Organic matter input influences incidence of root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 and microorganisms associated with plant root disease suppression in three Australian agricultural soils

Soil Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rowena S. Davey ◽  
Ann M. McNeill ◽  
Stephen J. Barnett ◽  
Vadakattu V. S. R. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Microbial Biomass Carbon ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot

Soil-borne plant root disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8 is prevalent in cereal farming systems worldwide, particularly in semiarid agricultural regions. A controlled environment study was undertaken using three Australian soils to test the hypothesis that OM input from crop roots and residues decreases infection by Rhizoctonia root rot via biologically mediated disease suppression. The specific aim was to determine the relative effect of two different OM inputs (wheat stubble or roots) on (a) abundance (DNA) of the pathogen R. solani AG8 and soil organisms putatively associated with disease suppression, and (b) incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot infection of wheat seedlings (% root infected). An increase in microbial biomass carbon (C) following OM amendment indicated a potential for enhanced general biological disease suppression in all soils. OM inputs also increased the population size (DNA) of certain bacteria and fungi putatively associated with specific suppression for Rhizoctonia root rot, suggesting a C resource-mediated change in microbial functions related to disease suppression. There were no significant changes to measured pathogens with stubble addition. However, OM inputs via root residues and rhizodeposits from living roots increased the populations of R. solani AG8 and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici so that in subsequently planted wheat there was greater incidence of root disease infection and reduced plant shoot and root DM compared with that following OM input as stubble. Differences between soils in terms of plant and soil organism responses to each OM input suggest that abiotic factors modify the development of biological disease suppression and the expression of the disease.

scholarly journals Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Innate Immune Responses and Activate Antioxidant Machinery in Wheat Against Rhizoctonia solani

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2758
Author(s):  
Abdelrazek S. Abdelrhim ◽  
Yasser S. A. Mazrou ◽  
Yasser Nehela ◽  
Osama O. Atallah ◽  
Ranya M. El-Ashmony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Dioxide ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

The phytopathogenic basidiomycetous fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, has a wide range of host plants including members of the family Poaceae, causing damping-off and root rot diseases. In this study, we biosynthesized spherical-shaped silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs; sized between 9.92 and 19.8 nm) using saffron extract and introduced them as a potential alternative therapeutic solution to protect wheat seedlings against R. solani. SiO2 NPs showed strong dose-dependent fungistatic activity on R. solani, and significantly reduced mycelial radial growth (up to 100% growth reduction), mycelium fresh and dry weight, and pre-, post-emergence damping-off, and root rot severities. Moreover, the impact of SiO2 NPs on the growth of wheat seedlings and their potential mechanism (s) for disease suppression was deciphered. SiO2 NPs application also improved the germination, vegetative growth, and vigor indexes of infected wheat seedlings which indicates no phytotoxicity on treated wheat seedlings. Moreover, SiO2 NPs enhanced the content of the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), induced the accumulation of defense-related compounds (particularly salicylic acid), and alleviated the oxidative stress via stimulation of both enzymatic (POD, SOD, APX, CAT, and PPO) and non-enzymatic (phenolics and flavonoids) antioxidant defense machinery. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the potential therapeutic role of SiO2 NPs against R. solani infection via the simultaneous activation of a multilayered defense system to suppress the pathogen, neutralize the destructive effect of ROS, lipid peroxidation, and methylglyoxal, and maintain their homeostasis within R. solani-infected plants.

scholarly journals Biology and control of Rhizoctonia solani on rapeseed : A Review

2005 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.R. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
The United States ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
And Control

Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1 is the principal pathogen causing damping-off and seedling and mature plant root rot (brown girdling root rot) in oilseed rape and canola (Brassica napus and B. rapa) in western Canada and the United States; AG4 isolates mainly attack adult plants and cause basai stem rot. Seedling infection by AG2-1 is favoured by cool weather atthe time of planting, whereas warm weather late in the growing season is more conducive for infection of mature plants by AG4 isolates. Survey data show that disease development is favoured by high soil moisture, low levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and high levels of copper in fine-textured soils. Moderate resistance in condiment mustard (Sinapis alba) and some other species appears to be genetically controlled and should be utilised in breeding programmes. Carboxin and iprodione in mixtures with insecticide gamma-HCH are recommended in Canada as seed treatments to control damping-off and seedling root rot, but do not control brown girdling root rot.

scholarly journals Pseudomonas synxantha 2-79 Transformed with Pyrrolnitrin Biosynthesis Genes Has Improved Biocontrol Activity Against Soilborne Pathogens of Wheat and Canola

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017
Author(s):  
Jibin Zhang ◽  
Dmitri V. Mavrodi ◽  
Mingming Yang ◽  
Linda S. Thomashow ◽  
Olga V. Mavrodi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Pythium Ultimum ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Recombinant Strains ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Take All

A four-gene operon (prnABCD) from Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 encoding the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pyrronitrin was introduced into P. synxantha (formerly P. fluorescens) 2-79, an aggressive root colonizer of both dryland and irrigated wheat roots that naturally produces the antibiotic phenazine-1-carboxylic acid and suppresses both take-all and Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat. Recombinant strains ZHW15 and ZHW25 produced both antibiotics and maintained population sizes in the rhizosphere of wheat that were comparable to those of strain 2-79. The recombinant strains inhibited in vitro the wheat pathogens Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group 8 (AG-8) and AG-2-1, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Fusarium culmorum, and F. pseudograminearum significantly more than did strain 2-79. Both the wild-type and recombinant strains were equally inhibitory of Pythium ultimum. When applied as a seed treatment, the recombinant strains suppressed take-all, Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat, and Rhizoctonia root and stem rot of canola significantly better than did wild-type strain 2-79.

Role of antibiosis in antagonism of Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus to Rhizoctonia solani in soil

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1440-1447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig S. Rothrock ◽  
David Gottlieb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Streptomyces Hygroscopicus ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Inhibitory Compounds ◽  
Affected Plant

Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. geldanus controlled rhizoctonia root rot of pea in previously sterilized soil if incubated for 2 or more days prior to infesting soil with Rhizoctonia solani and planting. Streptomyces hygroscopicus also reduced saprophytic growth and the population of R. solani in soil. Growth of R. solani was inhibited by geldanamycin, an antibiotic produced by S. hygroscopicus, on nutrient media. Methanol extracts of soils in which the antagonist was incubated for 2 or more days inhibited growth of R. solani. Geldanamycin concentration was 88 μg per gram of soil after 7 days of incubation. Bioautography of soil extracts indicated that the inhibitory compounds were geldanamycin and two other compounds, also found in the geldanamycin standard. The period of incubation necessary for antibiotic production and disease control was similar, with no disease control occurring where no antibiotic was detected. Amending soil with geldanamycin, in amounts equivalent to that produced after 2 or 7 days of incubation, controlled disease and reduced saprophytic growth of the pathogen. Lesser amounts of the antibiotic did neither. No evidence for antagonism owing to competition (nitrogen, carbon) or parasitism was found. Streptomyces hygroscopicus and geldanamycin also affected plant growth.

scholarly journals Wheat Genotype-Specific Recruitment of Rhizosphere Bacterial Microbiota Under Controlled Environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Jade Dilla-Ermita ◽  
Ricky W. Lewis ◽  
Tarah S. Sullivan ◽  
Scot H. Hulbert
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Wheat Genotypes ◽  
Microbiome Composition ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Controlled Environments ◽  
Viable Approach

Plants recruit beneficial microbial communities in the rhizosphere that are involved in a myriad of ecological services, such as improved soil quality, nutrient uptake, abiotic stress tolerance, and soil-borne disease suppression. Disease suppression caused by rhizosphere microbiomes has been important in managing soil-borne diseases in wheat. The low heritability of resistance in wheat to soil-borne diseases like Rhizoctonia root rot has made management of these diseases challenging, particularly in direct-seeded systems. Identification of wheat genotypes that recruit rhizosphere microbiomes that promote improved plant fitness and suppression of the pathogen could be an alternative approach to disease management through genetic improvement. Several growth chamber cycling experiments were conducted using six winter wheat genotypes (PI561725, PI561727, Eltan, Lewjain, Hill81, Madsen) to determine wheat genotypes that recruit suppressive microbiomes. At the end of the third cycle, suppression assays were done by inoculating R. solani into soils previously cultivated with specific wheat genotypes to test suppression of the pathogen by the microbiome. Microbiome composition was characterized by sequencing of 16S rDNA (V1-V3 region). Among the growth cycling lengths, 160-day growth cycles exhibited the most distinct rhizosphere microbiomes among the wheat genotypes. Suppression assays showed that rhizosphere microbiomes of different wheat genotypes resulted in significant differences in shoot length (value of p=0.018) and had an impact on the pathogenicity of R. solani, as observed in the reduced root disease scores (value of p=0.051). Furthermore, soils previously cultivated with the ALMT1 isogenic lines PI561725 and PI561727 exhibited better seedling vigor and reduced root disease. Microbiome analysis showed that Burkholderiales taxa, specifically Janthinobacterium, are differentially abundant in PI561727 and PI561725 cultivated soils and are associated with reduced root disease and better growth. This study demonstrates that specific wheat genotypes recruit different microbiomes in growth chamber conditions but the microbial community alterations were quite different from those previously observed in field plots, even though the same soils were used. Genotype selection or development appears to be a viable approach to controlling soil-borne diseases in a sustainable manner, and controlled environment assays can be used to see genetic differences but further work is needed to explain differences seen between growth chamber and field conditions.

Effect of nitrogen and residual copper on the occurrence of Rhizoctonia bare patch in wheat grown near Esperance, Western Australia

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Plant Nutrition ◽  
Bare Patch ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot

The area of rhizoctonia bare patch and the incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Khnn) were reduced by the application of ammonium nitrate fertiliser. Residual copper (Cu) from a Cu fertiliser treatment in 1967 had no effect on the area of rhizoctonia bare patch or the incidence and severity of root rot. With no applied nitrogen (N), 17.6% (mean of residual Cu levels) of the plot was affected by patches while the area of plot affected by patches declined to 4.2% where 92 kg N/ha had been applied. The incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot declined from 45.9 and 27.0% to 32.7 and 9.1%, respectively, with the application of N fertiliser. The grain yield of wheat supplied with adequate Cu increased although the level of N fertiliser exceeded that considered adequate for plant nutrition. The response is explained by the control of rhizoctonia bare patch. The area of rhizoctonia patches and the incidence and severity of rhizoctonia root rot decreased with the application of N, and with adequate Cu fertiliser (2.2 kg Cu/ha), the grain yields increased. However, with marginal and deficient levels of applied Cu fertiliser, the application of N fertiliser induced Cu deficiency in wheat plants, and the grain yields declined although rhizoctonia patches were reduced.

scholarly journals Root Diseases of Wheat and Barley During the Transition from Conventional Tillage to Direct Seeding

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (9) ◽  
pp. 1247-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Schroeder ◽  
T. C. Paulitz
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Crown Roots

The use of direct seeding (no-till) in place of tillage can reduce soil erosion and improve water infiltration. However, despite these improvements in soil quality, growers in the Pacific Northwest are reluctant to adopt direct seeding, partially because of fears of increased root diseases caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia spp., and Pythium spp. To examine the effect of the transition from conventional tillage to direct seeding, field plots were established at two locations. One site had been managed with direct seeding for 12 years, and the second had been conventionally tilled. Over 4 years, a portion of each plot was tilled or direct seeded, and planted to wheat or barley. Plants in the tilled plots had consistently more crown roots than plants in direct-seeded plots. Rhizoctonia root rot and yield did not differ between tillage types during the first 2 years of the study. However, in the third and fourth years of the transition to direct seeding, a higher incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot, increased hyphal activity of R. solani, and reduced yields were observed in direct-seeded plots. Populations of R. oryzae and Pythium spp., and incidence of take-all were the same for both management practices.

scholarly journals Bacillus sp. L324-92 for Biological Control of Three Root Diseases of Wheat Grown with Reduced Tillage

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dal-Soo Kim ◽  
R. James Cook ◽  
David M. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Gaeumannomyces Graminis ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Pythium Irregulare ◽  
Root Diseases ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot ◽  
Take All

Strain L324-92 is a novel Bacillus sp. with biological activity against three root diseases of wheat, namely take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8, and Pythium root rot caused mainly by Pythium irregulare and P. ultimum, that exhibits broad-spectrum inhibitory activity and grows at temperatures from 4 to 40°C. These three root diseases are major yieldlimiting factors for wheat in the U.S. Inland Pacific Northwest, especially wheat direct-drilled into the residue of a previous cereal crop. Strain L324-92 was selected from among approximately 2,000 rhizosphere/rhizoplane isolates of Bacillus species isolated from roots of wheat collected from two eastern Washington wheat fields that had long histories of wheat. Roots were washed, heat-treated (80°C for 30 min), macerated, and dilution-plated on 1/10-strength tryptic soy agar. Strain L324-92 inhibited all isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups, and Pythium species tested on agar at 15°C; provided significant suppression of all three root diseases at 15°C in growth chamber assays; controlled either Rhizoctonia root rot, takeall, or both; and increased yields in field tests in which one or more of the three root diseases of wheats were yield-limiting factors. The ability of L324-92 to grow at 4°C probably contributes to its biocontrol activity on direct-drilled winter and spring wheat because, under Inland Northwest conditions, leaving harvest residues of the previous crop on the soil surface keeps soils cooler compared with tilled soils. These results suggest that Bacillus species with desired traits for biological control of wheat root diseases are present within the community of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms and can be recovered by protocols developed earlier for isolation of fluorescent Pseudomonas species effective against take-all.

scholarly journals Synergy of Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation and Trichoderma spp. in Rhizoctonia Root Rot Suppression

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ram B. Khadka ◽  
Sally A. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Chicken Manure ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Rhizoctonia Root Rot

Potential synergy between anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) and Trichoderma spp. in suppression of Rhizoctonia root rot in radish was evaluated. A split-plot design with three replications was used; main plots were Trichoderma harzianum T22, Trichoderma asperellum NT25 and a non-Trichoderma control. Subplots were ASD carbon sources wheat bran, molasses, chicken manure, and mustard greens and two non-amended controls: anaerobic (covered and flooded) and aerobic (not covered or flooded). Carbon sources and Rhizoctonia solani inoculant were mixed with soil, placed in pots, and flooded, followed by drenching Trichoderma spore suspensions and sealing the pots in zip-lock bags. After 3 weeks, bags were removed, soil was aired for 1 week and radish “SSR-RR-27” was seeded. Rhizoctonia root rot severity and incidence were lowest in radish plants grown in ASD-treated soil amended with wheat bran, molasses, or mustard greens across all Trichoderma treatments. Disease severity was lower in radish plants treated with NT25 than with T22 or the non-Trichoderma control across all ASD treatments, and in radish grown in ASD-treated soil amended with wheat bran plus NT25 compared to ASD-wheat bran or NT25 alone. Rhizoctonia solani populations were significantly reduced by ASD treatment regardless of carbon source, while Trichoderma populations were not affected by ASD treatment with the exception of ASD-mustard greens. The interactions of either Trichoderma isolate and ASD with most carbon sources were additive, while T22 with ASD-molasses and NT25 with ASD–wheat bran interactions were synergistic in reducing disease severity. One interaction, T22 with ASD-chicken manure was antagonistic. Enhancement of ASD efficacy in suppressing soilborne diseases such as Rhizoctonia root rot by additional soil amendment with Trichoderma spp. during the process appears to be dependent on both Trichoderma isolate and ASD carbon source.

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