Benefits from enhanced-efficiency nitrogen fertilisers in rainfed temperate pastures are seasonally driven

Soil Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Suter ◽  
Shu Kee Lam ◽  
Charles Walker ◽  
Deli Chen
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Pastures

Estimating mass of temperate and tropical pastures in the subtropics

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 865 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Fulkerson ◽  
K Slack
Keyword(s):  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Tropical Pastures ◽  
Senescent Leaf ◽  
Temperate Pastures ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Single Regression ◽  
Separate Regression ◽  
Subtropical Environment

The feasibility of estimating, with acceptable precision, temperate and tropical pasture mass in a subtropical environment was evaluated. For the tropical grasses kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) and setaria (Setaria ancepts), 3 different pasture meters were calibrated against 1 of 3 dry matter (DM) estimates. Temperate pastures (predominantly Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens) were evaluated using the Ellinbank rising plate meter (RPMl) calibrated against DM to ground level. A single regression equation was developed for syegrass-white clover pasture from data pooled within season over first- and second-year swards. The s.e. of estimate (s.e.e.) for assessing tropical grass pasture mass using RPMl was similar to that for a heavier Ellinbank meter and substantially lower than that for the electronic pasture probe. Using RPMl, separate regression equations were required for early (November-February) and late (March-May) season determinations for both kikuyu and setaria. The regression equations were based on calibrations against shoot DM (>5 cm stubble height for kikuyu and 6 cm for setaria) and are only applicable to well-managed and highly utilised pastures. Calibrations of all pasture meters over all months to green DM (senescent leaf and stem removed) gave a lower s.e.e. than total DM (kikuyu 138 v. 177 kg DM/ha, n = 171; setaria 211 v. 224 kg DM/ha, n = 177) whilst shoot DM gave a more substantial reduction in s.e.e. (kikuyu 95 v. 147 kg DM/ha; setaria 140 v. 193 kg DM/ha).

Increasing the economic benefits from agricultural research: the case of enhancing the diffusion of a pasture weed technology

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 779 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Vere ◽  
R. E. Jones ◽  
P. M. Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Process ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Research Programme ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Research Programmes ◽  
Diffusion Enhancement ◽  
Australian Wool ◽  
Temperate Pastures

The process of enhancing the diffusion of a new technology attempts to shorten the time between the completion and adoption of an agricultural research programme, as well as to increase the overall level of adoption. The economic benefits of introducing a new technology are influenced by the technology development lag, the adoption lag and the maximum, or ceiling, level of adoption. Technology diffusion embodies these issues and concerns the uptake of a new technology across a population of potential adopters. Diffusion enhancement is now considered to be a desirable component of pasture research programmes in Australia. This paper evaluates the economic benefits of enhancing the diffusion process for new technology in the management of Vulpia, which is a prominent annual grass weed of Australian temperate pastures. Differences in economic benefits were calculated for a range of scenarios, by varying the values of the main elements of the diffusion process relative to those of a base scenario which represented the most optimistic adoption expectations for the technology. The discounted total benefits to the Australian wool industry, calculated for a 15-year period from reducing Vulpia in temperate pastures, were between A$31.9 million and A$287.3 million, according to differences in the pasture's Vulpia content. While the 2 main time components of the diffusion process both had strong effects on the potential benefits, the technology lag had a much larger influence than the adoption lag. This result emphasises the importance of agricultural research programmes that are able to quickly diffuse such technologies to the potential adopters.

Control of water leakage from below the root zone by summer-active pastures is associated with persistence, density and deep rootedness

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 679 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. McCaskill ◽  
G. A. Kearney
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Water Leakage ◽  
Dryland Salinity ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Temperate Pastures ◽  
Western Victoria

Temperate pastures that leak water below the root zone have been linked to an increase in dryland salinity in southern Australia through their conservative use of stored water. An experiment was conducted at Hamilton in south-western Victoria to test the hypothesis that deep-rooted, summer-active perennial pasture species can substantially reduce leakage. On topographic crests the experiment compared lucerne and chicory with a traditional perennial ryegrass variety with low summer activity, whereas on the poorly drained valleys the comparison was between tall fescue, kikuyu and a perennial ryegrass variety with high summer activity. Lucerne developed a buffer of dry soil to a depth of at least 5 m. An empirical relationship with June–September rainfall indicated that with this dry buffer, leakage below the root zone would not occur even in the wettest of years. Chicory developed a dry buffer to the depth of measurement (3 m), but plant density gradually declined and leakage started to occur 5 years after sowing. The perennial ryegrass with low summer activity had leakage nearly every year. On the valleys kikuyu was initially the most effective at drying the soil in summer, but its density declined at the expense of annuals and 3 years after sowing it became wetter than the other treatments. None of the pasture options on the valley fully controlled leakage, but both the summer-active perennial ryegrass and tall fescue were persistent and there was little difference in their capacity to extract summer moisture. This study showed that four characteristics were associated with a pasture that controlled leakage – summer activity, persistence, adequate density and deep rootedness. Of the species tested only lucerne satisfied all these criteria.

Studies on Phytophthora clandestina, the cause of taproot rot in subterranean clover. 1. Evidence for physiological specialisation in Phytophthora clandestina

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
SP Flett
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Resistant Cultivar ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Temperate Pastures ◽  
Serious Disease

Root rot caused by Phytophthora clandestina Taylor, Pascoe & Greenhalgh is a serious disease of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), an important leguminous component of Australia's temperate pastures. Previous reports have shown that P. clandestina causes severe taproot rot in cv. Woogenellup, while cvv. Larisa and Trikkala remain highly resistant. In this study, 3 greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of P. clandestina isolates collected between 1983 and 1990 on different subterranean clover cultivars. Woogenellup was consistently susceptible while Meteora was less affected by all isolates tested. Trikkala, a previously known root rot resistant cultivar, was as susceptible as Woogenellup when tested with a recently collected isolate from Katamatite, northern Victoria. This study provides the first evidence for variation in virulence between isolates of P. clandestina and for physiological specialisation in this species.

The role of stolons and seedlings in the persistence and production of white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. Huia) in temperate pastures on the Northern Tablelands, New South Wales

1989 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 605 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Archer ◽  
GG Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Plant Frequency ◽  
Temperate Pastures

This paper reports the findings of a five-year study on the growth patterns, production and means of persistence of white clover in a cool temperate environment with summer dominant rainfall, on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales. White clover essentially persisted as a perennial, but large and rapid declines in plant frequency occurred during late summer if soil moisture levels became depleted. The critical combination of conditions at which plant frequency was adversely affected occurred when available soil moisture levels declined below 35 mm and mean weekly maximum temperatures exceeded 20�C; conditions which often occur in late summer in this environment. During one prolonged period of moisture stress in the second spring and summer period of the study, all plants died. Regeneration was due to germination of seeds and seedling establishment, but plants subsequently persisted as perennials. Relationships were developed to predict the probability of survival of white clover over the range of temperatures and soil moistures recorded in these experiments. Germination occurred to a variable extent each year, but was observed only during winter and spring. Seedling establishment was effective in only one year, which followed the death of white clover in summer, 1980-81. The sward was slow to recover after seedling regeneration owing to low winter temperatures and competition from established temperate perennial grasses in spring. Seedlings contributed little to dry matter production in spring. These results indicate that white clover is unlikely to be of value as an annual in temperate pastures. Strategies aimed at improving white clover in cool temperate environments, either by management or selection/breeding programs, should therefore focus upon improving the ability of white clover to persist as a perennial.

Influence of stocking rate and mixed grazing of Angora goats and Merino sheep on animal and pasture production in southern Australia. 1. Botanical composition, sward characteristics and availability of components of annual temperate pastures

2010 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 138 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Botanical Composition ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Weed Invasion ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Grazed Pastures ◽  
Temperate Pastures ◽  
Angora Goats

The effects of animal species (AS; Angora goats, Merino sheep or goats and sheep mixed grazed together at ratio 1 : 1) and stocking rate (SR; 7.5, 10 and 12.5 animals/ha) on the availability, botanical composition and sward characteristics of annual temperate pastures under continuous grazing were determined in a replicated experiment from 1981 to 1984. AS and SR had significant effects on pasture availability and composition and many AS × SR interactions were detected. The pastures grazed by sheep had significantly reduced content and proportion of subterranean clover and more undesirable grasses compared with those grazed by goats. There were no differences in dry matter availabilities between goat- and sheep-grazed pastures at 7.5/ha, but at 10 and 12.5/ha goat pastures had significantly increased availabilities of green grass, dead and green clover and less weeds compared with sheep pastures. There was a significant AS × SR interaction for the density of seedlings in May following pasture germination. Between July and January, the height of pastures was greater under goats than sheep but from January to March pasture height declined more on goat-grazed than on sheep-grazed pastures. There was an AS × SR interaction for incidence of bare ground. Increasing the SR increased bare ground in pastures grazed by sheep but no change occurred on pastures grazed by goats. Changes in pasture characteristics due to increased SR were minimised on pastures grazed by goats but the grazing of sheep caused larger and faster changes and the pastures were damaged at the highest SR. Goats did not always select the same herbage material as sheep, changed their selection between seasons and were not less selective than sheep. Angora goats were flexible grazers and continually adapted their grazing behaviour to changing herbage conditions. Goat grazing led to an increase in subterranean clover, an accumulation of dead herbage at the base of the sward, reduced bare ground, taller pastures in spring and a more stable botanical composition. Mixed-grazed pasture characteristics were altered with SR. With careful management Angora goats on sheep farms may be used to manipulate pasture composition, to speed up establishment of subterranean clover, to decrease soil erosion and to reduce weed invasion.

Performance of growing cattle grazing moderate quality legume - grass temperate pastures when offered varying forage allowance with or without grain supplementation

2006 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 793 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Beretta ◽  
A. Simeone ◽  
J. C. Elizalde ◽  
F. Baldi
Keyword(s):  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Management Option ◽  
Feeding Management ◽  
Moderate Quality ◽  
Year Effect ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
Temperate Pastures ◽  
Corn Grain

This research evaluated the effect of supplementation with cracked corn grain (0 or 1% of liveweight) on the performance of Hereford steers grazing a mixed pasture of legume and grass at 3 forage allowances (3, 6 or 9 kg DM/100 kg liveweight). The experiments were conducted in West Uruguay over 2 consecutive summers, with 72 Hereford steers (282 ± 15.3 kg; n = 36/year) randomly allocated to 1 of the 6 treatments in a factorial arrangement. Cattle were supplemented in individual pens and weighed every 14 days. Grain intake did not differ (P>0.05) between forage allowances. Both supplementing and increasing forage allowance reduced (P<0.01) forage utilisation. Year effect was significant (P<0.01) for liveweight gain and grain intake, but neither the 2- nor the 3-way interaction of year with forage allowance or supplementation was significant (P>0.05). Increasing forage allowance only improved (P<0.01) liveweight gain of non-supplemented cattle (0.299, 0.483, 0.667 kg/day for forage allowance of 3, 6 or 9%, respectively). Hence, response to supplementation decreased with forage allowance, increasing the grain (kg)/gain (kg) conversion ratio. These results provide a quantitative basis on which to decide upon the best feeding management option for summer.

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