The oxidation of manganous ions under acid conditions by an acidophilous actinomycete from acid soil

Soil Research ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Bromfield
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Oxide ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Organic Media ◽  
Manganese Oxidation ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Acid Media ◽  
Acid Ph ◽  
Ph Range

A Stveptomyces sp. capable of oxidizing manganous ions in soil agar to manganese oxide over the pH range 5-6.5 was isolated from an acid (pH 5.0) soil. The organism failed to grow on organic media above pH 6.5 and had a pH optimum for growth of 5-5.5. On acid media its growth was restricted by manganous ions, and these were deposited as the oxide some distance from the colonies. It is suggested that the function of manganese oxidation is to protect the organism from inhibiting levels of manganous ions. The organism produced, under acid conditions (pH 5.0) in the presence or absence of added manganous ions, a water-soluble extracellular substance that could rapidly oxidize manganous ions to manganese oxide. These observations are discussed in relation to the manganese status of acid soils.

Effects of calcium carbonate and ammonium sulphate on manganese toxicity in an acid soil

1971 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 201 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Siman ◽  
FW Crodock ◽  
PJ Nicholls ◽  
HC Kirton
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Manganese Toxicity ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
North Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Linear Relationships

The effects of increasing rates of lime and ammonium sulphate on French beans were studied on an acid red basaltic soil (pH 4.5-4.8), rich in manganese, on the north coast of New South Wales. Addition of lime resulted in an increased plant yield, a higher soil pH, and a marked reduction in available soil manganese and plant manganese. Applications of 2 or more tons lime per acre corrected manganese toxicity. Ammonium sulphate applications acidified the soil, increased manganese levels in both soil and plant tissue, and increased the frequency of manganese toxicity symptoms at less than 2 tons lime per acre. At pH 4.7-4.8, exchangeable and water-soluble manganese levels were sensitive to slight changes in reaction. Changes in pH between 5.2 and 6.0 caused only slight alterations in manganese levels in soil and plants. Two tons lime per acre reduced the level of manganese in the soil to about half that in the untreated soil, whereas 3 tons lime was necessary to halve the level of manganese in plants. Close linear relationships were found between rates of lime application and pH, between exchangeable and water-soluble manganese, and between both water-soluble and exchangeable soil manganese and plant manganese. Hyperbolic relationships were found between lime and manganese in soil and plants and also between pH and manganese fractions. Toxic levels of manganese in soil and leaves varied seasonally and yearly, and symptoms usually appeared when the manganese content of the first mature leaves was greater than 600 p.p.m. in the winter crop. Symptoms were more closely related to high levels of plant manganese than to soil manganese. The results of this trial indicate that soil and plant analyses are useful for predicting manganese toxicity in acid soils.

Phosphate response, base saturation and silica relationships in acid soils

1953 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. F. Birch
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Soils ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Soil Characteristic ◽  
Multiple Regressions ◽  
Percentage Saturation ◽  
Phosphate Response

The inverse relationship described in an earlier publication between phosphate response and the degree of base saturation has been confirmed with three further groups of field experiments. As an alternative to the degree of base saturation soil pH may be employed.The discrepancies sometimes found with the more acid base-unsaturated soils, between actual phosphate responses and those expected from the degree of base saturation were found to be related to the control yields. In general, the higher the control yield on a distinctly acid soil the more the percentage response to phosphate fell short of that expected, and vice versa. By forming multiple regressions of percentage phosphate response on both control yield and the percentage saturation of the B.E.C. a more accurate assessment of phosphate response is possible than by using the simple regression of response on the percentage saturation of the B.E.C. A measurable soil characteristic that could be used in the multiple regressions instead of the control yield was not found.Very significant and inverse relationships were established between percentage phosphate response and the amount of water-soluble or citric acidsoluble silica. These silica contents were also found to be significantly and directly related to the percentage saturation of the B.E.C. It appears that measurements of pH, silica and base saturation function similarly in classifying the soils, distinguishing between the almost neutral soils retaining phosphate in an available form associated with exchangeable bases, acid soils with relatively unavailable phosphate associated with iron and aluminium compounds, and soils intermediate between these.

scholarly journals Phosphatidylinositol phosphodiesterase in higher plants

1980 ◽  
Vol 192 (1) ◽  
pp. 279-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
R F Irvine ◽  
A J Letcher ◽  
R M C Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Phospholipase C ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Soluble Enzyme ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Bivalent Cation ◽  
Detectable Activity ◽  
Ph Range

1. The lower regions of the stem of celery (Apium graveolens L.) contain a soluble enzyme that hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol. 2. The lipoidal product of hydrolysis is diacylglycerol, and the water-soluble products are 1:2-cyclic phosphoinositol and phosphoinositol in the approximate proportions of 60% and 40% respectively: this indicates that a phosphodiesterase (phospholipase C-like) activity is cleaving the phosphatidylinositol. 3. The enzyme requires a bivalent cation, Ca2+ being the most effective activator. 4. The enzyme has a pH optimum, depending on conditions of assay, of pH 5.9-6.6 and in this pH range shows no detectable activity against phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanolamine. 5. The activity is stimulated by phosphatidic acid and slightly inhibited (30% at concentrations equimolar with phosphatidylinositol) by phosphatidylcholine. 6. The phosphodiesterase was also detected (but not quantified) in the tips of the flowers in cauliflowers, in outer leaves of onion and in the elongating stem of daffodils. 7. The enzyme's properties are compared with equivalent mammalian enzymes, and its possible role in the catabolism of phosphatidylinositol in higher plants is discussed.

Isolation and Characterization of Plasminogen Activator from Pig Leucocytes

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (01) ◽  
pp. 072-085 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kopitar ◽  
M Stegnar ◽  
B Accetto ◽  
D Lebez
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Inhibition Studies ◽  
Final Purification

SummaryPlasminogen activator was isolated from disrupted pig leucocytes by the aid of DEAE chromatography, gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and final purification on CM cellulose, or by preparative gel electrophoresis.Isolated plasminogen activator corresponds No. 3 band of the starting sample of leucocyte cells (that is composed from 10 gel electrophoretic bands).pH optimum was found to be in pH range 8.0–8.5 and the highest pH stability is between pH range 5.0–8.0.Inhibition studies of isolated plasminogen activator were performed with EACA, AMCHA, PAMBA and Trasylol, using Anson and Astrup method. By Astrup method 100% inhibition was found with EACA and Trasylol and 30% with AMCHA. PAMBA gave 60% inhibition already at concentration 10–3 M/ml. Molecular weight of plasminogen activator was determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The value obtained from 4 different samples was found to be 28000–30500.

Pyridine–Adenine Dinucleotide Transhydrogenase Activity in Cells Cultured from Rat Hepatoma

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 447-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. De Luca ◽  
R. P. Gioeli
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Pyridine Nucleotide ◽  
Maximum Activity ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Apparent Lack ◽  
Minimal Deviation ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Pyridine Nucleotide Transhydrogenase ◽  
Rat Hepatoma ◽  
Cells Cultured

Preparations from cells cultured from a minimal-deviation hepatoma in the rat exhibit pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase (NAD(P)H: NAD(P) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.1.1) activity. The pH optimum, its release by digitonin, and its apparent lack of dependence on steroids for activity tentatively classify it as a transhydrogenase of the type first described for animal tissue.Enzyme preparations from digitonin-treated homogenates were very unstable. The time necessary for the loss of one-half the activity was 16–18 h when the enzyme was stored at 5 °C; this was reduced to 4 h when storage was in polycarbonate tubes.The enzyme apparently transferred hydrogen directly and with equal ease from NADH to both the 3-acetyl-pyridine and thionicotinamide analogues of NAD. Half-saturation values for NAD and its acetylpyridine analogue were 0.99 × 10−5 M and 3.55 × 10−4 M, respectively. The enzyme exhibited its maximum activity in phosphate buffer at pH 5.8. It was inhibited by 50–60% over the pH range 7.0–8.5 in Tris buffer. This could be reversed by dithiothreitol; reversal was complete between pH 8.0 and 8.5.

AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SOIL ACIDITY PROBLEM IN ALBERTA AND NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. PENNEY ◽  
M. NYBORG ◽  
P. B. HOYT ◽  
W. A. RICE ◽  
B. SIEMENS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Acid Soil ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Crop Species

The amount of cultivated acid soil in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia was estimated from pH values of farm samples analyzed by the Alberta Soil Testing Laboratory, and the effect of soil acidity on crops was assessed from field experiments on 28 typical acid soils. The field experiments consisted of two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and one cultivar each of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown with and without lime for 2 yr. There are about 30,000 ha of soils with a pH of 5.0 or less where soil acidity seriously restricts yields of all four crop species. There are approximately 300,000 ha with a soil pH of 5.1–5.5 where liming will on the average increase yields of alfalfa by 100%, yields of barley by 10–15%, and yields of rapeseed and red clover by 5–10%. There are a further 1,600,000 ha where soil pH ranges from 5.6 to 6.0 and liming will increase yields of alfalfa by approximately 50% and yields of barley, rapeseed and red clover by at least 4–5%.

scholarly journals Coapplication of Chicken Litter Biochar and Urea Only to Improve Nutrients Use Efficiency and Yield ofOryza sativaL. Cultivation on a Tropical Acid Soil

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Maru ◽  
Osumanu Ahmed Haruna ◽  
Walter Charles Primus
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Chicken Litter ◽  
Rice Yields ◽  
Use Efficiency

The excessive use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers in sustaining high rice yields due to N dynamics in tropical acid soils not only is economically unsustainable but also causes environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to coapply biochar and urea to improve soil chemical properties and productivity of rice. Biochar (5 t ha−1) and different rates of urea (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% of recommended N application) were evaluated in both pot and field trials. Selected soil chemical properties, rice plants growth variables, nutrient use efficiency, and yield were determined using standard procedures. Coapplication of biochar with 100% and 75% urea recommendation rates significantly increased nutrients availability (especially P and K) and their use efficiency in both pot and field trials. These treatments also significantly increased rice growth variables and grain yield. Coapplication of biochar and urea application at 75% of the recommended rate can be used to improve soil chemical properties and productivity and reduce urea use by 25%.

scholarly journals AmyA, an α-Amylase with β-Cyclodextrin-Forming Activity, and AmyB from the Thermoalkaliphilic Organism Anaerobranca gottschalkii: Two α-Amylases Adapted to Their Different Cellular Localizations†

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (7) ◽  
pp. 3709-3715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Ballschmiter ◽  
Martin Armbrecht ◽  
Krasimira Ivanova ◽  
Garabed Antranikian ◽  
Wolfgang Liebl
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Extracellular Enzyme ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Cyclodextrin Glycosyltransferase ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Transglycosylation Activity ◽  
Optimum Ph ◽  
Ph Range

ABSTRACT Two α-amylase genes from the thermophilic alkaliphile Anaerobranca gottschalkii were cloned, and the corresponding enzymes, AmyA and AmyB, were investigated after purification of the recombinant proteins. Based on their amino acid sequences, AmyA is proposed to be a lipoprotein with extracellular localization and thus is exposed to the alkaline milieu, while AmyB apparently represents a cytoplasmic enzyme. The amino acid sequences of both enzymes bear high similarity to those of GHF13 proteins. The different cellular localizations of AmyA and AmyB are reflected in their physicochemical properties. The alkaline pH optimum (pH 8), as well as the broad pH range, of AmyA activity (more than 50% activity between pH 6 and pH 9.5) mirrors the conditions that are encountered by an extracellular enzyme exposed to the medium of A. gottschalkii, which grows between pH 6 and pH 10.5. AmyB, on the other hand, has a narrow pH range with a slightly acidic pH optimum at 6 to 6.5, which is presumably close to the pH in the cytoplasm. Also, the intracellular AmyB is less tolerant of high temperatures than the extracellular AmyA. While AmyA has a half-life of 48 h at 70°C, AmyB has a half-life of only about 10 min at that temperature, perhaps due to the lack of stabilizing constituents of the cytoplasm. AmyA and AmyB were very similar with respect to their substrate specificity profiles, clearly preferring amylose over amylopectin, pullulan, and glycogen. Both enzymes also hydrolyzed α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrin. Very interestingly, AmyA, but not AmyB, displayed high transglycosylation activity on maltooligosaccharides and also had significant β-cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (CGTase) activity. CGTase activity has not been reported for typical α-amylases before. The mechanism of cyclodextrin formation by AmyA is unknown.

scholarly journals Purification and properties of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from the mollusc Helicella ericetorum Müller

1978 ◽  
Vol 175 (2) ◽  
pp. 743-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Calvo ◽  
A Reglero ◽  
J A Cabezas
Keyword(s):  
Active Site ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Mixed Substrates ◽  
Ph Optimum ◽  
Terrestrial Mollusc ◽  
Buffer Solutions ◽  
Purification And Properties ◽  
Competitive Inhibitors ◽  
Ph Range

1. A beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase was purified 330-fold from the digestive gland of the terrestrial mollusc Helicella ericetorum Müller. 2. Its pH optimum is 4.5 for both beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activities in two buffer solutions; it is fully stable at 37 degrees C for 2h in the pH range 3.8–4.6 and shows one isoelectric point (pH 4.83). 3. The estimated mol.wt. is between 120,000 and 145,000. 4. The enzyme shows an endo-beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase activity on natural substrates such as ovalbumin, ovomucoid, chondroitin 4-sulphate, chitin and hyaluronic acid. 5. Two forms of the enzyme were separated by preparative polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 6. Km and Vmax. for p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranoside and p-nitrophenyl 2-acetamide-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranoside are 0.43 mM, 30.1 micronmol of p-nitrophenol/min per mg and 0.19 mM, 8.6 micronmol of p-nitrophenol/min per mg respectively. 7. It is inhibited by Hg2+, Fe3+, acetate, some lactones, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine and mannose. 8. Mixed-substrates analysis and Ki values for competitive inhibitors indicated that beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase activities are catalysed by the enzyme at the same active site.

Preferential nitrate immobilization in alkaline soils

Soil Research ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 737 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Rochester ◽  
GA Constable ◽  
DA Macleod
Keyword(s):  
Acid Soil ◽  
Nitrification Inhibitor ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Nitrate Assimilation ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Ammonium Assimilation ◽  
Potassium Nitrate ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Nitrate Immobilization

The literature pertaining to N immobilization indicates that ammonium is immobilized in preference to nitrate. Our previous research in an alkaline clay soil has indicated substantial immobilization of nitrate. To verify the preference for immobilization of nitrate or ammonium by the microbial biomass in this and other soil types, the immobilization of ammonium and nitrate from applications of ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate following the addition of cotton crop stubble was monitored in six soils. The preference for ammonium or nitrate immobilization was highly correlated with each soil's pH, C/N ratio and its nitrification capacity. Nitrate was immobilized in preference to ammonium in neutral and alkaline soils; ammonium was preferentially immobilized in acid soils. No assimilation of nitrate (or nitrification) occurred in the most acid soil. Similarly, little assimilation of ammonium occurred in the most alkaline soil. Two physiological pathways, the nitrate assimilation pathway and the ammonium assimilation pathway, appear to operate concurrently; the dominance of one pathway over the other is indicated by soil pH. The addition of a nitrification inhibitor to an alkaline soil enhanced the immobilization of ammonium. Recovery of 15N confirmed that N was not denitrified, but was biologically immobilized. The immobilization of 1 5 ~ and the apparent immobilization of N were similar in magnitude. The identification of preferential nitrate immobilization has profound biological significance for the cycling of N in alkaline soils.

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