pernambuco (Northeast Region) and quantify the atractive a classification  of content associated with geodiversity, biodiversity and historical and cultural aspects. Data were utilized from the Philips National Parks Guide (2003), and the attractions were separated in the categories listed above. The methodology also encompassed visits to some of the Protected Areas, bibliographic surveys on tourism in natural areas, geodiversity and geotourism. It is concluded that geodiversity is the most common group of elements presented in the analyzed protected areas, with the exception of the State Parks of Pernambuco. Keywords: Geodiversity, Geotourism,  touristic attraction and National Parks. 


2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renáta Gregová ◽  
Lívia Körtvélyessy ◽  
Július Zimmermann

Universals Archive (Universal #1926) indicates a universal tendency for sound symbolism in reference to the expression of diminutives and augmentatives. The research ( Štekauer et al. 2009 ) carried out on European languages has not proved the tendency at all. Therefore, our research was extended to cover three language families – Indo-European, Niger-Congo and Austronesian. A three-step analysis examining different aspects of phonetic symbolism was carried out on a core vocabulary of 35 lexical items. A research sample was selected out of 60 languages. The evaluative markers were analyzed according to both phonetic classification of vowels and consonants and Ultan's and Niewenhuis' conclusions on the dominance of palatal and post-alveolar consonants in diminutive markers. Finally, the data obtained in our sample languages was evaluated by means of a three-dimensional model illustrating the place of articulation of the individual segments.


1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 344-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry G. Oliver ◽  
Klaus L.E. Kaiser

Abstract The concent rat ions of hexachloroethane (HCE), hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachlorobenzene (QCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and octachlorostyrene (OCS) in large volume water samples show that the major sources of these chemicals to the St. Clair River are Dow Chemical Company effluents and, to a lesser degree, Sarnia’s Township ditch which drains one of Dow’s waste disposal sites. Tributaries entering the river on both sides of the Canada/United States border contain measurable concentrations of these chemicals indicating low level contamination throughout the area. The degree of water/suspended sediment partitioning of the chemicals (Kp) was studied. Kp values for the individual chemicals changed in a manner consistent with changes in their physical-chemical properties.


Author(s):  
Monika Parchomiuk ◽  
Janusz Kirenko

AbstractObesity has numerous consequences for the psychosocial and physical functioning of the individual which most often include comorbidities, disorders, and negative social attitudes influencing self-image. These factors indirectly associate obesity with problems in the sphere of sex life. Empirical evidence on this issue is relatively unambiguous but studies that focus on the positive dimensions of sex life do not provide clear-cut conclusions. Previous studies have often been carried out in specific groups and various socio-cultural conditions. The current study analyzed the relationship between sexual satisfaction and a variable describing preferences, expectations, and needs of obese people and non-obese people. Satisfaction was analyzed taking into account two components. One reflected the degree of discrepancy/convergence between the desired and actual frequency of sexual behavior. The other reflected the degree of pleasure felt in connection with actual sexual behavior. The sample consisted of 148 obese people and 128 non-obese people. Three measures were used: the Sexual Activity Questionnaire, Sexual Stimulus Scale, and Sexual Needs and Reaction Scale. The groups did not differ significantly in terms of sexual satisfaction in either dimension. The results of the regression analysis showed a more complex structure of correlations between satisfaction, preferences, expectations, and needs in obese people compared to non-obese people. Also, the activity of the partner, including experiences during full penetration, was found to be most important for pleasure (as one of the dimensions of satisfaction) in the test group.


2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-52
Author(s):  
Wiktor Jassem ◽  
Waldemar Grygiel

The mid-frequencies and bandwidths of formants 1–5 were measured at targets, at plus 0.01 s and at minus 0.01 s off the targets of vowels in a 100-word list read by five male and five female speakers, for a total of 3390 10-variable spectrum specifications. Each of the six Polish vowel phonemes was represented approximately the same number of times. The 3390* 10 original-data matrix was processed by probabilistic neural networks to produce a classification of the spectra with respect to (a) vowel phoneme, (b) identity of the speaker, and (c) speaker gender. For (a) and (b), networks with added input information from another independent variable were also used, as well as matrices of the numerical data appropriately normalized. Mean scores for classification with respect to phonemes in a multi-speaker design in the testing sets were around 95%, and mean speaker-dependent scores for the phonemes varied between 86% and 100%, with two speakers scoring 100% correct. The individual voices were identified between 95% and 96% of the time, and classifications of the spectra for speaker gender were practically 100% correct.


1985 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niall Sharples

This paper is an exploration of the chronological development of a series of elaborate and architecturally distinctive chambered tombs on the Islands of Orkney. It begins with a short critique of the present views of the Orcadian Neolithic and highlights a failure to understand chronological developments as the most significant problem. Thus after a brief classification of the monuments there is a detailed discussion of the chronological evidence which consciously avoids typological assumptions. This is followed by an examination of the various uses the tombs were put to and involves an assessment of the location and architectural visibility of the monuments and the remains found in the chamber. When combined with the chronological evidence a series of changes in monument size, type, location and use can be hypothesized for the neolithic period. This culminates in a shift away from burial monuments to physically defined spaces, presumably used for ceremonial purposes. These changes can be interpreted as deliberate manipulation by groups within that society to change the ideological concepts which defined the role of the individual in relation to the other members of the society.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Slavova ◽  
Angel Slavchev

The problem situation is one of the ways to form general learning skills in the study of natural sciences. It provides an opportunity to apply the individual approach, choosing a path for making a final decision and full personal development of the student. This article reviews the nature of the problem situation and learning skills, presents a classification of species and offers an example of use in teaching biology and health education - 7th grade to develop the skill of comparison. The article aims to guide teachers in the logical structure for creating a problem situation and the requirements for the content of individual elements. An option for linking it with a specific educational content is also shown.


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